Textile Reinforced Concrete Research Articles

Experimental and numerical investigations of textile-reinforced concrete thin-wall panel bolted connections

Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) is a novel building material that merges fine-grained concrete with textile fibers to produce a composite material exhibiting enhanced mechanical characteristics. This study examined the behavior of thin-walled TRC structures connected by bolts and found that the open box panel member is a promising solution for wall, floor, and roof applications. The investigation focused on three types of connections: moment joints, shear joints, and half-box connections. The study also revealed that bolt-to-edge distance significantly affects the bearing capacity of TRC structures. The location and type of cracks in moment-type joints depend on the number of bolts used during fabrication. All four specimens experienced damage at the bolted side in the half-box connection test, with significant cracks around the steel bolts. The specimens failed at about 74 % and 70.6 % of the original panel's bearing capacity. It could be concluded that the bolted connection was the weakest link in the structure. Improving the bolt structure or increasing the thickness of the ribs is necessary to maximize the panel's bearing capacity. Finite element models of the full panels and half-box connections on the ATENA software package were developed and verified with the experimental results. The proposed models accurately captured the load-carrying capacities, load-deflection relationships, and failure modes for both panels and connections.

Experimental and numerical simulation of bond-slip in textile-reinforced concrete for multiple bond lengths

The rise in the use of lightweight and sustainable structural systems in the construction industry opened the chance to improve conventional construction methods. To produce a slender structural member, the use of textile in concrete, herein referred to as textile-reinforced concrete (TRC), has been explored. The textile used is primarily carbon, producing a lightweight and durable construction material. The TRC possesses vast possibilities in terms of its usage, however, identification of accurate bond-slip behaviour at the materials interface is one of the limitations that need to be addressed. Based on the literature, there are difficulties in determining the bond-slip relationship both experimentally and numerically, creating inconsistency in the results. This study aims to determine the bond-slip relation of TRC through pull-out tests and finite element analysis in order to replicate the actual bond-slip behaviour at the interface. The bond characteristics of TRC were assessed using pull-out specimens with different bond lengths of textile, i.e.; 20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm. A double-sided unsymmetrical test setup with equal clamp lengths is used for the experimental work. Using a tri-linear bond-slip interface relation, the numerical model is developed to establish the microscopic interface behaviour. The bond failure due to pull-out and rupture are observed in the pull-out test. Finally, the experimental results are compared with numerical modelling, and the results are in good agreement.

Effect of Reinforcement Ratio and Bond Characteristic on Flexural Behavior of Carbon Textile-Reinforced Concrete Panels.

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is highly anticipated as an alternative to reinforced concrete due to its ability to enable lightweight design, free formability, and improved ductility. In this study, TRC panel test specimens were fabricated and four-point loading flexural tests were performed to examine the flexural characteristics of TRC panels reinforced with carbon fabric, and to investigate the effect of the fabric reinforcement ratio, anchorage length, and surface treatment of fabric. Furthermore, the flexural behavior of the test specimens was numerically analyzed using the general section analysis concept of reinforced concrete and compared with the experimental results. Due to bond failure between the carbon fabric and the concrete matrix, the TRC panel showed a large decrease in flexural performance in terms of flexural stiffness, flexural strength, cracking behavior, and deflection. This low performance was improved by increasing the fabric reinforcement ratio, anchoring length, and sand-epoxy surface treatment of the anchorage. Comparing the numerical calculation results with the experimental results, the deflection of the experimental results was approximately 50% larger than the numerical calculation results. This is because the perfect bond between the carbon fabric and the concrete matrix failed, and slip occurred.

Carbon Rovings as Strain Sensor in TRC Structures: Effect of Roving Cross-Sectional Shape and Coating Material on the Electrical Response under Bending Stress.

This study investigated the ability of electrically conductive carbon rovings to detect cracks in textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) structures. The key innovation lies in the integration of carbon rovings into the reinforcing textile, which not only contributes to the mechanical properties of the concrete structure but also eliminates the need for an additional sensory system, such as strain gauges, to monitor the structural health. Carbon rovings are integrated into a grid-like textile reinforcement that differs in binding type and dispersion concentration of the styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) coating. Ninety final samples were subjected to a four-point bending test in which the electrical changes of the carbon rovings were measured simultaneously to capture the strain. The mechanical results show that the SBR50-coated TRC samples with circular and elliptical cross-sectional shape achieved, with 1.55 kN, the highest bending tensile strength, which is also captured with a value of 0.65 Ω by the electrical impedance monitoring. The elongation and fracture of the rovings have a significant effect on the impedance mainly due to electrical resistance change. A correlation was found between the impedance change, binding type and coating. This suggests that the elongation and fracture mechanisms are affected by the number of outer and inner filaments, as well as the coating.

Inflation and Reinforced Concrete Materials: An Investigation of Economic and Environmental Effects

Focusing on Reinforced Concrete (RC), the main building material worldwide, inflation and CO2 emissions negatively impact the economic and environmental sustainability of the construction industry and the environment, respectively. Therefore, it is important to investigate the economic and environmental correlations and effects of RC in view of the inflation–CO2 emissions nexus. Previous literature did not sufficiently scrutinize this issue, leaving behind huge knowledge gaps for understanding (1) the inflation–RC material prices nexus, (2) the inflation–RC cost relationship, and (3) the inflation–RC material CO2 emissions correlation. The knowledge body, additionally, suffers from the controversial conclusion of prior literature that countering inflation reduces building material prices; however, it does not reduce their associated CO2 emissions. To address these loopholes, Spearman correlation test was employed to analyze data from Egypt’s construction market on inflation, RC material prices, RC cost, and RC material CO2 emissions from 2011 to 2019. Spearman test yielded that RC material prices and RC cost are directly correlated with inflation. In addition, steel reinforcement prices are more sensitive to inflation than the prices of other RC materials. By analyzing these outputs, using the Deviation Percentage approach, it has been found that 1% increase in inflation drives up the prices of steel reinforcement and RC cost by 1.568% and 1.548%, respectively. Further, increasing inflation by 1% increases RC material CO2 emissions, particularly steel reinforcement by 15.968%. This implies that the inflation–construction material CO2 emissions nexus has a direct correlation, not an inverse relationship, as mentioned in the archival literature. These results guide contractors to define an accurate percentage-based risk margin against the effects of inflation on overrunning their projects budgets. Importantly, they add to the knowledge body the precise description of the inflation–building materials nexus, whether economically in terms of construction material prices, or environmentally in light of building material CO2 emissions.

Reducing Reinforced Concrete Materials Waste in Construction Projects Using Building Information Modeling in Egypt

Reduced Reinforced Concrete Material Waste (RRCMW) is recognized as a major issue that must be controlled in building projects. The primary goal of the study is to demonstrate the significance of BIM in construction and the importance of BIM in reducing reinforced concrete material waste. To achieve the study's goal, a questionnaire survey is undertaken to estimate the benefit of using BIM in Egyptian building projects. According to the survey results, about 41% of respondents are believed that BIM may reduce project costs by 16% to 20% when compared to the traditional method. In addition, the proportion of variations in reinforced concrete amount survey between traditional methods (AutoCAD) and (Revit) is discovered to be 44%, with a range of 11% to 15%. Approximately 46% of respondents are believed that BIM eliminates design errors, with a percentage ranging from 21% to 25%, and about 51% are believed that BIM helps in reducing rework, with a total percentage ranging from 21% to 25%. Then, case studies of building ("Residential projects") and infrastructure ("Bridges projects") projects are analyzed to determine the difference between waste minimization using traditional methods and waste minimization using BIM. Waste management is a critical issue since it is the only approach to optimize waste throughout the project phases. As a result, factors managing (RRCMW) are extracted, and BIM software should be used to manage these factors in order to optimize waste. The relevant BIM applications are used in this case study: site utilization planning, quantity take-off, 3D coordination, visualization, digital prefabrication, design validation, "design review and clash detection," and optimized workflow and communication structure. So, based on the preceding case studies, it is discovered that using BIM is far more successful and economical than using the traditional method, because it aids in the resolution of many issues before and during construction, such as clash detection, material storage, material ordering, and so on. As a result, while BIM is not widely used in Egypt, engineers should be familiar with it because it will be a vital tool to reduce waste in the future.

Influence of load partial factors adjustment on reliability design of RC frame structures in China

The partial factor method has been widely used in building design and the partial factors to ensure the safety of structures are specified in the adopted codes. The load partial factors in the design expressions have been increased in the lasted code in China, which leads to theoretically increment in reliability and a growth in the consumption of construction materials. However, the influence of load partial factors adjustment on design of building structures arises different points among scholars. Some believe that it has a great impact on the design, some think the influence is small. This makes designers have doubts in the safety of structures and investors are also confused about the cost. In order to illustrate the influence of load partial factor adjustment on safety level and material consumption of RC (Reinforced Concrete) frame structures, reliability analysis and material consumption analysis are performed using First Order Reliability Method (FORM). The approach is carried out according to the load partial factors in Chinese codes of (GB50153-2008) and (GB50068-2018), respectively. Then, the influence of load partial factors adjustment is demonstrated with a case design of RC frame structures with different load partial factors in codes. The results show that the partial factor has a noticeable influence on the reliability index. The adjustment of load partial factors in design leads to an increase of the reliability index, which is about 8–16%. The increase of material consumption used in RC structures is about 0.75–6.29%. And the case indicated that the adjustment of load partial factors mainly result in the increase of reinforcement consumption, while have little effect on the concrete consumption. This study provides an analytical and conclusive insight into the influence of load partial factor adjustment on safety level and material consumption, which is can be applied to a wide range of structures.

Experimental investigation on the bond-slip behavior between TRC-confined concrete and rebars after exposure to elevated temperatures

In this study, the bond-slip behavior between textile reinforced concrete (TRC)-confined concrete and rebars both at ambient temperature and after ISO 834 standard fire was investigated experimentally through pull-out tests. The failure modes, ultimate load, average ultimate bonding stress and energy consumption were obtained and discussed. Effects of rebar diameters (12 mm, 14 mm and 16 mm), bonding lengths (2.5d, 5d and 7.5d) and high-temperature exposure durations (30 min and 60 min) on the bonding behavior between TRC-confined concrete and rebars were examined emphatically. It was observed that the damage modes of specimens changed from pull-out failure at ambient temperature into splitting failure for both TRC-confined specimens and companion unconfined specimens exposed to high temperatures. The results obtained demonstrated that both the ultimate load and the average ultimate bonding stress can be significantly improved by the utilization of TRC jackets after 30 min exposure, and the increment of the average ultimate bonding stress can reach up to 90% as compared to those unconfined specimens. However, the enhancement of TRC jackets became unobvious after 60 min. Finally, based on test results and Prigogine’s dissipative structure theory, the energy analysis of bond-slip curves was evaluated to verify the enhancement of TRC jackets quantitatively.

A review on the various factors influencing the structural behaviour of TRC sandwich elements

This review article discusses the structural performance of Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) sandwich structures consisting of two outer TRC faces and a rigid core insulation. Sandwich structures offer advantages such as lightweight construction and thermal insulation. Hence, the application of the non-corrosive TRC as the facings of sandwich panels helps in reducing the overall thickness and weight of the panels by replacing the reinforced concrete faces and eliminating the thick concrete cover. The strength, stiffness and load-carrying capacity of TRC sandwich panels are governed by several factors such as thickness of the face, density of the core material, reinforcement ratio, the use of shear stiffeners, etc. In this review article, the influence of various parameters such as face thickness, type of textile, number of textile layers, core thickness and core density are addressed. The effect of shear connectors on enhancing the composite behaviour of TRC sandwich panels is also discussed.

Experimental investigations of power-actuated fastenings in TRC

In this study we investigate the application of direct fastenings in textile-reinforced concrete for the first time in international research. This efficient combination is promising regarding sustainability and load-bearing reliability due to the fine-grained material structure. We aim to assess the system's feasibility and establish the most favourable framework of practice. Within our test series, we modify the concrete strength, the number of textile layers, the type of textile and the setting process. The most promising results were achieved when using three layers of a symmetric textile regarding geometry and tensile strength without executing a predrilling. While using higher-strength concrete leads to a total load-bearing capacity of up to 7 kN, this implies lower visual quality compared to lower-strength concrete. The latter case, with an average nail performance of over 4 kN, indicates that the proposed fastening-material-combination is highly promising regarding future use cases.

Comparative study of carbon fiber and galvanized iron textile reinforced concrete

Carbon fiber textile (CT) is established as retrofitting and strengthening material for reinforced concrete structures worldwide. The CT is also used as reinforcing layers of thin wall concrete structures. However, its use in developing and underdeveloped countries is not widespread. On the other hand, galvanized iron textile (GIT) is cheaper than CT and is durable due to the galvanization of the iron wires. Therefore, its use as reinforcing thin concrete structures can be a potential alternative to CT. This paper presents a comparative study on the flexural and impact behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) containing CT and GIT. Two types of specimens are cast, for the flexural behaviour, TRC panels of 750 mm × 300 mm, and for the impact behaviour, TRC plates of 300 mm × 170 mm of 50 mm and 75 mm thicknesses containing single layer and double layer CT and GIT. Results show that the flexural load capacity of GIT panels does not significantly increase with the increase in the GIT layer; however, it increases in CT panels by around 126% in 50 mm and 33% in 75 mm thick panels. Furthermore, CT with double layer reinforcement withstood more load than control specimens with a higher reinforcement percentage. Under impact loading, the CT reinforced specimens required up to thirty-seven times higher number of blows to fail than the GIT reinforced specimens with both circular and conical shaped impactors. With a circular impactor, CT reinforced specimens having 50 mm and 75 mm thickness show around twenty times and seventeen times greater impact energy, respectively than their GIT counterparts. While with a conical impactor, the CT reinforced specimens show around twenty-four and eighteen times higher impact energy than its GIT counterparts.

Study on the Axial Load Response of RC Columns Confined by CTRC Subjected to Dry-Wet Cycles

To investigate the axial load response of reinforced concrete (RC) columns confined by carbon textile-reinforced concrete (CTRC) under chloride attack, 24 CTRC-confined square columns and 12 unconfined columns were tested under axial load, while considering the influences of dry-wet cycles, textile ratios, stirrup ratios, and section sizes. The experimental results indicate that the corrosion resistance and compression performance of RC columns under chloride ion erosion were significantly improved by CTRC. The corrosion of the RC column with CTRC confinement was remarkably reduced with a maximum of 63.9% in the chloride salt environment. The maximum increments of bearing capacity and ductility of CTRC-confined columns were 30.9% and 87.7%, respectively, compared with unconfined columns. In addition, bearing capacity, ductility, and deformation energy were also affected by stirrup ratios and section sizes. Finally, the semi-empirical and semi-theoretical analytical models of the stress-strain relationship and axial-bearing capacity were proposed based on the experimental data and theoretical analysis. The compound confinement effects of CTRC and corroded stirrups on core concrete was considered in the proposed models. The models correlated well with the experimental data.

Flexural behaviors of sandwich panels with AR-glass textile reinforced concrete under low-velocity impact

Textile reinforced concrete（TRC）can be used as the face-sheet for sandwich panels due to its lightweight, excellent tensile strength, high energy absorption, and ductility. This study investigates the flexural behavior of alkali-resistant glass-textile reinforced concrete (ARG-TRC) sandwich panels with different textile layers, core thicknesses, and interface forms under various impact velocities. A new manufacturing technique for ARG-TRC sandwich panels is proposed. The sandwich panels with four textile layers have superior load-carrying capability and impact resistance than those with two layers. The impact load can be transferred more effectively for panels with a core thickness of 40mm, allowing the top and bottom face-sheets to bear the load simultaneously for better impact resistance. Ribbed panels can reduce the possibility of side core tensile fracture and core crushing while improving flexural stiffness. It was also found that TRC sandwich panels typically exhibit four failure modes under the impact load, including face-sheet fracture, core shear fracture, side core tensile fracture, and core crushing fracture. The findings of this study can provide some insights into promoting the design and application of TRC sandwich panels in residential and industrial structures.

Cracking behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete with varying concrete cover and textile surface finish

The cracking behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) impacts the serviceability and structural integrity of TRC beams. However, textile reinforcement has not yet been standardised and there are numerous available textile reinforcement options. In spite of evidence that the textile properties influence the cracking behaviour of TRC, knowledge of the role of the textile, concrete and geometric parameters on cracking is still limited. This paper investigates a commonly used subset of textile reinforcements, namely epoxy-impregnated textiles with a high yarn count, some of which are prone to induce splitting failure. Through a comprehensive experimental study of 144 uniaxial reinforced concrete tensile tests, the influence of the textile fibre strand geometry and surface finish (plain or sand-coated) on the cracking behaviour was investigated in dependency of the concrete cover thickness. The results show that sand-coating treatment can decrease the transverse crack width to one-third of those observed in analogous plain textile specimens. The geometry of the plain fibre strands, which is affected by the textile fabrication method, also leads to significant differences in the measured crack widths (factor of 2.5). The overall cracking behaviour, however, is decisively influenced by the occurrence of splitting (longitudinal) cracks in the layer of the textile reinforcement, which were observed regardless of the surface treatment for concrete covers thicker than 15 mm. In case of the sand-coated textiles, these splitting cracks initiated immediately after the first main crack and propagated throughout the specimen, which diminished any tension stiffening effect. In the plain textile samples, the cracks led to an excessive spalling of the concrete cover. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of the cracking behaviour of TRC with epoxy-impregnated textiles and a comprehensive database for further research. This establishes the basis for unified regulations regarding the limit states of TRC structures.

Comparative evaluation of textiles for use in textile reinforced concrete

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) offers many advantages over traditional, steel bar reinforced concrete. The biggest advantage is the corrosion resistance of textiles, which leads to a reduced minimum cover with concrete. This allows for significantly thinner concrete elements, which are also easier to shape because of the excellent draping properties of textiles. For producers of technical textiles there is a need for a quick and easy method to test their products for suitability for use in TRC. In this paper, such a method is proposed: Novel textiles can be evaluated by comparing their properties to those of existing textiles already in use in the construction industry. Three different characteristic values crucial to the suitability of textiles for use in TRC are identified: tensile stress–strain behavior and alkaline resistance of the textiles and the tensile stress–strain behavior of TRC components. For each characteristic value a test method is identified. To validate these test methods and to provide a database for future comparison, the tests are performed on three different impregnated biaxial non-crimp fabrics that are already approved for and used in TRC. These consist of a styrene butadiene rubber impregnated carbon fiber textile, an epoxy resin impregnated alkaline resistant glass textile and a polyvinyl alcohol fiber textile. From these validation tests, key figures that allow for a ranking of new textiles in comparison to the already available textiles are inferred; The tensile strength of the textiles ranges from 880 to 2900 MPa, the alkaline strength degradation is at maximum −0.17 %/day and the tensile strength of the TRC elements ranges from 770 to 2310 MPa. The comparison of these values with those of a new textile enables a quick initial evaluation of the suitability of the new textile for the use in TRC.

Experimental investigation of textile reinforced concrete thin-wall panel bolted connections

Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) is a composite material that combines fine-grained concrete with textile fibers to create a new building material with improved mechanical properties. TRC, an innovative thin-wall precast panel construction solution, offers excellent tensile strength, crack resistance, and durability. The behavior of bolted joints in textile-reinforced concrete thin-wall panels was experimentally studied in this research. The investigation focused on three types of connections: moment joints, shear joints, and half-box connections. The study aimed to examine the structural performance of these joints under different loading conditions and identify the failure modes. Ten specimens were tested, and the results were analyzed to determine the relationship between applied load and joint behavior. This research provides valuable information for the design and optimization of bolted joints in textile-reinforced concrete thin-wall panels.

Investigation of the Failure Modes of Textile-Reinforced Concrete and Fiber/Textile-Reinforced Concrete under Uniaxial Tensile Tests

Recently, innovations in textile-reinforced concrete (TRC), such as the use of basalt textile fabrics, the use of high-performance concrete (HPC) matrices, and the admixture of short fibers in a cementitious matrix, have led to a new material called fiber/textile-reinforced concrete (F/TRC), which represents a promising solution for TRC. Although these materials are used in retrofit applications, experimental investigations about the performance of basalt and carbon TRC and F/TRC with HPC matrices number, to the best of the authors' knowledge, only a few. Therefore, an experimental investigation was conducted on 24 specimens tested under the uniaxial tensile, in which the main variables studied were the use of HPC matrices, different materials of textile fabric (basalt and carbon), the presence or absence of short steel fibers, and the overlap length of the textile fabric. From the test results, it can be seen that the mode of failure of the specimens is mainly governed by the type of textile fabric. Carbon-retrofitted specimens showed higher post-elastic displacement compared with those retrofitted with basalt textile fabrics. Short steel fibers mainly affected the load level of first cracking and ultimate tensile strength.

Effect of thermoplastic impregnation on the mechanical behaviour of textile reinforcement for concrete

In recent decades, textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has become increasingly important, both in research and the construction industry. It is a resource-efficient material alternative to conventional, steel reinforced concrete due to the use of non-corroding high-performance textile reinforcements and the resulting material savings. Typically, thermoset polymer materials are used as impregnation for the textile reinforcement to improve the mechanical behaviour. However, due to their chemically crosslinking behaviour, these materials prevent subsequent product-specific shaping of the reinforcement. The use of thermoplastic impregnation materials shows potential to allow shaping by utilizing the thermal forming behaviour, provided that the resulting properties of the reinforcement system in terms of mechanical performance are not inferior to those of the already available impregnations. In this study, four impregnation systems are investigated on AR-glass textiles with regard to their effect on the mechanical behaviour of the reinforcement and classified in comparison to the current benchmark epoxy and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) by conducting single yarn tensile tests and supporting microscopy analysis. The thermoplastic impregnation increased the tensile strength of the AR glass fibre to values in the range of around 1200 MPa with a low coating content to 1500 MPa with a high coating content. A strong dependence of the impregnation efficiency on the impregnation composition, in this case the solid content of the dispersion, was demonstrated as a result of pore formation. In conclusion, thermoplastic impregnation materials achieve strengths comparable to those of commonly used materials.

Numerical investigation on dynamic response of air-backed RC slabs subjected to close-in underwater explosion

With the increase of global terrorism, the marine reinforced concrete (RC) structures (e.g. immersed tunnels, caisson wharfs and floating platforms, etc.) inevitably face the potential threat of underwater explosion during their services. However, there are few studies to date that have investigated the RC slabs subjected to underwater explosion and further studies on this subject are warranted. This study focuses on the dynamic response analysis and damage modes prediction of air-backed RC slabs under close-in underwater explosion. Firstly, two experiments and several empirical formulas were used to verify the correctness of the underwater explosion load and the RC material model, respectively, with error of less than 4% for most parameters. Secondly, a 3-Dimensional finite element model of air-backed RC slab was established in LS-DYNA. The different parameters analysis indicated that the dynamic response of RC slabs increases with the increase of charge weight or the decrease of standoff distance, both high reinforcement ratio and high concrete compressive strength can effectively improve the blast-resistance ability of RC slabs. After that, four damage modes of air-backed RC slabs were identified based on the support rotation angle, including slight (≤2°), medium (2°–6°), severe (6°–12°) and fail (>12°), which mainly manifested as flexural failure to flexural shear failure. Finally, three empirical formulas were proposed to predict the damage modes of air-backed RC slabs within 2 m standoff distance and 0.2 kg charge weight.

Experimental study on the tensile strength degradation of curved alkali resistant glass and carbon textile as concrete reinforcement under complex loading

Nowadays, textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is one of the promising methods for strengthening existing reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry structures. When TRC works as an externally bonded reinforcement of RC beams or columns, the textile fiber bends around the corners of the members. At these locations, the tensile strength of the curved textile reinforcement reduces due to the action of complex loading. This paper presents an experimental study on the tensile strength degradation of curved alkali resistant (AR) glass and carbon textile reinforcement in TRC with different curved diameters subjecting to both tensile and compressive loading. The results showed that the maximum tensile force and the tensile strength of both textile materials reduced as the diameter of the semi-circle decreased from 120 to 60 mm. The addition of the compressive load also resulted in lower strength in textile reinforcement. Compared with compressive load, the curvature diameters had a greater influence on the tensile strength of both textile materials. The failure modes of all the experiment cases were the rupture of the textile reinforcement in the centre of the curved sections or at the transition region of the straight and curved sections. The degradation ratio between the tensile strength of curved AR glass textile and that of straight filament was higher than in the case of carbon textile. In the case of the same curved diameter specimens, the compressive load had a greater influence on the tensile strength of carbon textile than on AR glass.