Sports Rehabilitation Research Articles

Dynamic simulation of breast behaviour during different activities based on finite element modelling of multiple components of breast

This study presents an advanced dynamic finite element (FE) model of multiple components of the breast to examine the biomechanical impact of different types of physical activities and activity intensity on the breast tissues. Using 4D scanning and motion capture technologies, dynamic data are collected during different activities. The accuracy of the FE model is verified based on relative mean absolute error (RMAE), and optimal material parameters are identified by using a validated stepwise grid search method. The comparative analysis reveals that jumping rope generates the highest stress on the breast components, followed by high knee skipping but running exerts the least amount of stress. A positive correlation between activity intensity and stress is observed for running and jumping rope, while high knee skipping shows a peak in stress after a certain threshold. The magnitude of the stress distribution and effect of activity intensity on the stress experienced by the breast internal components are in ascending order: the glandular tissues, pectoralis major muscles, adipose tissues, and Cooper’s ligaments, thus highlighting the different biomechanical response of these breast components to dynamic stress. The insights from this study have significant implications for sports bra design, rehabilitation protocols, and exercise customisation with the aim to reduce the risk of injury during breast motion.

ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ЕРГОНОМІЧНИХ ФАКТОРІВ НА ПРОЦЕС ФІЗКУЛЬТУРНО-СПОРТИВНОЇ РЕАБІЛІТАЦІЇ

Relevance of the research topic. To date, the scientific and methodological literature presents a large number of studies related to physical education and sports rehabilitation. At the same time, the studies do not fully cover the issue of the influence of ergonomic factors on the process of physical education and sports rehabilitation of war veterans with disabilities or limitations of daily functioning. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of ergonomic factors on the process of conducting physical education and sports rehabilitation classes with war veterans with disabilities or limitations in daily functioning. Research methods. Analysis and synthesis of data from educational, scientific and methodological literature, the method of expert evaluation and methods of mathematical statistics. Results and conclusions. 1. The need to improve the effectiveness of the process of physical education and sports rehabilitation of war veterans with disabilities and limitations in daily functioning is unquestionable, it is possible to achieve this through the use of ergonomics, but this issue is practically not covered in the scientific literature. 2. Expertise was conducted using the ranking method regarding the influence of different groups of factors on the effectiveness of physical education and sports rehabilitation classes with war veterans with disabilities, or limitations in daily functioning, the opinions of experts are in agreement, as evidenced by the value of the concordance coefficient W=0.78 at the level of significance p <0.01. 3. The use of ergonomics tools in the process of conducting physical education and sports rehabilitation classes with war veterans with disabilities or limitations in daily functioning is appropriate and can significantly increase the effectiveness of physical culture and sports rehabilitation. In particular, in the location of equipment, lighting and ventilation, compliance with building regulations for persons with disabilities in the premises where classes are held, the use of specialized simulators that allow taking into account physical limitations when performing physical exercises, the use of modern virtual reality technologies or movement monitoring and analysis systems.

ВІДМІННІ РИСИ СОМАТОМЕТРИЧНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВХЛОПЦІВ ТА ДІВЧАТ 5-6 РОКІВ ІЗ ЗАТРИМКОЮ ПСИХІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ З РІЗНИМИ ТИПАМИ ПОСТАВИ

Relevance of the research topic. Psychological and pedagogical work with children with special educational needs is becoming extremely important. Physical education is considered to be one of the most important forms of improving the psychophysical state of children aged 5-6 with mental retardation (MR). The purpose of the article is to determine the distinctive somatometric features of 5-6-year-old children with MR with different types of posture. Participants of the study. The experiment involved 15 children aged 5-6 with MR. The following research methods were used to accomplish the tasks: analysis of special scientific and methodological literature, anthropometry, videometry - the data on posture disorders obtained as a result of the analysis were offered for consideration to an orthopedist, who formulated final conclusions about the type of posture of the children aged 5-6 years involved in the experiment, and a pedagogical experiment. Results. It was found that the differences between the average values in groups with different types of posture are small. For example, in terms of body weight, the maximum difference in the groups of boys was 100 grams, and in the groups of girls was 200 grams. Similarly, in terms of body length, the maximum difference in both cases was only 1 cm. In terms of body mass index, the groups of boys differ by a maximum of 0.2 kg/m², and the groups of girls - by 0.38 kg/m². Similarly, according to the Rohrer index, the difference between boys with different types of posture does not exceed 0.28 kg/m², andbetween girls - 0.46 kg/m². Conclusions. It has been established that children aged 5-6 years with ASD differ significantly by sex in absolute and derived weight and height indices (differences between boys and girls in these indices were confirmed as statistically significant, namely: for body length, BMI and IR is at the level of p<0.01, and for body weight is at the level of p<0.05), but with regard to the type of posture, there are no significant differences. It is worth noting that the differences between children with different types of posture within each sex group are not large. In view of the above, we conclude that children aged 5-6 years with ASD differ significantly in body circumference depending on gender. However, when the type of posture is taken into account, no significant differences are observed. Prospects for further research is to theoretically substantiate, develop and experimentally test the technology of correction of biomechanical disorders of spatial organisation of the body of children aged 5-6 years with MR in the process of physical education and sports rehabilitation.

Construction of an Intelligent Medical Monitoring System Network for Exercise Rehabilitation Based on the Internet of Things

Exercise rehabilitation refers to a rehabilitation method that restores or improves human motor function through scientific, systematic, and regular exercise training, and it has a very wide range of applications. This paper explored the construction of an intelligent medical monitoring system network for sports rehabilitation based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system consists of a wireless sensor acquisition module for collecting sports rehabilitation data, a data storage and analysis module for cloud management and deep learning analysis, and a medical monitoring module for remote supervision and patient interaction. The system aimed to achieve personalized exercise rehabilitation plans through real-time monitoring and data collection of patients, and provide remote medical monitoring services to improve the rehabilitation effect and quality of life of patients. The system architecture adopted the IoT technology and cloud storage technology, and combined the deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) model to achieve remote monitoring and data analysis. The monitoring center of the system can monitor patients’ physiological indicators, exercise status, and rehabilitation effects in real time through IoT wireless sensors, and upload the data to the cloud platform for storage and analysis. Doctors and patients can access data through mobile phones or computers and communicate online. The data showed that when measuring a patient’s heart rate using wireless sensors, the measurement accuracy mostly exceeded 99.8%, and some samples had detection accuracy up to 100%. In addition, traditional sensors can detect heart rates up to 5.1[Formula: see text]s, while wireless sensors can detect heart rates up to 1.28[Formula: see text]s. The CNN had a maximum recall rate of 99.51%, a precision of 99.68%, and an accuracy rate of 99.8% in the classification of psychological data of rehabilitation patients. The experimental results indicated that the system can achieve comprehensive monitoring and effective management of the patient’s rehabilitation process, and its operation is stable and has good practical value.

Case Report: Potential benefits of a single functional neurology intervention in athletic rehabilitation and recovery: a case study

This study analyze the effect of a single functional neurology session on sports performance, pain perception, fatigue perception and thermographic muscular response in an international female weightlifting athlete with incapacity to tolerate weight. Functional neurology is a discipline leveraging neuroplasticity for non-invasive recovery and performance optimization. We found how a single session of functional neurology improved load tolerance, enabling her to lift weights at pre-injury levels after just a single session of functional neurology and reduced pain perception from 80 to 0 and fatigue perception from 90 to 20 on a 100-point scale while thermographic data showed up to a 15% decrease in body temperature indicating reduced inflammation and improved muscle recovery. Then, we found how a single functional neurology intervention produced an improve in sports performance, pain and fatigue perceptions, and peripheral vascular response in an inter-national female weightlifting athlete with an initial incapacity to tolerate weight. This supports the incorporation of functional neurology into sports rehabilitation, under-scoring its potential in optimizing athletes' health and performance.

The Complementary Role of Motor Imagery on VO2max and Lactate in Professional Football Players with Grade II Ankle Sprains During the Return-to-Play Period

Ankle sprains are considered to be the most common musculoskeletal lower limb injury, accounting for a high percentage of all sport injuries in football. Motor imagery (MI) has been widely used for sports performance optimization purposes, suggesting that athletes’ ability to reenact a motor action can improve sports performance and rehabilitation. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of MI as an adjunct intervention in VO2max and lactate in football players with Grade II ankle sprains during the return-to-play period. Fifty-eight professional football players were randomly divided into two groups: first, the MI (n = 29) and second, the placebo (n = 29). The MI group received recorded MI instructions, whereas the placebo group received only relaxation instructions. A one-way ANOVA revealed statistically significant results within the first 4 weeks following the interventions in both groups. Additionally, a t-test showed statistically significant differences between the two groups in VO2max (t = −6.04, p = 0.000, two-tailed, p < 0.05) and lactate (t = 4.33, p = 0.000, two-tailed, p < 0.05). Further research across various sports is needed to better understand the role of MI in the return-to-play period, particularly regarding injury management and sports performance.

The Effect of Resistance Strength Training on Muscle Cross Education: A Meta analysis

Introduction: At present, a large number of studies have found that the phenomenon of cross transfer has achieved significant research results in sports training, rehabilitation therapy, and influencing mechanisms. Cross training refers to increasing muscle strength on the training side, while there is also a significant increase in muscle strength on the untrained homologous side. The main purpose of this review is to explore the impact mechanism of cross transfer phenomenon and summarize the optimal training methods and rehabilitation methods for cross transfer phenomenon. Aim of the study: Using meta-analysis method to systematically evaluate the effects of cross training (also known as cross education) on upper and lower limb muscle strength in different age groups and compare the training results. Material and methods: The system searched databases such as Wanfang Digital Resource Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, EBSCOhost, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from the default start time to December 2024. Two evaluators independently screened research literature on resistance strength training improving upper and lower limb muscle strength and hypertrophy in various age groups based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Revmen 5.3 was used to evaluate all included literature and analyze their data. Result: 1)After 4 rounds of exclusion, 7 articles were finally included with a total sample size of 257 people; 2) Cross education intervention under resistance strength training can significantly enhance the strength of the quadriceps muscle in adults, with better results than the control group. The combined effect size is SMD=8.03, 95% CI:- 1.32，17.37， P＜0.01， 3) The degree to which cross education intervention enhances the strength of the gastrocnemius and wrist extensor muscles under resistance strength training is similar. The combined effect quantities are: SMD＝0.17，95% CI：-2.28，2.62，P≥0.01； SMD＝-0.39，95% CI：-3.02，2.25，P≥0.01； SMD=0.20, 95% CI: -0.81, 1.21, P ≥ 0.01 Conclusion: Cross education intervention under resistance strength training can significantly improve quadriceps strength and promote muscle hypertrophy in adults; The effect of cross education intervention under resistance force on promoting the strength and hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle and wrist extensor muscle is similar.

The effect of a rehabilitation program using (mental exercises and video games) to improve the balance skill in Parkinson's patients

The brain is the main organ of the human nervous system, and one of the diseases that affect the brain is Parkinson's disease, in most cases we see a loss of balance in Parkinson's disease, so that the paralyzed member could not perform the required voluntary movements and this matter causes imbalance for the patient's person and with age and degree of injury may lead to a decrease in balance. Parkinson's disease may affect many daily activities, and treatments aim to alleviate these problems by helping you receive the knowledge and skills you need to continue doing all your previous activities, and sports rehabilitation consists in learning to move more naturally and with less effort. In this context, technological means are a tool to help achieve the objectives of the rehabilitation process. As we know that video games are an important and major part of technology in the modern life of humans, especially in the scope of rehabilitation for people with special intellectual - motor needs, and video games can be used in the rehabilitation process for these people to develop their motor skills throughout the stages of the game. It concludes from the research that the rehabilitation program using (mental exercises and video games) played a positive role to improve the skill of fixed balance and motor in the research sample and that mental exercises contributed well to improving balance in patients with type II.

Telemedicine-based exercise intervention in cancer survivors: a non-randomized controlled trial.

Cancer survivors (CS) often experience treatment-related side effects, such as fatigue, and have reduced physical function. Regular physical activity has been demonstrated to reduce these symptoms and improve cardiopulmonary fitness. Digital solutions are needed to optimize exercise options for CS in aftercare, especially given the significant limitations during the Covid-19 pandemic. This two-armed, non-randomized, controlled intervention study for CS aims to investigate whether a telemedicine-based exercise intervention is as effective as the current standard of care for oncological exercise therapy in aftercare. Patients in the intervention group (n = 61) performed a telemedicine-based exercise program (TE) and patients in the control group (n = 31) participated in an existing rehabilitation sports group (RG) over a six-month intervention period. The primary outcome was cardiopulmonary fitness measured by VO2peak; secondary outcomes included quality of life (QoL), fatigue, and physical activity. A non-inferiority analysis was performed with a predefined non-inferiority margin for relative VO2peak of -1.50ml/min/kg. Although TE demonstrated a slight advantage in relative VO2peak compared to RG (adjusted mean difference of 0.55ml/min/kg [95% CI: -2.74; 3.84]), the non-inferiority was not statistically significant. Nevertheless, the implementation of a telemedicine-based exercise intervention indicates that individual patients respond well to this type of exercise program and benefit from the intervention, particularly in terms of QoL. Finding an individualized program for each cancer survivor is the overarching goal. A telemedicine-based exercise intervention may be a promising option, particularly for younger patients.

Effectiveness of Pilates exercises in sports

Participation in sports is spreading all around the world in an attempt of the community to stay active, healthy, prevent health issues and conditions and to ensure quality of life while there is life expectancy and population is getting more and more older. Existing protocols in rehabilitation are sometimes demanding and are addressed in athletes and people with good physical condition while population gets involved in recreational sports activities more and more. Sport injuries are very common not only in athletes but in general population as well. Pilates is a very popular type of exercise and industry around it is flourishing. Although there are indications that it could be used as an alternative in rehabilitation, research is limited in certain fields. The aim of this editorial is to motivate researchers to conduct well-designed studies in sports injuries’ rehabilitation based on the Pilates method, to explore the efficacy of the method as a complementary approach and the optimal integration strategies in diverse sports rehabilitation settings. Last but not least, it is an attempt for the need of the community to establish certification on Clinical Pilates Physiotherapists based on the principles of rehabilitation.

Research on Sports Injury Rehabilitation Detection Based on IoT Models for Digital Health Care.

Physical therapists specializing in sports rehabilitation detection help injured athletes recover from their wounds and avoid further harm. Sports rehabilitators treat not just commonplace sports injuries but also work-related musculoskeletal injuries, discomfort, and disorders. Sensor-equipped Internet of Things (IoT) monitors the real-time location of medical equipment such as scooters, cardioverters, nebulizer treatments, oxygenation pumps, or other monitor gear. Analysis of medicine deployment across sites is possible in real time. Health care delivery based on digital technology to improve access, affordability, and sustainability of medical treatment is known as digital health care. The challenging characteristics of such sports injury rehabilitation for digital health care are playing position, game strategies, and cybersecurity. Hence, in this research, health care IoT-enabled body area networks (HIoT-BAN) have been designed to improve sports injury rehabilitation detection for digital health care. The health care sector may benefit significantly from IoT adoption since it allows for enhanced patient safety; health care investment management includes controlling the hospital's pharmaceutical stock and monitoring the heat and humidity levels. Digital health describes a group of programmers made to aid health care delivery, whether by assisting with clinical decision-making or streamlining back-end operations in health care institutions. A HIoT-BAN effectively predicts the rise in sports injury rehabilitation detection with faster digital health care based on IoT. The research concludes that the HIoT-BAN effectively indicates sports injury rehabilitation detection for digital health care. The experimental analysis of HIoT-BAN outperforms the IoT method in terms of performance, accuracy, prediction ratio, and mean square error rate.

Biomechanical and Injury Tolerance Analysis of Tibial Movement Under Different Postures and Impact Loads

The lower limbs play an important role in daily human activities. Therefore, a 3D tibial model is constructed, and finite element analysis is performed to investigate the biomechanical characteristics and injury tolerance of lower limb flexion movement. The maximum equivalent stress at 30° flexion was 19.1 MPa and 31.2 MPa in the normal and dynamic eversion positions, respectively, of the knee joint, 1.4 MPa and 1.1 MPa in the medial tibial plateau, and 1.8 MPa and 1.2 MPa in the lateral tibial plateau. The peak contact force was generally approximately 4000 N when different positions of the tibia were impacted. The maximum contact force of the frontal impact was larger than that of the external impact at 4109 N and 3927 N, respectively. The dynamic knee valgus posture and lateral impacts are more likely to cause tibial injury. The findings of this study provide information for the prevention of sports injuries and rehabilitation treatment.

Applied Biomechanics in Sports Performance, Injury Prevention, and Rehabilitation

Applied Biomechanics in Sports Performance, Injury Prevention, and Rehabilitation

Advancing Field-Based Vertical Jump Analysis: Markerless Pose Estimation vs. Force Plates.

The countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) is widely used in sports science and rehabilitation to assess lower body power. In controlled laboratory environments, a complex analysis of CMJ performance is usually carried out using motion capture or force plate systems, providing detailed insights into athlete's movement mechanics. While these systems are highly accurate, they are often costly or limited to laboratory settings, making them impractical for widespread or field use. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of MMPose, a markerless 2D pose estimation framework, for CMJ analysis by comparing it with force plates. Twelve healthy participants performed five CMJs, with each jump trial simultaneously recorded using force plates and a smartphone camera. Vertical velocity profiles and key temporal variables, including jump phase durations, maximum jump height, vertical velocity, and take-off velocity, were analyzed and compared between the two systems. The statistical methods included a Bland-Altman analysis, correlation coefficients (r), and effect sizes, with consistency and systematic differences assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and paired samples t-tests. The results showed strong agreement (r = 0.992) between the markerless system and force plates, validating MMPose for CMJ analysis. The temporal variables also demonstrated high reliability (ICC > 0.9), with minimal systematic differences and negligible effect sizes for most variables. These findings suggest that the MMPose-based markerless system is a cost-effective and practical alternative for analyzing CMJ performance, particularly in field settings where force plates may be less accessible. This system holds potential for broader applications in sports performance and rehabilitation, enabling more scalable, data-driven movement assessments.

Action recognition in rehabilitation: combining 3D convolution and LSTM with spatiotemporal attention.

This study addresses the limitations of traditional sports rehabilitation, emphasizing the need for improved accuracy and response speed in real-time action detection and recognition in complex rehabilitation scenarios. We propose the STA-C3DL model, a deep learning framework that integrates 3D Convolutional Neural Networks (C3D), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and spatiotemporal attention mechanisms to capture nuanced action dynamics more precisely. Experimental results on multiple datasets, including NTU RGB + D, Smarthome Rehabilitation, UCF101, and HMDB51, show that the STA-C3DL model significantly outperforms existing methods, achieving up to 96.42% accuracy and an F1 score of 95.83% on UCF101, with robust performance across other datasets. The model demonstrates particular strength in handling real-time feedback requirements, highlighting its practical application in enhancing rehabilitation processes. This work provides a powerful, accurate tool for action recognition, advancing the application of deep learning in rehabilitation therapy and offering valuable support to therapists and researchers. Future research will focus on expanding the model's adaptability to unconventional and extreme actions, as well as its integration into a wider range of rehabilitation settings to further support individualized patient recovery.

A005: Progress in Sports Rehabilitation for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Background: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has become the third leading "killer" of the health of Chinese adolescents, following obesity and myopia. Scoliosis is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, usually characterized by a lateral curvature of the spine accompanied by rotation. The diagnostic criterion is a Cobb angle greater than 10 degrees on X-ray. With the promotion of the concept of "exercise is good medicine" and the Healthy China strategy, exercise therapy has received attention and development. Purpose: To summarize different sports rehabilitation methods for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis worldwide with the hope to raise awareness of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and explore sports rehabilitation methods. This will facilitate physical therapists in incorporating effective methods into their practice to improve the new sports rehabilitation methods for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Methods: Comparative analysis of current exercise rehabilitation methods for scoliosis using literature review and logical analysis. Results: The main sports rehabilitation treatment for idiopathic scoliosis in China is the traditional rehabilitation treatment of Chinese medicine (including Chinese massage, Chinese bone-setting technique, and traditional health exercises), the scoliosis specific exercise therapy recognized by the SOSORT (Germany Schroth therapy, Spain BSPTS therapy, Poland DoboMed therapy, UK Side shift therapy, France Lyon therapy, Italy SEAS therapy, Poland FITS therapy); There are also methods that are not classified but play a positive role in the treatment of scoliosis, such as yoga, traction therapy, core stability training and other exercise therapy methods. Different exercise therapies have their own advantages and disadvantages and indications in the treatment of scoliosis. It is probable that exercise therapy has positive effects on the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Conclusion: Although currently there are multiple sports rehabilitation methods, no single exercise can completely correct scoliosis. At present, multiple exercise therapy is used in the clinical treatment of scoliosis, but there’s insufficient medical evidence for the correlation, principle and efficacy of the method. In the future, with the development of sports medicine and technological advancements, exercise therapy may be more widely applied in the treatment of scoliosis, aiming to improve the rehabilitation effect and patient quality of life. It is necessary for relevant scientific research institutions and personnel to increase the research investment and innovation of relevant treatment methods, and more studies are needed to further explore the mechanism of effect of exercise.

A013: The Effect of Inter-Limb Asymmetry on Swimming Performance

Purpose: The aim of this systematic review was to critically appraise the current literature on (1) the influence of bilateral asymmetries on swimming performance and (2) the asymmetry characteristics that may affect swimming performance in the past 10 years, to provide a reference for future related research. Method: An electronic search using PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO series databases was performed for English articles, and CNKI and Wanfang database was performed for Chinese articles from 2013 to 2024. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated using a modified version of currently established scales used in sport science, healthcare and rehabilitation. Results: Eight studies met the eligibility criteria. Seven of which focused on kinetic asymmetry and one focused on kinematic asymmetry. Six examined the correlation between Symmetry Index (SI) and performance, and two compared asymmetries in elite and non-elite groups. In terms of kinetic asymmetry, there were inter-limb asymmetries in the propulsive force in male swimmers, and symmetry was found not to be related with freestyle performance, regardless of different experiment protocols. It was controversial whether SI of propulsion force in elite group differences from non-elite group. In terms of kinematic asymmetry, there was no statistical difference in the SI of kinematic index between elite and non-elite groups. It was worth noting that take-off velocity was strongly related to asymmetry of handgrip force in the backstroke start. Conclusion: There may not be a correlation between kinetic asymmetry and performance. Research on kinematic asymmetry was comparatively rare within the literature. However, these studies did not directly explore the relationship between asymmetrical features and swimming speed. The specific effects of limb asymmetry on swimming speed were not fully understood. Future studies need to focus on the relationship between the symmetry of kinematic parameters and swimming speed.

Exercise, Sports, and Cardiac Rehabilitation Recommendations in Patients with Aortic Aneurysms and Post-Aortic Repair: A Review of the Literature.

Balancing the well-documented benefits of regular exercise, particularly its positive impact on cardiovascular risk factors like hypertension, with the potential risks for patients with aortic aneurysms presents a significant challenge. This narrative review aims to summarize the current evidence and guidelines to assist clinicians in making informed exercise and sports recommendations for patients with aortic aneurysms or post-aortic repair. Nine clinical trials on the effect of exercise on abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) were identified, including one study on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in AAA patients. As no clinical trials on exercise in thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs) were found, we extrapolated data from other studies on exercise in aortic diseases, including data from patients who have had an aortic dissection, as well as three studies on cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and one study on CPET after proximal aortic repair. Review articles and guidelines were also incorporated to ensure a comprehensive overview of the topic. Currently, no clear correlation exists between intense sports activities and the development of aortic aneurysms or dissections. Light to moderate physical activity appears safe and beneficial for patients with aortic aneurysms and post-aortic repair. Given the lack of evidence linking athletic activity to aortic complications, caution is warranted in restricting such activities for athletes, underscoring the importance of shared decision-making. Regular follow-up and optimal management of cardiovascular risk factors are essential.

Summary of the best evidence for risk stratification of exercise rehabilitation in patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device.

Hierarchical management of sports risk is highly critical to ensure the safety of sports rehabilitation. Early identification, timely prevention and control of sports-related risk factors, and enhanced supervision and guidance can provide a basis for the formulation of sports programmes and the setting of sports monitoring levels. This study aimed to retrieve, evaluate, and integrate evidence for the stratified management of motor risk in patients with a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED). We searched for evidence according to the "6S" model of evidence-based resources. CNKI, VIP, Wanfang Data, CBM, PubMed, Cochrane Iibrary, CINAHL, EMbase, Web of Science, BMJ Best Practice, Up To Date, and International Guidelines Collaboration Network were searched from inception to February 2024. To search for evidence on stratified management of motor risk in patients with CIEDs, this research includes guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, expert consensus, clinical decision-making, and randomized controlled trials. After methodological quality evaluation, the evidence was extracted and summarized accordingly. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 pieces of evidence were screened, including 5 guidelines, 1 clinical decision-making, 5 systematic reviews, 4 expert consensus, and 1 randomized controlled trial. After reading, extracting, and categorizing, 34 pieces of evidence in 4 areas were identified, namely, screening and assessment of exercise risk in CIEDs, exercise monitoring, implementation of exercise prescriptions, and prevention and management of exercise-related risks. This study provides the best evidence for the prevention and management of exercise risk in patients with CIEDs, clarifies the role of nurses in evaluating, monitoring, and educating patients undergoing motor rehabilitation, and provides a basis for the formulation of clinically feasible rehabilitation programs. PROSPERO, identifier (CRD2024509622).

Application of infrared and near-infrared photosensitive pi-conjugated materials in the diagnosis and rehabilitation of sports injuries in aerobics

According to a survey in 2021, around 12% of people were injured during the exercise, and they require the immediate healing process. Several tissue healing materials are incorporated into the sports rehabilitation process. However, the materials have a high rejection reaction rate, poor effect, and low healing speed, which affects aerobics rehabilitation training. The research difficulties are overcome by applying infrared and near-infrared photosensitive pi-conjugated materials to tissue healing procedures to maximize the result of sports rehabilitation. The research analysis discusses the conjugated materials composition and biocompatibility properties which helps to manage the skin healing drug release rate and durations. In addition, the pi-conjugated materials having a high Nearer-Infrared (NIR) observation rate between 600 nm to 1000nm then the materials are suitable for the photobiomodulation therapy wavelength. Then, NIR triggers the drug release from conjugated materials that are used to locate the injured area for treatment and rehabilitation process. Therefore, infrared and NIR-based conjugated materials effectively support injury rehabilitation and damaged tissue regeneration processes. The system efficiency is evaluated using various skin healing rates with different experiments and experimental groups.