Model Of Regulation Research Articles

International Regulatory Experience and Enlightenment on Non-Legal Tender Digital Currency from the Perspective of the Kame Framework

Based on the current imperfect regulatory system for non-legal digital currencies in China, this article focuses on the regulation of non-legal digital currencies, exploring regulatory paths and models suitable for Chinas national conditions based on the regulatory experiences of typical foreign countries. The renowned law and economics theory frameworkthe Coase-Meade frameworkis adopted to analyze the overall regulatory model of non-legal digital currency regulation abroad. Firstly, based on the applicability value of the Coase-Meade framework to the subject of this study, typical countries such as Germany, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and South Korea are analyzed under the Coase-Meade frameworks prohibition and transaction rules, property rules, and liability rules to clarify their legal characterization of non-legal digital currencies and explore regulatory paths in terms of legal, financial, and technological regulation. Next, the characteristics of foreign regulatory models are reviewed, including scenario-based regulation, centralized regulation, and categorized regulation. Finally, drawing on Chinas current prohibition stance and overseas practical experience, the article preliminarily clarifies the legal attributes of non-legal digital currencies. Then, it constructs a regulatory framework suitable for the country from the perspectives of principles, priorities, and methods based on the chosen paths of typical countries. Additionally, it emphasizes the clarity of regulatory responsibilities for regulatory agencies and the establishment of other self-regulatory bodies to enhance the coordination of domestic regulatory entities. Furthermore, it actively explores international cooperation to strengthen international coordination in regulation, enhancing Chinas international influence and discourse power.

Heat-induced modulation of flavonoid biosynthesis via a LhMYBC2-Mediated regulatory network in oriental hybrid lily

Global warming significantly threatens crop production, and adversely affects plant physiology due to rising temperatures. Oriental hybrid lily, an ornamental plant of economic importance, experiences flower color changes in response to elevated temperatures. Anthocyanins belong to a subgroup of flavonoids and are the primary pigments responsible for the coloration of oriental hybrid lily petals. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing flavonoid biosynthesis under high temperature conditions in lilies remain poorly understood. In this study, we revealed the altered metabolite profiles in flavonoid biosynthesis using quasi-targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Isoflavonoids accumulate substantially under high temperature conditions, whereas the accumulation of anthocyanin decreases. The expression of the isoflavone reductase gene (LhIFR) and the transcription factor LhMYBC2 were upregulated in response to high temperatures. The LhMYBC2 protein, which belongs to Subgroup 4-AtMYB4, competes with the anthocyanin positive regulator LhMYBA1 for the LhTT8 partner, thereby repressing the formation of a positively regulated transcription complex. Heterologous overexpression of LhMYBC2 in tobacco led to reduced anthocyanin accumulation and increased isoflavonoid accumulation, corroborating its role in inhibiting anthocyanin biosynthesis. This study proposes a regulatory model wherein LhMYBC2 acts as a mediator of flavonoid biosynthesis, influencing the coloration of lily flowers under high-temperature stress. These findings deepen our understanding of the metabolic and transcriptional responses of lily to heat stress and underscore the potential role of LhMYBC2 in mitigating anthocyanin accumulation.

A novel type of malformed floral organs mutant in barley was conferred by loss-of-function mutations of the MADS-box gene HvAGL6.

The advanced model of floral morphogenesis is based largely on data from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa), but this process is less well understood in the Triticeae. Here, we investigated a sterile barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant with malformed floral organs (designated mfo1), of which the paleae, lodicules, and stamens in each floret were all converted into lemma-like organs, and the ovary was abnormally shaped. Combining bulked-segregant analysis, whole-genome resequencing, and TILLING approaches, the mfo1 mutant was attributed to loss-of-function mutations in the MADS-box transcription factor gene HvAGL6, a key regulator in the ABCDE floral morphogenesis model. Through transcriptomic analysis between young inflorescences of wild-type and mfo1 plants, 380 genes were identified as differentially expressed, most of which function in DNA binding, protein dimerization, cell differentiation, or meristem determinacy. Regulatory pathway enrichment showed HvAGL6 associates with transcriptional abundance of many MADS-box genes, including the B-class gene HvMADS4. Mutants with deficiency in HvMADS4 exhibited the conversion of stamens into supernumerary pistils, producing multiple ovaries resembling the completely sterile multiple ovaries 3.h (mov3.h) mutant. These findings demonstrate that the regulatory model of floral morphogenesis is conserved across plant species and provides insights into the interactions between HvAGL6 and other MADS-box regulators.

Legal frameworks for digital transactions: Analyzing the impact of Blockchain technology

This study explores the legal frameworks governing digital transactions, with a specific focus on the transformative impact of blockchain technology. The primary aim is to elucidate the complexities and challenges posed by blockchain while examining the diverse regulatory approaches adopted internationally. Through a comprehensive literature review and comparative analysis, the research addresses key aspects such as the conceptual framework of digital transactions, the unique characteristics of blockchain, and the regulatory strategies implemented across different jurisdictions. The findings reveal that blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized, immutable, and transparent nature, significantly disrupts traditional regulatory models. Identified challenges include jurisdictional ambiguities, enforcement difficulties, and privacy concerns. The comparative analysis shows divergent regulatory approaches: supportive frameworks in Japan and Switzerland contrast sharply with restrictive measures in China, highlighting the necessity for international cooperation and harmonization of regulations. The study concludes that effective regulation of blockchain technology requires innovative and flexible legal frameworks capable of adapting to rapid technological advancements. Policymakers must balance fostering innovation and protecting public interests, emphasizing the need for privacy-preserving technologies and international standards. Recommendations include developing global regulatory standards, enhancing privacy measures, and creating legal frameworks that accommodate the decentralized nature of blockchain systems. This research provides valuable insights for regulators, policymakers, and stakeholders, offering a pathway towards a secure, transparent, and innovative digital economy. Continuous adaptation and international collaboration are imperative to address emerging challenges and fully harness the potential of blockchain technology. The study advocates for proactive engagement and cooperation among nations to create a cohesive regulatory environment that promotes innovation while safeguarding public interests, enabling the global community to navigate the complexities of blockchain technology and unlock its full potential for economic and social advancement. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Digital Transactions, Legal Frameworks, Regulatory Challenges, International Cooperation, Privacy Concerns.

Legal frameworks for digital transactions: Analyzing the impact of Blockchain technology

This study explores the legal frameworks governing digital transactions, with a specific focus on the transformative impact of blockchain technology. The primary aim is to elucidate the complexities and challenges posed by blockchain while examining the diverse regulatory approaches adopted internationally. Through a comprehensive literature review and comparative analysis, the research addresses key aspects such as the conceptual framework of digital transactions, the unique characteristics of blockchain, and the regulatory strategies implemented across different jurisdictions. The findings reveal that blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized, immutable, and transparent nature, significantly disrupts traditional regulatory models. Identified challenges include jurisdictional ambiguities, enforcement difficulties, and privacy concerns. The comparative analysis shows divergent regulatory approaches: supportive frameworks in Japan and Switzerland contrast sharply with restrictive measures in China, highlighting the necessity for international cooperation and harmonization of regulations. The study concludes that effective regulation of blockchain technology requires innovative and flexible legal frameworks capable of adapting to rapid technological advancements. Policymakers must balance fostering innovation and protecting public interests, emphasizing the need for privacy-preserving technologies and international standards. Recommendations include developing global regulatory standards, enhancing privacy measures, and creating legal frameworks that accommodate the decentralized nature of blockchain systems. This research provides valuable insights for regulators, policymakers, and stakeholders, offering a pathway towards a secure, transparent, and innovative digital economy. Continuous adaptation and international collaboration are imperative to address emerging challenges and fully harness the potential of blockchain technology. The study advocates for proactive engagement and cooperation among nations to create a cohesive regulatory environment that promotes innovation while safeguarding public interests, enabling the global community to navigate the complexities of blockchain technology and unlock its full potential for economic and social advancement. Keywords: Blockchain Technology, Digital Transactions, Legal Frameworks, Regulatory Challenges, International Cooperation, Privacy Concerns.

On the evolutionary origin of discrete phenotypic plasticity.

Phenotypic plasticity provides an attractive strategy for adapting to various environments, but the evolutionary mechanism of the underlying genetic system is poorly understood. We use a simple gene regulatory network model to explore how a species acquires phenotypic plasticity, particularly focusing on discrete phenotypic plasticity, which has been difficult to explain by quantitative genetic models. Our approach employs a population genetic framework that integrates the developmental process, where each individual undergoes growth to develop its phenotype, which subsequently becomes subject to selection pressures. Our model considers two alternative types of environments, with the gene regulatory network including a sensor gene that turns on and off depending on the type of environment. With this assumption, we demonstrate that the system gradually adapts by acquiring the ability to produce two distinct optimum phenotypes under two types of environments without changing genotype, resulting in phenotypic plasticity. We find that the resulting plasticity is often discrete after a lengthy period of evolution. Our results suggest that gene regulatory networks have a notable capacity to flexibly produce various phenotypes in response to environmental changes. This study also shows that the evolutionary dynamics of phenotype may differ significantly between mechanistic-based developmental models and quantitative genetics models, suggesting the utility of incorporating gene regulatory networks into evolutionary models.

Balancing Openness and Protection:Homogenization of Regulatory Laws in Digital Service Trade

Abstract Digital service trade has emerged as a pivotal engine for global economic transformation and development. However, the implementation of differentiated regulatory measures for trade in digital services among economies has led to increasingly frequent trade disputes. This paper constructs a regulatory homogeneity network for digital service trade in 60 major economies, and systematically evaluates the structural characteristics of the network and the regulatory homogeneity among economies from 2014 to 2021. Furthermore, this paper empirically examines the impact of the partnership characteristics of regulatory homogenization in the network of major economies on their exports. The analysis of the network structure shows that major economies are more inclined to optimize and simplify existing trade partnerships, and are moving towards more diversified restrictive measures in the regulatory model of digital services trade, which has led to the rise of trade protectionism. The empirical text results show that expanding and deepening the regulatory homogeneous partnership of trade in digital services promotes the export of digital services in major economies. This promotion effect is mainly achieved by reducing the cost of digital service trade and enhancing business trust. In addition, the export promotion effect of developing regulatory homogenization partnerships is better than that of increasing the openness of digital service trade, and the homogenization of policies between openness and protection is more important. This paper provides important implications for coordinating the openness and security of digital services trade: China should actively cooperate with multilateral and bilateral digital service trade partners to jointly build a homogeneous environment for regulatory regulations. In particular, it is necessary to deepen the regulatory homogeneity partnership with Asian and developing economies to expand the influence of the “China model” in the global regulation of digital services trade.

Artificial Intelligence Regulatory Models: Advances in the European Union and Recommendations for the United States and Evolving Global Markets

In 2023, 28 countries and technology private sector representatives signed the Bletchley Declaration, calling for international oversight of AI by applying a risk-based formulary. The goal is to achieve uniform global regulation. The absence of regulatory uniformity challenges companies operating across borders. This paper provides practitioners and policymakers with an overview of the EU regulatory model and a new legislative recommendation, The AI Integrative Risk-Based model for the U.S., which has not designed any regulatory framework. The AIRB provides a useful approach for conducting meaningful risk assessments to guide future U.S. regulation and ensure compliance in global markets.

Meta-Regulation: An ideal alternative to the primary responsibility as the regulatory model of generative AI in China

Generative AI with stronger responsiveness and emergent abilities has triggered a global boom and is facing challenges such as data compliance risks during the pretraining process and risks of generating fake information, which has raised concerns among global regulatory authorities. The European Union, United States, United Kingdom, and other countries and regions are gradually establishing risk-based, scenario-based, and outcome-based governance models for generative AI. China recently introduced new regulations for the management of generative AI, which adopt a governance model focusing on generative AI service providers. It suggests that China is continuing the principle of primary responsibility in Internet governance, which encompasses legal responsibility, contractual obligations, and ethical responsibility. However, the governance model based on primary responsibility emphasizes the accountability of generative AI model service providers, with relatively limited regulation on other important entities such as users and large-scale dissemination platforms, which may not be conducive to achieving China's regulatory goals for the AI industry. In comparison, the Meta-Regulation model could be an ideal alternative for China. As a classic theory explaining the public-private relationship, the ‘Meta-Regulation’ aligns with the generative AI governance requirements. Based on the Meta-Regulation theory, the governance of generative AI in China should move towards a direction of emphasizing safety, transparency, collaborative governance, and accountability. In line with this, it is necessary to include users and large-scale dissemination platforms within the regulatory scope and establish overarching governance objectives that ensure the responsible distribution of duties among stakeholders, with regulatory authorities assuming ultimate oversight responsibility and technical coordination. At the level of specific improvement measures, it is possible to integrate the three stages of model development, usage, and content dissemination of generative AI. During the model development stage, generative AI providers have specific transparency obligations. In the usage stage, a self-regulatory system centered around platform autonomy should be constructed. In the content dissemination stage, the proactive notification obligations of the dissemination platforms should be clearly defined. Additionally, the enforcement of technical interoperability requirements is necessary, thereby promoting the orderly development of generative AI applications.

P-337 Ready for polygenic risk scores? An analysis of regulation of preimplantation genetic testing in seven European countries

Abstract Study question Would the different regulatory approaches for preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) in Europe permit the implementation of preimplantation genetic testing using polygenic risk scores (PGT-P)? Summary answer While the regulatory approaches for PGT differ between countries, the latitude for potential implementation of PGT-P seems limited in all three regulatory models. What is known already PGT allows for the testing of embryos for hereditary genetic disorders and chromosome abnormalities before implantation. Application of PGT has been seen as ethically sensitive in many European countries. An emerging development within the field of PGT, namely PGT using polygenic risk scores (PGT-P), currently brings new ethical tensions to the forefront. It is unclear whether PGT-P may be applied within the current regulatory frameworks in Europe. A clear overview of legal and practical regulation of PGT in European countries is lacking. It is important to understand current regulatory frameworks in Europe and determine whether PGT-P fits within these frameworks. Study design, size, duration The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the legal and practical regulation of PGT in seven selected European countries (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom) and critically analyse the different approaches with regards to regulatory applicability and opportunities for PGT-P. Participants/materials, setting, methods We have investigated the legal and regulatory aspects of PGT by analysing legal documents, regulatory frameworks, scientific articles, and guidelines from scientific organizations and regulatory bodies to gather relevant information about each included country. The main sources of information were national laws relating to PGT. We divided the PGT regulatory approaches of the included countries into models. Main results and the role of chance The regulation of PGT differs per country and can be divided into three models. Some countries require central approval of PGT for each new indication (the medical indication model: the United Kingdom, the Netherlands), some countries evaluate each individual PGT request at the local level (the individual requests model: France, Germany), and other countries largely leave decision-making about clinical application of PGT to healthcare professionals (the clinical assessment model: Belgium, Italy, Spain). In the countries surveyed that use the medical indication model and the individual requests model, current legal frameworks and PGT criteria seem to exclude PGT-P. There might be more opportunities for potential PGT-P implementation in countries using the clinical assessment model. However, the fact that healthcare professionals and scientific organizations in Europe are generally negative about implementation of PGT-P due to scientific and socio-ethical concerns, suggests that, even if it were legally possible, the chance that PGT-P would be offered in these countries in the near future appears to be low. Limitations, reasons for caution Our analysis focuses on seven European countries. While these countries differ in their regulatory approaches to PGT, a certain diversity may be missing from our analysis. The analysis is based on publicly available information and documents, meaning certain insights into the practical regulation of PGT might be missing. Wider implications of the findings Our analysis of how PGT-P fits within current regulatory models provides guidance for healthcare professionals and policymakers in navigating the possible future implementation of PGT-P within Europe. The approach used of identifying regulatory models provides a useful way to think about the regulation of reproductive genetic technologies at large. Trial registration number Not applicable

Characterizing behavioural differentiation in gene regulatory networks with representation graphs.

We introduce the formal notion of representation graphs, encapsulating the state space structure of gene regulatory network models in a compact and concise form that highlights the most significant features of stable states and differentiation processes leading to distinct stability regions. The concept has been developed in the context of a hybrid system-based gene network modelling framework; however, we anticipate that it can also be adapted to other approaches of modelling gene networks in discrete terms. We describe a practical algorithm for representation graph computation as well as two case studies demonstrating their real-world application and utility. The first case study presents models for three phage viruses. It shows that the process of differentiation into lytic and lysogenic behavioural states for all these models is described by the same representation graph despite the distinctive underlying mechanisms for differentiation. The second case study shows the advantages of our approach for modelling the process of myeloid cell differentiation from a common progenitor into different cell types. Both case studies also demonstrate the potential of the representation graph approach for deriving and validating hypotheses about regulatory interactions that must be satisfied for biologically viable behaviours.

Legal mechanisms for gambling addiction protection: analysis of an emerging regulatory model in Ukraine

The purpose of this article is to analyze the legislation of Ukraine on the protection of gambling players from the formation of gambling addiction, to identify ways and means of protection, to evaluate their effectiveness and to formulate proposals for improving (strengthening) the protection of the rights of gambling players. The research used general scientific and special scientific methods of scientific knowledge. In particular, the dialectical method of learning the phenomena of the surrounding reality, comparative-legal, systemic-structural, methods of logic (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy). Many prevention measures have already been implemented in Ukraine. In addition, the player is protected by the right to receive free psychosocial assistance in the event of problems with gambling and free medical assistance in the event of a diagnosis of gambling addiction. The state also provides free socio-psychological rehabilitation of players during and after treatment for gaming addiction. The disadvantage is the bringing of the player to administrative responsibility for participating in illegal gambling and the impossibility of recognizing him as a victim in criminal proceedings to compensate for the damage caused by the crime (engagement in the gambling business).

Quantitative Carbon Emission Prediction Model to Limit Embodied Carbon from Major Building Materials in Multi-Story Buildings

As the largest contributor of carbon emissions in China, the building sector currently relies mostly on enterprises’ own efforts to report carbon emissions, which usually results in challenges related to information transparency and workload for regulatory bodies, who play an otherwise vital role in controlling the building sector’s carbon footprint. In this study, we established a novel regulatory model known as QCEPM (Quantitative Carbon Emission Prediction Model) by conducting multiple linear regression analysis using the quantities of concrete, rebar, and masonry structures as independent variables and the embodied carbon emissions of a building as the dependent variable. We processed the data in the detailed quantity list of 20 multi-story frame structure buildings and fed them to the QCEPM for the solution. Comparison of the QCEPM-calculated results against the time-consuming and error-prone manual calculation results suggested a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 2.36%. Using this simplified model, regulatory bodies can efficiently supervise the embodied carbon emissions in multi-story frame structures by setting up a carbon quota for a project in its approval stage, allowing the construction enterprise to carry out dynamic control over the three most important audited building materials throughout a project’s planning and implementation phase.

A genome scale transcriptional regulatory model of the human placenta.

Gene regulation is essential to placental function and fetal development. We built a genome-scale transcriptional regulatory network (TRN) of the human placenta using digital genomic footprinting and transcriptomic data. We integrated 475 transcriptomes and 12 DNase hypersensitivity datasets from placental samples to globally and quantitatively map transcription factor (TF)-target gene interactions. In an independent dataset, the TRN model predicted target gene expression with an out-of-sample R2 greater than 0.25 for 73% of target genes. We performed siRNA knockdowns of four TFs and achieved concordance between the predicted gene targets in our TRN and differences in expression of knockdowns with an accuracy of >0.7 for three of the four TFs. Our final model contained 113,158 interactions across 391 TFs and 7712 target genes and is publicly available. We identified 29 TFs which were significantly enriched as regulators for genes previously associated with preterm birth, and eight of these TFs were decreased in preterm placentas.

Electric sector modernization in Brazil: Milestones, challenges, and prospects

Since Brazil's first specific distributed generation (DG) resolution (Regulatory Resolution No. 428/2012), the installed capacity has grown extensively, reaching nearly 25 GWp in Nov/2023. As long as DG is smartly deployed, it provides several benefits to the electrical grid and society, such as energy loss reduction, investment deferral, mitigation of environmental impacts, job creation, and economic development. However, it also implies drawbacks such as tariff raises, which can be significantly harmful in the long term. Therefore, aiming to ensure balanced and fair regulatory frameworks for all market agents, Brazil is undergoing a transition process in which the incentives for deploying DG are moderately reduced. This transition process requires critical discussions concerning the effectiveness of the implemented changes, the tendencies of the sector, and how to improve future regulation. In this context, this paper provides an in-depth review of regulatory aspects associated with DG and the modernization of the electric sector, including historical milestones (e.g., normative resolutions, public consultations, and laws), challenges, regulatory models, market liberalization issues, uptake of other distributed energy resources, and prospects. Moreover, although Brazil is the focus of the study, the status of other countries is also discussed for enhanced contextualization. Hence, the paper might be useful for researchers, government institutions, and policymakers.

Spatial detection and consequences of nonrenal calcitriol production as assessed by targeted mass spectrometry imaging.

The immune benefits of vitamin D3 supplementation beyond calcium and phosphate maintenance are highly clinically debated. Kidney expression of CYP27B1 is the source of endocrine, circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 (active form of vitamin D) that maintains serum calcium and phosphate. 1,25(OH)2D3 may also be made by the CYP27B1 enzyme in nonrenal cells, like immune cells, in a process driven by cellular availability of 25(OH)D3 and inflammation. Due to the endocrine nature of 1,25(OH)2D3 in circulation, it is difficult to discern between these 2 sources. We recently created a regulatory deletion model of Cyp27b1 (M1/M21-DIKO) where mice have normal inflammatory-regulated Cyp27b1 expression in nonrenal tissues (unlike global Cyp27b1-KO) but no expression within the kidney. Here, utilizing on-tissue chemical derivatization and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), we investigated the distribution of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3 in the kidney, liver, spleen, and thymus. MALDI-MSI demonstrated increased 1,25(OH)2D3 in nonrenal tissues such as the spleen after vitamin D3 supplementation in M1/M21-DIKO mice. Additionally, from this, we found increased Il4 and decreased Tnfa in the spleen after vitamin D3 supplementation. Taken together, these data demonstrate nonrenal production of 1,25(OH)2D3 in vivo and provide a consequence of vitamin D3 supplementation and nonrenal 1,25(OH)2D3 production in cytokine changes.

A regulatory culture for design. For a systemic quality of transformations

Design is nowadays facing a system of rules that has over time responded to the growing complexity of construction with a regulatory proliferation that acts precautionarily against infringements and the condition of “anomie”. This paper outlines new interpretative models of the relationship between rules and design that, overcoming this impasse, guarantee quality, flexibility, experimentation and innovation. Based on the illustration of the regulatory tasks positioned between obligation and guideline, and between duty and opportunity, keywords are highlighted to illuminate its peculiar aspects, demonstrating how the necessary paradigm shift is already inherent in its own conception. Finally, starting from a recent French case study, the essay summarises experimental approaches and strategies that pursue a possible innovation in national regulatory models.

D-SPIN constructs gene regulatory network models from multiplexed scRNA-seq data revealing organizing principles of cellular perturbation response.

Gene regulatory networks within cells modulate the expression of the genome in response to signals and changing environmental conditions. Reconstructions of gene regulatory networks can reveal the information processing and control principles used by cells to maintain homeostasis and execute cell-state transitions. Here, we introduce a computational framework, D-SPIN, that generates quantitative models of gene regulatory networks from single-cell mRNA-seq datasets collected across thousands of distinct perturbation conditions. D-SPIN models the cell as a collection of interacting gene-expression programs, and constructs a probabilistic model to infer regulatory interactions between gene-expression programs and external perturbations. Using large Perturb-seq and drug-response datasets, we demonstrate that D-SPIN models reveal the organization of cellular pathways, sub-functions of macromolecular complexes, and the logic of cellular regulation of transcription, translation, metabolism, and protein degradation in response to gene knockdown perturbations. D-SPIN can also be applied to dissect drug response mechanisms in heterogeneous cell populations, elucidating how combinations of immunomodulatory drugs can induce novel cell states through additive recruitment of gene expression programs. D-SPIN provides a computational framework for constructing interpretable models of gene-regulatory networks to reveal principles of cellular information processing and physiological control.

Политика Китайской Народной Республики в сфере регулирования цифровых платформ

With the increasing importance of digital platforms as an infrastructure for the digital modernization of industry,the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is moving a comprehensive, but more flexible, model for their regulation. The distinctivefeatures of this model include the requirement to ensure interoperability of large platforms, interoperability of socialnetworks and mobile payments, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) by platforms, and three-way interaction betweenAI developers, platform operators, and inspection authorities. This article presents the results of monitoring the key decisionsof the Chinese leadership in changing the regulatory model for digital platforms in recent years, as well as analyzing thePRCʼs policy of regulating digital platforms in three key areas – competition protection, ex ante regulation, and consumerand personal data protection

An Exploratory Study on the Application of Blockchain Technology to the Chinese Ship Auction Market

The Chinese ship trading market has undergone remarkable development, transitioning into a global exemplar of ship transactions. Nevertheless, this market continues to confront a series of challenges, encompassing low transaction rates, delayed transaction values, and market instability. Blockchain, with its secure, transparent, and tamper-resistant technological features, presents a potential solution for the ship trading market. Through its decentralized architecture, blockchain technology can reduce platform operational costs, enhancing market competitiveness. Concurrently, the utilization of asymmetric encryption technology can enhance the security of platform data, effectively addressing privacy concerns. Furthermore, through a sharing mechanism, blockchain can aid in establishing a unified credit evaluation system, thereby increasing market trust to address the absence of a credit evaluation system. Moreover, blockchain technology can be employed to construct a risk identification mechanism, fortifying the platform's regulatory model to address regulatory deficiencies.