Regulatory Basis Research Articles

Legal regulation of the digitalization process of Ukrainian archive space

The problem statement. Archival sphere can fit organically into the general concept of digital transformation of Ukraine’s economy. The creation of digital format of archival institutions should be based on identical branch standards and rules for the creation, preserving, accounting, description, using of digital copies in order to ensure a single collaboration algorithm between state, regional and municipal authority levels.
 The purpose of the research is to analyze the new trends of the management system of the archival sphere from the perspective of regulatory support for the implementation of digitalization tools of Ukrainian archival institutions.
 The methodology. To resolve the tasks of the research were used traditional complex of common scientific principles (determinism, imaging, unity of opposites) and methods (analysis and synthesis, systematic and structural, questionnaire, content-analysis, observation, statistical).
 The results. The article analyzes the legal tools as an element of state regulation of digitalization of the Ukrainian archival space. The results of the study were confirmed by a sociological survey on the topic “Do we need to adjust the regulatory basis the archival branch to the digitalization contexts?”.
 The scientific novelty of the research is to develop the theoretical foundations in the branch of archival sphere management due to context of regulatory support for provision of digitalization issue, including methods of analysis, synthesis and systematization, to generate the problem of introducing the modernizational legislation to manage the digitalization of archival sphere.
 Conclusions. It is reviewed in the research the influence of the state regulation on the task of systematic development of Ukrainian branch standards and other legal documentation, which is created to regulate the requirements of creation, accounting, preserving, and use of electronic document copies, as well as the collaboration between the archival institutions with stakeholders within a single online platform.

Executive Summary of the Korean Society of Nephrology 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for Optimal Hemodialysis Treatment.

The Korean Society of Nephrology (KSN) has published a clinical practice guideline (CPG) document for maintenance hemodialysis (HD). The document, 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline on Optimal HD Treatment, is based on an extensive evidence-oriented review of the benefits of preparation, initiation, and maintenance therapy for HD, with the participation of representative experts from the KSN under the methodologists’ support for guideline development. It was intended to help clinicians participating in HD treatment make safer and more effective clinical decisions by providing user-friendly guidelines. We hope that this CPG will be meaningful as a recommendation in practice, but not on a regulatory rule basis, as different approaches and treatments may be used by health care providers depending on the individual patient’s condition. This CPG consists of eight sections and 15 key questions. Each begins with statements that are graded by the strength of recommendations and quality of the evidence. Each statement is followed by a summary of the evidence supporting the recommendations. There is also a link to full-text documents and lists of the most important reports so that the readers can read further (most of this is available online).

Heterochromatin inhibits cGAS and STING during oxidative stress-induced retinal pigment epithelium and retina degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness characterized by degeneration of retina pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors in the macular region. Activation of the innate immune cGAS-STING signaling has been detected in RPE of dry AMD patients, but the regulatory basis is largely unexplored. Heterochromatin is a highly compact, transcription inert chromatin status. We have recently shown that heterochromatin is required for RPE survival through epigenetically silencing p53-mediated apoptosis signaling. Here, we found that cGAS and STING were dose-dependently upregulated in mouse RPE and retina during oxidative injury, correlated with decreased chromatin compaction in their gene loci. Genetic or pharmaceutical disruption of heterochromatin leads to elevated cGAS and STING expression and enhanced inflammatory response in oxidative stress-induced RPE and retina degeneration. In contrast, application of methotrexate (MTX), a recently identified heterochromatin-promoting drug, inhibits cGAS and STING in both RPE and retina, attenuates RPE/retina degeneration and inflammation. Further, we show that intact heterochromatin is required for MTX to repress cGAS and STING. Together, we demonstrated an unrevealed regulatory function of heterochromatin on cGAS and STING expression and provide potential new therapeutic strategy for AMD treatment.

The tools for the governance of mutational oncology and agnostic drugs: from place in therapy to place in pathway.

In the oncology, the construction, implementation and evaluation of the care pathway must consider the integration of the "histological approach" with the "mutational" one, focused on the identification of specific molecular alterations to which the so-called "agnostic drugs" are targeted. To investigate this issue, a specific Working Group of the MaCroScopio Project (observatory on chronicity) was held in which the leading Italian experts in the oncology and regulatory field participated. From their articles, collected in this dossier, it clearly emerges the need of appropriate tools to manage the intrinsic complexity of the new mutational model and the challenges posed by agnostic drugs; among these Molecular Tumor Board, care pathway and Real-World Data. All this, to promote, for new oncological drugs, the transition from the classic study of the "place in therapy" to the "place in pathway", aimed to build the clinical, regulatory and institutional bases on which mutational oncology is based and make it a reality for all patients who need it.

Data Management Plan

Every clinical study should have prospective plans for how data will be collected, processed and stored. Likewise, every study should have defined data elements and objective evidence of how data were processed. This chapter outlines the purpose of, and regulatory basis for, such documentation in the form of a Data Management Plan (DMP). Although the clinical data manager (CDM) may not personally prepare all sections of the data management plan, he or she is often responsible for assuring that comprehensive data documentation exists.

Strategic directions of implementing a system of psychophysiological support of professional activity of military pilots

To date, the state aviation of Ukraine has an urgent problem of improving the existing system of medical support for flights by introducing measures of psychophysiological support for improving the professional health of military pilots, increasing the duration of their professional longevity and ensuring the safety of flights. That is why, the purpose of our research was to offer a list of strategic directions of scientific substantiation and development of a conceptual model of a system of measures for psychophysiological support of professional activities of military pilots based on an analysis of the problems of its implementation in the state aviation of Ukraine. For this, the methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization, induction and deduction, complex and system analysis were used. As a result of the research, it was found that the strategy for introducing a system of measures for psychophysiological support of the professional activities of military pilots should be perceived as a process of improving the existing system of medical support for flights of state aviation in Ukraine on the basis of defining qualitatively new goals and objectives of its functioning, harmonizing internal capabilities with the conditions of the professional environment, development of a set of measures to improve its reliability and efficiency in the long term. From these points of view, the systematic approach to determining the strategic directions of implementation of the said system should be based on the complex of organizational, regulatory, information-analytical, personnel and technological problems. To solve them, it is necessary to conduct research on health assessment of different categories of military pilots, hygienic assessment of conditions and features of their professional activity, selection of a set of informative psychophysiological characteristics and methods of their evaluation, development of mechanisms and criteria for access to flights, regulatory, legal, personnel and organizational bases of functioning of system of measures of psychophysiological support of professional activity of military pilots.

Перспективные направления развития системных исследований техногенного подводного шума морской техники

Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses current international regulations governing man-made noise in marine environment. Systematization of normative documents issued by a number of international classification societies, as well as of the documents released by the international organization dealing with life safety of marine ecosystems highlighted the necessity for the Russian Federation to develop a similar regulatory basis of its own. This paper is a review of international standards and rules for man-made underwater noise, as well as of current international programs dealing with research, regulation and control of man-made underwater noise. Materials and methods. This paper is based on KSRC-developed methodical materials, international standards for underwater noise, as well as available publications in this sphere, both Russian and foreign. The study followed the methods of system analysis. Main results. Systematization of the data on current regulations for underwater noise of various ships, like cargo carriers, research vessels, seismic survey ships and fishing craft. The study concludes that Russia needs a similar regulatory basis that would cover offshore drilling rigs (both wildcat and production), underwater mining systems and subsea pipelines, large ships with high ice class, icebreakers and icebreaker-led caravans, as well as port infrastructure along Northern Sea Route lanes. Conclusion. To develop its own regulatory basis intended to set out the rules for man-made underwater noise, Russia needs a wide-scale systematic research campaign that would tackle the sources of man-made underwater noise at each lifecycle stage of any marine technology. This systematic research would pave way to a scientifically justified regulations for underwater noise of marine industrial facilities, shipping and port infrastructure.

Transcriptional Immunoediting of AML Cells after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Relapse of AML after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) has been linked to reduced expression of major histocompatibility complex type II proteins (MHC-II), which appears to have a regulatory basis. To understand the mechanism of immune evasion in AML, we developed CORENODE, a computational algorithm for genome-wide transcription network decomposition. CORENODE identified the transcription factors (TFs) IRF8 and MEF2C as positive regulators and MYB and MEIS1 as negative regulators of the MHC-II expression in AML. We validated this prediction using several approaches. First, inactivation of IRF8 and MEF2C in AML cell lines by CRISPR-Cas9 resulted in decreased MHC-II expression, while inactivation of MYB and MEIS1 led to MHC-II induction. Second, decreased levels of IRF8 and MEF2C, and increased levels of MYB and MEIS1 were seen in patients with AML relapse after alloSCT, correlating with reduced expression of MHC-II. Finally, MHC-II expression in various patient-derived datasets could be accurately predicted by CORENODE from the combinatorial levels of the 4 TFs. Although immune evasion in AML has been linked to the transcriptional coactivator CIITA, CORENODE predicted that members of the TF tetrad regulate MHC-II genes independently from CIITA. Indeed, inactivation of MYB and MEIS1 in a CIITA knockout AML cell line was able to cause MHC-II induction. Beyond MHC-II, CORENODE identified a module of 58 genes that were up-regulated by IRF8 and down-regulated by MYB. The module was highly enriched for genes participating in graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) reactivity and we found it to be downregulated in 5 of 6 patients with a post-alloSCT AML relapse. Thus, the post-alloSCT changes in MHC-II expression are part of a broader transcriptional program of GvL response in AML, antagonistically regulated by MYB and IRF8. However, reduced expression of MHC-II and other GvL response genes at relapse does not correlate with the myeloid differentiation state, indicating that it is regulated independently. To understand the clonal basis of MHC-II expression loss at the time of relapse, we analyzed MHC-II expression at the single-cell level. Analysis of previously published paired scRNA data at the time of initial diagnosis and after alloSCT demonstrated a small number of cells with reduced MHC-II expression driven by altered MYB and IRF8 levels present at the time of initial diagnosis. These MHC-II-low cells appear to be selected by the immune pressure, resulting in eventual relapse. In summary, our findings reveal an adaptive transcriptional mechanism of AML immunoediting after allogenic transplantation whereby combinatorial fluctuations of TF levels under immune pressure result in selection of cells with a silenced T-cell stimulation program. [Display omitted] DisclosuresStegmaier: Auron Therapeutics, Kronos Bio, AstraZeneca, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research: Consultancy, Research Funding.

A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex

Here we report the generation of a multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex as the initial product of the BRAIN Initiative Cell Census Network (BICCN). This was achieved by coordinated large-scale analyses of single-cell transcriptomes, chromatin accessibility, DNA methylomes, spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes, morphological and electrophysiological properties and cellular resolution input–output mapping, integrated through cross-modal computational analysis. Our results advance the collective knowledge and understanding of brain cell-type organization1–5. First, our study reveals a unified molecular genetic landscape of cortical cell types that integrates their transcriptome, open chromatin and DNA methylation maps. Second, cross-species analysis achieves a consensus taxonomy of transcriptomic types and their hierarchical organization that is conserved from mouse to marmoset and human. Third, in situ single-cell transcriptomics provides a spatially resolved cell-type atlas of the motor cortex. Fourth, cross-modal analysis provides compelling evidence for the transcriptomic, epigenomic and gene regulatory basis of neuronal phenotypes such as their physiological and anatomical properties, demonstrating the biological validity and genomic underpinning of neuron types. We further present an extensive genetic toolset for targeting glutamatergic neuron types towards linking their molecular and developmental identity to their circuit function. Together, our results establish a unifying and mechanistic framework of neuronal cell-type organization that integrates multi-layered molecular genetic and spatial information with multi-faceted phenotypic properties.

Законодательные новеллы регулирования инвестиционных сделок, совершаемых с использованием финансовой платформы: оценка эффективности

Introduction: the relevance of the paper is justified by the fact that the civil doctrine regarding the study of the topics of investment transactions made using the financial platform is in the stage of gradual formation. While academic economists are quite actively developing issues of forming new approaches to the remote provision of financial services to a wide range of consumers. The purpose of the study: the paper provides a detailed analysis of Federal Law of July 20, 2020, No. 211-FZ “On Making Financial Transactions Using the Financial Platform”, which entered into force in 2020 and regulates the activities of special legal entities – operators providing investment services to individuals. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the provisions enshrined in Federal Law No. 211-FZ of July 20, 2020, “On Making Financial Transactions Using the Financial Platform”. Analyzing the provisions of the newly adopted document, the author answers the question of whether they facilitate, accelerate and simplify the execution of transactions by a private investor made using the financial platform. The Rules of the financial platform are also analyzed as a legal regulatory basis for the entrepreneurial activity of the operator of the financial platform. Research methods: based on the materialistic worldview, the author uses a combination of general scientific and specific scientific methods. The main research methods are the logical and system-structural methods, the methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, as well as the formal legal method. Conclusions: it is concluded that the activity of recording data on financial transactions, which the repository (the registrar of financial transactions) must carry out according to Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020, is very cumbersome, complex, and costly, is subject to the risks of improper execution and improper preservation of personal data of consumers of financial services. It is proposed to use the depository and registration platform, which functions as a special electronic service on the website of the Bank of Russia, to record data on financial transactions using the financial platform. It is recommended to record the facts of financial transactions made in the system of a polysubject jurisdictional blockchain. The recommended scheme of polysubject blockchain interaction of entities operating on the territory of the Russian Federation has been developed, which allows each participant of the blockchain to simultaneously receive complete and reliable information on each stage of a financial transaction in the online mode and exclude irrational data transfer related to financial transactions and their participants, reduce the risk of improper storage of personal data of consumers of financial services, etc. It is proved that in Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020 the legislator has created a legal business scheme that is beneficial, first of all, for the operator of the financial platform – an intermediary organization. The amendments and additions to Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020 are proposed. The expediency of borrowing and integrating into the unified federal law “On Making Investment Transactions by Consumers in the Information and Telecommunications Network “Internet” all viable legislative provisions developed in Federal Law No. 211-FZ of 20.07.2020 is justified. This document also proposes to fix a set of rules for regulating remote digital transactions of investment in traditional financial assets, securities, digital financial assets, and derivative financial assets made by retail private investors (individuals) in the Internet information and telecommunications network.

Policy, regulation, development and future of biodiesel industry in Brazil

This article provides a detailed analysis of the Brazilian biodiesel market and policies over the past 16 years. The biodiesel market faced distinct periods, from the initial non-mandatory 2% to the actual 13% mixture in diesel. The legal and regulatory basis of the Biodiesel Program, as well as the tax benefits to poorer regions and family farmers, was also explained. The biodiesel industry increased from almost no biodiesel production in 2005 to more than 4 billion liters at the end of 2017. Soybean oil is the major raw material in Brazilian biodiesel (around 90%), although fats are also important. Other materials, such as sunflower oil, peanut oil, castor oil, palm oil (mainly in North and Northeast regions) and used oil (especially in the Southeast region) showed increased participation. Biodiesel content could reach 15% in 2023. That increase can lead to an expansion in biodiesel demand to 9 billion liters in 2024, which will need soy processing improvement, in order not to take place at the expense of an increase in deforestation and smallholder agriculture. Some recent events, such as the reduction of oil prices and the pandemic of Covid-19 can diminish the rate of that expansion.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and tax incentives: the case of Tunisian companies

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the question concerning whether tax incentives motivate companies to be socially responsible. This study, specifically, examines the impact of tax incentives for corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the societal practices of Tunisian companies.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses multiple regression models to assess the effectiveness of tax incentives for companies to take responsible actions. The study was conducted on 71 Tunisian companies operating in different sectors.FindingsThe results reveal that there is a negative and significant association between tax incentives and CSR practices. Therefore, there is an inefficient use of these types of incentives.Practical implicationsThe results of the study have important implications for investors and regulatory basis wishing to enhance CSR by giving tax incentives. Investment in social responsibility may improve the corporate culture and reduce the conflict in companies.Originality/valueThe theoretical contributions relate mainly to the originality of the conceptual model developed, to the literature review and to the theoretical foundations mobilized. In fact, the originality of this research is justified by the scarcity of previous study dealing with the relationship between tax incentives and CSR. Thus, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to investigate the impact of tax incentives for CSR on CSR practices.

Monitored Natural Attenuation to Manage PFAS Impacts to Groundwater: Scientific Basis

AbstractSites impacted by per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose significant challenges to investigation and remediation, including very low cleanup objectives, limited information on natural PFAS degradation processes in the subsurface, and the apparent mobility and persistence of PFAS. Consequently, monitored natural attenuation (MNA) may be considered less applicable to PFAS compared to biodegradable classes of chemicals such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents that can completely biodegrade to innocuous end products. However, MNA has proven effective for certain non‐degrading metals, metalloids, and radionuclides (e.g., chromium, arsenic, and uranium). To assess the applicability of MNA to PFAS, this paper reviews the fate and transport properties of PFAS in conjunction with the various physiochemical factors that control the subsurface movement of chemicals. This analysis demonstrates that two important retention processes: (1) chemical retention in the form of PFAS precursors, and (2) geochemical retention in the form of sorption and matrix diffusion to mitigate the movement and potential impacts of PFAS in groundwater that may form the scientific basis for applying MNA to PFAS contamination. This paper describes the scientific and regulatory basis for using MNA to manage PFAS‐impacted groundwater.

Fostering University Students’ Digital Skills: De Jure vs De Facto

The article discusses the problem of within-the-education-process fostering digital skills among university students of various training programs. The specific skills (relevant to a particular sphere) are differentiated from the general ones (digital skills formed beyond the IT industry). The authors suggest that all training programs contain a «pillow» of general digital skills, which can be fixed both de jure – in the methodological and regulatory bases of the educational process, and de facto – in teaching practices. The study identifies a framework for general and specific digital skills. To test the hypotheses, two groups of data are analyzed: the normative and methodological bases of educational programs (fostering skills de jure) and students’ questionnaire answers on how the practices of developing and using digital skills in their studies are integrated (fostering skills de facto). The research is carried out in seven programs with obviously wide differences – from medicine to information technology and philology. The research has shown that digital skills are de jure represented in all programs, but normative consolidation is more typical for general skills, not for specific digital ones. There is identified a gap between de jure and de facto fostering digital skills, and this gap is various for different programs. The research results can be used in universities when designing strategies to form digital skills or when modifying such skills-related methodological bases of training programs.

CULTURAL MODEL OF SCHOOLCHILDREN’S AESTHETIC EDUCATION BY MEANS OF BALL CHOREOGRAPHY

The article suggests that due to the structural characteristics of the cultural model of schoolchildren’s aesthetic education by means of ball choreography, the main components were identified as cultural positions of ball choreography, means of ball choreography, and criteria of aesthetic education of schoolchildren in ball choreography. There are given the structural components of the cultural model of aesthetic education of schoolchildren by means of ball choreography, that are functioning within two regulatory bases – the functioning of informal choreographic education and the importance of subjects of the artistic and aesthetic cycle in the invariant part of secondary schools’ curricula.
 The first component is the cultural creation of personality, which will be considered as a process in the context of ball choreography. Active involvement of students in ball choreography is one of the ways of their personal emotional development and aesthetic growth. Communication with the art of choreography, music, physical development, expansion of aesthetic horizons, the formation of a culture of relationships (personal and public) become a basis for the cultural formation of the high school student within the process of ball choreography.
 The second component of the cultural positions of ball choreography is the cultural formation of the dancer. Education of the ball choreographer involves the creation of an appropriate creative artistic environment in which the teenager will constantly feel the need for personal, creative, and aesthetic self-realization.
 The third component of the cultural positions of ball choreography is the cultural formation of the artist-choreographer. Defining this position, we realize that high school students of ball choreography at a certain stage of their aesthetic development create a desire to turn this hobby into a profession. In the context of this idea, it is advisable to organize specialized art (choreographic) education within general secondary education. Despite the fact that underage dancers do not yet have a professional choreographic education, they can fully meet the set standards for a ball choreographer.
 The next block of our cultural model, which we define is means of ball choreography. Analyzing the functionality of the means of choreographic art, we focused on the following components: music, choreographic text, choreographic drawing, stage choreography, and choreographic drama.

Value-based orientations as a normative-regulatory mechanism for the formation of professional worldview of future music teachers

The transition period of modern society can be observed in various aspects, particularly in the value-normative one. The study of the Genesis of the formation of personality’s value-based orientations in the current conditions of reforming educational sector in Ukraine and its integration into the European Higher Education Area are becoming prioritized. The research methodology is complex, combining theoretical and empirical methods. Theoretical study of the problem of values in philosophical-historical and psychological-pedagogical discourses creates a methodological basis for expanding the subject field of interdisciplinary branches of scientific knowledge: pedagogical axiology and philosophy of music education. The interdisciplinary context of the conceptual range of these disciplines makes it possible to modernize the value-based orientation in the content of art education. The problem of spiritual and value-based formation of the personality by means of music is actualized, which creates the prerequisites for the formation of a phenomenon of holistic professional worldview of future music teachers. The analysis of structural components of the outlined phenomenon shows that the normative and regulatory basis of professional worldview is a system of value-based orientations of the individual.

The hourglass model of evolutionary conservation during embryogenesis extends to developmental enhancers with signatures of positive selection

Inter-species comparisons of both morphology and gene expression within a phylum have revealed a period in the middle of embryogenesis with more similarity between species compared with earlier and later time points. This “developmental hourglass” pattern has been observed in many phyla, yet the evolutionary constraints on gene expression, as well as the underlying mechanisms of how this is regulated, remain elusive. Moreover, the role of positive selection on gene regulation in the more diverged earlier and later stages of embryogenesis remains unknown. Here, using DNase-seq to identify regulatory regions in two distant Drosophila species (D. melanogaster and D. virilis), we assessed the evolutionary conservation and adaptive evolution of enhancers throughout multiple stages of embryogenesis. This revealed a higher proportion of conserved enhancers at the phylotypic period, providing a regulatory basis for the hourglass expression pattern. Using an in silico mutagenesis approach, we detect signatures of positive selection on developmental enhancers at early and late stages of embryogenesis, with a depletion at the phylotypic period, suggesting positive selection as one evolutionary mechanism underlying the hourglass pattern of animal evolution.

Resources of birch trees and their productivity for honey collection in conditions of the Leningrad region

The Leningrad Oblast has a rich food base for bees on forest land. Still, currently, there is no regulatory basis for assessing the honey resources of birch forest land at the regional level. Therefore, forest areas with woody, shrubby or herbaceous plants as part of the woody, shrubby or herbaceous layer are used as a forage base for bees. The birch forests of the Leningrad region are the second largest in terms of the area covered. The research aims to carry out an inventory of honey resources and determine honey productivity for the primary honey plants under the birch canopy and forest edges. We used a proven survey methodology for counting plants of the understorey at the experimental sites. The study presented 71 species from 31 families of melliferous plants of blueberry, wormwood and herb-meadow birch forests. Significant melliferous plants under the birch canopy are Aegopodium podagraria L. (herb-twine and sagebrush birch, 57 kilograms/hectare); Vaccinium myrtillus L. (birch bilberry and acidic birch, 27 kilograms/hectare); Veronica chamaedrys L. (acidic birch, 24 kilograms/hectare). Rubus idaeus L. (107 kg/ha) has maximum honey production in the forest margins. The honey yield of Frangula Alnus Mill. and Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop is 50-60 kg/ha; the honey yield of Trifolium medium L. is 32 kg/ha. The evaluation of the birch woodlands showed that the studied components of the forest phytocenosis are characterized by a significant number of honey-bearing plant species that have a wide range of honey productivity.

Regulatory and Legal Bases of Applying Citizens Biometric Registration Technology in the Electoral Process of the Kyrgyz Republic

New technologies of voters’ biometric data registration evidence the election organizers’ desire to strengthen the democratic foundations of the citizens’ will and increase public confidence in electoral innovations related to the integration of modern achievements of the digital economy in the electoral process practice. In this regard, the question of applying the potential of the new economic order in the direction of rapid and more accurate determination of the true number of citizens with active suffrage naturally arises. Based on the above, it seems necessary to conduct a special research on the experience of several countries that have reached a particular result in the solution of the stated objectives and above all the experience of the Kyrgyz Republic in the sphere of legal fixation technology of citizens biometric registration.

Transcriptomics unravels molecular players shaping dorsal lip hypertrophy in the vacuum cleaner cichlid, Gnathochromis permaxillaris

BackgroundTeleosts display a spectacular diversity of craniofacial adaptations that often mediates ecological specializations. A considerable amount of research has revealed molecular players underlying skeletal craniofacial morphologies, but less is known about soft craniofacial phenotypes. Here we focus on an example of lip hypertrophy in the benthivorous Lake Tangnayika cichlid, Gnathochromis permaxillaris, considered to be a morphological adaptation to extract invertebrates out of the uppermost layer of mud bottom. We investigate the molecular and regulatory basis of lip hypertrophy in G. permaxillaris using a comparative transcriptomic approach.ResultsWe identified a gene regulatory network involved in tissue overgrowth and cellular hypertrophy, potentially associated with the formation of a locally restricted hypertrophic lip in a teleost fish species. Of particular interest were the increased expression level of apoda and fhl2, as well as reduced expression of cyp1a, gimap8, lama5 and rasal3, in the hypertrophic lip region which have been implicated in lip formation in other vertebrates. Among the predicted upstream transcription factors, we found reduced expression of foxp1 in the hypertrophic lip region, which is known to act as repressor of cell growth and proliferation, and its function has been associated with hypertrophy of upper lip in human.ConclusionOur results provide a genetic foundation for future studies of molecular players shaping soft and exaggerated, but locally restricted, craniofacial morphological changes in fish and perhaps across vertebrates. In the future, we advocate integrating gene regulatory networks of various craniofacial phenotypes to understand how they collectively govern trophic and behavioural adaptations.