Regulation Of Immune Responses Research Articles

Focusing on Formyl Peptide Receptors after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: from Immune Response to Neurogenesis.

The intricate pathophysiological cascades following spinal cord injury (SCI), encompassing cellular demise, axonal degeneration, and the formation of glial scars, pose formidable barriers to neural regeneration and restoration. Notably, neuroinflammation and glial scars emerge as pivotal barrier to post-SCI repair. Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) emerge as critical regulators of immune responses, exerting significant influence over inflammatory modulation and nerve regeneration subsequent to SCI. Beyond their classical expression in myeloid cells, FPRs demonstrate a pronounced presence within the central nervous system (CNS) with roles in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders and neurological malignancies. Post-SCI, the equilibrium of the inflammatory microenvironment is recalibrated through the strategic modulation of FPRs, including facilitating a balance in microglial polarization, stimulating neural stem cells (NSCs) migration, and promoting neural axon elongation. These observations enlighten the potential of FPRs as innovative targets for neuronal regenerations bolstering SCI repair. This review endeavors to delineate the distribution and function of FPRs in the aftermath of SCI, with a special attention to their roles in inflammatory regulation, NSCs mobilization, and synaptic growth. By elucidating these mechanisms, we aspire to contribute novel insights and strategies for SCI therapy.

Biomechanical Insights into the Proteomic Profiling of Cells in Response to Red Light Absorption.

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a promising non-invasive therapy for tissue repair, but its underlying cellular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, the biomechanical and proteomic responses of three cell types - keratinocytes (HACAT), fibroblasts (L929), and osteoblasts (OFCOLII) - exposed to red light (633 nm) are investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Red light absorption resulted in cell-type-specific changes in viscoelastic properties, with fibroblasts exhibiting increased fluidity, reduced stiffness, and enhanced motility. Conversely, keratinocytes exhibited intensity-dependent responses, while osteoblasts appeared to be relatively insensitive to irradiation conditions. Proteomic profiling identified key signaling pathways involved in immune response, ATP production, and stress regulation. The immune and ATP pathways are strongly linked to the modulation of viscoelastic properties, particularly in fibroblasts, while weaker correlations wereobserved in keratinocytes. Cytoskeletal remodeling, primarily within the F-actin network, is identified as the main driver of mechanical alterations, with additional contributions from microtubules and intermediate filaments. These findings provide new insights into how red light absorption modulates cellular viscoelasticity through cytoskeletal remodeling, with potential applications in optimizing light-based therapies for tissue regeneration and diseasetreatment.

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in lung transplantation: a facilitator of rejection or regulator of tolerance?

The role of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) in the regulation of immune responses to transplanted lungs remains an area of interest and controversy. Early studies in a rat pulmonary transplant model suggested BALT may accelerate rejection of grafts by inducing a local and systemic inflammatory response. Such observations were corroborated in intrapulmonary tracheal transplant models in the rat. While some human studies have described the presence of BALT in grafts that have been chronically rejected, others did not observe an association between induction of BALT and adverse outcomes. More recent investigations have found that BALT, enriched in immunoregulatory cell populations, is induced in tolerant mouse lung allografts, suggesting that such structures may be protective against rejection. Thus, the role of BALT in lung transplantation biology is complex. Insights gained from studies that focus on the role of BALT in lung transplantation may be harnessed to develop new therapies.

Comparative analysis of the stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) inoculated with live and inactivated Piscirickettsia salmonis.

Piscirickettsiosis causes the highest mortality in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming, and prophylactic treatment has not provided complete protection to date. In this study, we analyzed the immune and metabolic responses of Atlantic salmon inoculated with live and inactivated Piscirickettsia salmonis, monitoring plasma markers related to immune and stress responses. The fish were inoculated with inactivated P. salmonis, live P. salmonis, and culture medium (as control group). Blood and head-kidney samples were collected on days 3, 7, and 14 post-inoculations (dpi). Glucose and lactate levels did not show statistical differences, while cortisol levels increased from day 3 to day 14 in fish inoculated with live P. salmonis and only at 7 dpi in those inoculated with inactivated P. salmonis. Furthermore, anti-P. salmonis IgM-type immunoglobulins increased up to 14 dpi in fish inoculated with live P. salmonis but showed no change in those inoculated with inactivated P. salmonis. Meanwhile, immune markers involved in type I responses (tnfα-1, ifnγ, and cd8β) and regulatory responses (il10, tgfβ-1, and cd4-1) displayed differences between fish inoculated with live and inactivated P. salmonis. In fish inoculated with live P. salmonis, there was a clear pattern of increase at both 3 and 14 dpi, while those inoculated with inactivated P. salmonis showed a greater increase at 3 dpi. Our findings suggest that the nature of antigen may influence humoral immunity (anti-P. salmonis IgM) and the gene expression of markers involved in type I and regulatory immune responses in Atlantic salmon.

RAGE-mediated intestinal pro-inflammatory responses triggered by Giardia duodenalis.

Giardia duodenalis is a waterborne zoonotic protozoan that causes gastrointestinal inflammation. Giardiasis and metabolic illnesses share features such as chronic inflammation and intestinal symptoms. Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) signaling plays a role in metabolic illnesses and intestinal inflammatory responses. The presence of protozoan viruses can influence host immunological responses triggered by protozoa. However, these effects of G. duodenalis remain unknown. In this study, mice treated with the RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 showed more severe intestinal damage, including increased intestinal permeability and lesions, compared to that of the untreated group. Next, we found that G. duodenalis infection activated RAGE, leading to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1 β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ in mouse intestinal epithelial cells. Notably, these pro-inflammatory responses were significantly higher in Giardiavirus (GLV)-free Giardia than those of GLV-containing Giardia, except for IFN-γ. Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, GSDMD-N cleavage, and the morphological observation of pyroptosis were significantly higher in cells induced by GLV-free Giardia than those infected with GLV-carrying Giardia. Differences were also observed in the MAPK (p-JNK, p-38, p-ERK) and NF-κB pathway activation, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, with higher activation in cells infected by GLV-free Giardia, and the ROS was involved in the regulation of p38 MAPK and JNK activation. These findings reveal the potential of RAGE as a target for developing vaccines or drugs, suggesting the differences in the regulation of host immune responses induced by GLV-free Giardia or GLV-containing Giardia, providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of giardiasis.

Multifaceted role of inosine in complex diseases and human health.

Purines are chemical compounds integral to health and are crucial for the synthesis of nucleic acids. They are part of DNA and RNA and participate in various metabolic and signaling processes. They also function as neurotransmitters and serve as co-substrates for activating many metabolites. Inosine, a purine nucleoside, is a breakdown product of adenosine with similar properties and a much longer half-life (15 h vs ∼5 s) than adenosine. The purpose of this narrative review is to discuss the metabolic effects of inosine and highlight its beneficial properties and implication in complex diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. A search was performed for purine- and inosine-related articles on the University of North Carolina (UNC) Health Sciences Library, PubMed, and Google Scholar sites. Inosine is involved in the regulation of RNA editing, metabolic enzyme activity, and signaling pathways. Animal and cell culture studies have shown inosine to be anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective, and serving as a critical regulator of immune checkpoint inhibition therapeutic response in various tumor types. Recent studies have also implicated inosine in increasing energy expenditure, browning of adipose tissue, and improving leptin sensitivity. Human studies, however, have been limited to urate-elevating properties of inosine. These findings make inosine relevant to many complex diseases, and need to be translated to humans. Future studies should be conducted to investigate the mechanisms underlying the role of inosine in adiposity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal function.

Comprehensive genome-wide identification and functional characterization of mapk gene family in northern snakeheads (Channa argus)

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, integral to cellular regulation, orchestrates cell growth, differentiation, stress response, and inflammatory reactions to adapt to challenging environments. The northern snakeheads (Channa argus), a valuable freshwater species known for its hypoxia tolerance, rapid growth, and high nutritional value, lacks comprehensive research on its mapk gene family. In this study, we identified 16 mapk genes in northern snakeheads, among which mapk8, mapk12 and mapk14 have duplicate copies. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the evolutionary conservation of this gene family. Structural and motif analyses further underscored the conserved nature of these genes. Expression pattern analysis under abiotic and biotic stress conditions showed significant differences expression of mapks in the gills and suprabranchial organ (SBO) after air exposure, as well as in the brain following cold stress, highlighting the extensive role of mapks in stress regulation. It was worth noting that the significant expression differences of mapks were also observed in the spleen after N. seriolae infection, implicating that these genes may be involved in the regulation of innate immune responses. Additionally, analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks suggested that the co-activation of multiple MAPK signaling pathways may play a key role in regulating an organism's response to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study provides a detailed description of the mapk gene family in the northern snakeheads and elucidates its biological functions under various stress conditions, offering valuable insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the mapk gene family.

The effect of proteasome in heart transplantation: From mechanisms to therapeutic potential.

Heart transplantation is a critical treatment for end-stage heart failure. However, its clinical efficacy is hindered by some challenges, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and post-transplant rejection. These complications significantly contribute to graft dysfunction and compromise patient survival. Emerging evidence underscores the involvement of proteasome in the pathophysiology of both IRI and post-transplant rejection. Proteasome inhibition has demonstrated potential in attenuating IRI by limiting oxidative damage and apoptosis while also mitigating rejection through the regulation of adaptive and innate immune responses. Recent advances in the development of proteasome inhibitors, particularly in optimizing specificity and minimizing adverse effects, have further strengthened their prospects for clinical application. This review focuses on the roles of the proteasome and its inhibitors in heart transplantation, with an emphasis on their mechanisms and therapeutic applications in managing IRI and rejection.

Characterization of tripartite motif containing 59 (TRIM59) in Epinephelus akaara: Insights into its immune involvement and functional properties in viral pathogenesis, macrophage polarization, and apoptosis regulation

The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) superfamily is the largest family of RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases that is conserved across the metazoan kingdom. Previous studies in mammals have demonstrated that TRIM59 possesses ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and acts as a negative regulator of NF-κB signaling. However, TRIM59 has rarely been characterized in fish. This study aimed to characterize TRIM59 from Epinephelus akaara (Eatrim59) and elucidate its structural features, expression patterns, and functional properties in innate immune responses and in the regulation of apoptosis. Eatrim59 is composed of 406 amino acids with a molecular weight of 45.84kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.25. It comprises a conserved RING domain, a B-box motif, and a coiled-coil region. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that Eatrim59 was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Eatrim59 was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest relative expression detected in the blood, followed by the brain and spleen. Temporal expression of Eatrim59 was dynamically regulated in response to in vivo immune stimulation by Toll-like receptor ligands and nervous necrosis virus infection. In FHM cells overexpressing Eatrim59, an increase in viral replication was observed upon infection with the Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. This phenomenon is attributed to Eatrim59-mediated downregulation of interferon, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and other antiviral pathways. Moreover, macrophages stably overexpressing Eatrim59 exhibited a decrease in nitric oxide production and the formation of a filamentous actin structure upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation, indicating dampened M1 polarization. Furthermore, a decrease in apoptosis was observed in Eatrim59-overexpressing FHM cells under oxidative stress induced by H2O2. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the multifaceted role of Eatrim59 as a regulator of innate immune response and apoptosis in E. akaara.

Interaction mechanism of lipid metabolism remodeling, oxidative stress, and immune response mediated by Epinephelus coioides SRECII

Scavenger receptors (SRs), a category of pattern recognition receptors primarily expressed on the surface of myeloid cells, play pivotal roles in oxidation response and lipid metabolism. However, current research on Scavenger Receptor class F type II (SRECⅡ) revolves around Van Den Ende-Gupta Syndrome (VDEG), the potential function of SRECII, particularly in regulating lipid metabolism and oxidative stress processes, remains elusive. Herein, we elucidate that SRECII from Epinephelus coioides (EcSRECII) may modulate fatty acid oxidation and oxidative stress levels via interactions with lipoprotein particles. EcSRECII mediates the internalization of oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL), thereby inducing lipid accumulation. This process upregulates the expression of genes associated with lipid synthesis and concurrently suppresses those involved in lipolysis. Additionally, EcSRECII exacerbates the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) following oxLDL exposure, evidenced by significantly heightened activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), increased accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA), and enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Furthermore, we reveal that EcSRECII-mediated oxLDL internalization culminates in apoptosis and necrosis in GS cells. Ultimately, we demonstrate that EcSRECII augments oxLDL-induced cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, effects that are notably mitigated by EcSRECII knockdown or pretreatment with the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitor C75. Collectively, our study underscores the role of EcSRECII in facilitating oxLDL internalization and subsequent lipid metabolism remodeling, thereby participating in the intricate regulation of intracellular oxidative stress and immune responses.

Huang-Lian-Jie-Du decoction ameliorates sepsis through dynamic regulation of immune response and gut microbiota-metabolite axis.

Sepsis remains a life-threatening condition with high mortality rates despite current therapeutic approaches. While Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction (HLJDD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been historically used to treat inflammatory conditions, its therapeutic potential in sepsis and underlying mechanisms remain unexplored. This study investigated HLJDD's comprehensive effects on sepsis pathophysiology using a rat cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. HLJDD significantly improved survival rates and demonstrated sophisticated immunomodulatory effects through temporal regulation of the biphasic immune response characteristic of sepsis. In early sepsis, HLJDD suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) while maintaining defensive inflammation. During late sepsis, it counteracted immunosuppression by reducing IL-10 levels and CD4+CD25+ T cell populations while protecting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from apoptosis. Notably, HLJDD demonstrated dynamic regulation of the gut microbiota-metabolite axis. It enhanced beneficial bacterial populations (Firmicutes, Lactobacillus) while suppressing potentially pathogenic species (Bacteroides, Parabacteroides). Metabolomic analysis revealed time-dependent modulation of short-chain fatty acids, with elevated levels at 12h followed by strategic reduction at 18-30h, coordinating with changes in SCFA-producing bacteria. This temporal metabolic regulation corresponded with improved intestinal barrier function and balanced immune responses. The study unveils HLJDD's novel mechanism of action through synchronized modulation of immune responses, gut microbiota, and metabolite profiles, presenting a multi-target therapeutic approach that addresses the complex pathophysiology of sepsis. These findings provide a strong foundation for further clinical investigation of HLJDD as an innovative treatment strategy for sepsis.

Viral influencers: deciphering the role of endogenous retroviral LTR12 repeats in cellular gene expression.

The human genome is like a museum of ancient retroviral infections. It contains a large number of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) that bear witness to past integration events. About 5,000 of them are so-called long terminal repeat 12 (LTR12) elements. Compared with 20,000 human genes, this is a remarkable number. Although LTR12 elements can act as promoters or enhancers of cellular genes, the function of most of these retroviral elements has remained unclear. In our mini-review, we show that different LTR12 elements share many similarities, including common transcription factor binding sites. Furthermore, we summarize novel insights into the epigenetic mechanisms governing their silencing and activation. Specific examples of genes and pathways that are regulated by LTR12 loci are used to illustrate the regulatory network built by these repetitive elements. A particular focus is on their role in the regulation of antiviral immune responses, tumor cell proliferation, and senescence. Finally, we describe how a targeted activation of this fascinating ERV family could be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Gonadal miRNomes and transcriptomes in infected fish reveal sexually dimorphic patterns of the immune response.

Fish disease outbreaks caused by bacterial burdens are responsible for decreasing productivity in aquaculture. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms activated in the gonads after infections is pivotal for enhancing husbandry techniques in fish farms, ensuring disease management, and selecting the most resilience phenotype. The present study, with an important commercial species the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), an important commercial species in Europe, examined changes in the miRNome and transcriptome 48h after an intraperitoneal infection with Vibrio anguillarum. The findings indicate that following infection, testes exhibited more pronounced alterations in both the miRNome and transcriptome. Specifically, males showed approximately 26% more differentially expressed genes in testicular genes compared to females (2,624 vs. 101 DEGs). Additionally, four miRNAs (miR-183-5p, miR-191-3p, miR-451-5p, and miR-724-5p) were significantly expressed post-infection in males, while none were identified in females. Interestingly, upon deep analysis of sexual dimorphic gene modules, a larger number of miRNAs were identified in infected females targeting genes related to the immune system compared to infected males. These results suggest that fish ovaries demonstrate greater resilience in response to infections by suppressing genes related to the immune system through a post-transcriptional mechanism performed by miRNAs. In contrast, testes activate genes related to the immune system and repress genes related to cellular processes to cope with the infection. In particular, the crosstalk between the miRNome and transcriptome in infected males revealed a pivotal gene, namely, insulin-like growth factor binding protein (igfbp), acting as a gene network hub in which miR-192-3p was connected. The current study elucidated the need to comprehend the basic immune regulatory responses associated with miRNAs and gene regulation networks that depend on fish sex. The data reveal the importance of considering sex as a factor in interpreting the immune system in fish to generate efficient protocols to prevent outbreaks in fish farms.

The Role of Gut Microbiota in Shaping Immune Responses in Tephritidae Fruit Fly and Prospective Implications for Management.

The interaction of microbial communities with host immunity has become one of the most explored research areas with significant implications for pest control strategies. It has been found that the gut microbiota plays substantial roles in immune response regulation and host-gut microbiome symbiosis, as well as in pathogen resistance and overall fitness in Tephritidae fruit flies that are major pests of agricultural importance. In this review, we discuss the modulation of immune responses of Tephritidae fruit flies by the gut microbiota with particular emphasis on the general interactions between microbiota and the immune system. These interactions help to unravel new horizons of pest management. Regulating gut microbiota modifies the performance of biological control agents and SIT and allows the creation of microbial therapies that affect the vital physiological functions of fruit flies. Besides, deploying microbes that can modulate the immune response and using microbial-derived signals provide an eco-friendly and more sustainable way of eradicating chemical pesticides and making farming systems less susceptible to climatic variability. This paper reviews various aspects of the possibility of using gut microbiota for changing the approach to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs that would improve methods of controlling Tephritidae fruit fly populations more ecologically.

Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Planiliza haematocheilus: Insights into Environmental Adaptation and Hypoxia Tolerance Mechanisms.

Planiliza haematocheilus, a teleostan species noted for its ecological adaptability and economic significance, thrives in both freshwater and marine environments. This study presents a novel chromosome-level genome assembly through Hi-C, PacBio CCS, and Illumina sequencing methods. The assembled genome has a final size of 651.58Mb, with 24 chromosomes anchoring 91.94% of contigs. Contig N50 and scaffold N50 are respectively measured at 25.52Mb and 28.59Mb. Of the 22,476 protein-coding genes identified in the genome, 21,834 have functional annotations. BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs) genome and gene annotation assessments yielded scores of 96% and 96.6%, respectively. The genome of P. haematocheilus revealed 228 expanded and 1433 contracted gene families. Comparative genomic analyses highlight adaptations and hypoxia tolerance, linked to protein synthesis, immune response, and metabolic regulation. The high-quality genome assembly supports advanced studies on gene expression patterns under different environmental stressors, contributing to genetic enhancement efforts for this economically important aquaculture species.

Transcellular regulation of ETI-induced cell death.

To address the persistent challenge of cell death spread and limitation during effector-triggered immunity (ETI), we propose a 'concentric circle' model. This model outlines a regulatory framework, integrating multiple cells and diverse signaling molecules, including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and Ca2+. By accounting for the varying concentrations and spatiotemporal distributions of these molecules, our model aims for precision in immune defense and regulated cell death. To validate this model, a pathosystem-triggering ETI without pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is required. Here, we review potential ETI elicitors, including victorin, thaxtomin A, and second messengers. We anticipate that future discovery of 'pure' ETI-triggering effectors will provide deeper insights into the transcellular regulation of immune response in plants.

Inhibiting NLRP3 enhances cellular autophagy induced by outer membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is able to invade lung epithelial cells and survive intracellularly. During this process, it secretes outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), however, it is currently unclear how OMVs from P. aeruginosa (PA-OMVs) affect lung epithelial cells and their impact on oxidative stress, autophagy, and other physiological activities of lung epithelial cells. In this study, we found that PA-OMVs activated oxidative stress and autophagy in cells. We demonstrated that the NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) inhibitor MCC950 can enhance autophagy induced by PA-OMVs. The main function of NLRP3 is related to the body's immune response and inflammation regulation. MCC950 is the most common inhibitor of NLRP3. Additionally, we showed that PA-OMVs not only enhanced the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase, a key regulator of cellular energy homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species, which play a crucial role in cellular signaling and oxidative stress, but also significantly enhanced the expression of NLRP3. Inhibiting the expression of NLRP3 further enhanced the process of PA-OMVs induced autophagy. These results demonstrate that PA-OMVs activate both autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome, with NLRP3 suppressing autophagy to a certain extent, hoping to provide broad ideas for the future applications of PA-OMVs.IMPORTANCEThe discovery that lung epithelial cells exposed to outer membrane vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-OMVs) activate cellular autophagy and induce protective immunity is significant. Specifically, the addition of an NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, has been found to decrease NLRP3 targets while simultaneously enhancing the autophagy activity induced by PA-OMVs. This finding unveils a novel theoretical framework for the development of PA-OMVs vaccines, highlighting new targets for enhancing the body's anti-infective responses. By elucidating the mechanisms through which PA-OMVs trigger autophagy and bolster immune defenses, this research opens avenues for innovative vaccine design strategies aimed at combatting infections effectively.

Integration of Mendelian Randomization to explore the genetic influences of pediatric sepsis: a focus on RGL4, ATP9A, MAP3K7CL, and DDX11L2

ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the genetic characteristics of pediatric sepsis through a combined analysis of multiple methods, including Mendelian Randomization (MR), differential gene expression analysis, and immune cell infiltration assessment. It explores their potential as biomarkers for sepsis risk and their involvement in immune-related pathways.MethodsDifferential expression analysis was performed using public datasets to identify genes with significant expression changes between pediatric sepsis patients and healthy controls. MR analysis utilized genome-wide significant SNPs as instrumental variables to assess causal relationships between gene expression and sepsis risk. Bi-directional MR was conducted to assess both forward and reverse causality. FDR correction was applied to adjust for multiple comparisons in MR results. Immune cell infiltration analysis was performed to investigate the genes’ roles in immune responses, and findings were validated with independent datasets. ROC curves were constructed to assess predictive performance.ResultsDifferential expression analysis identified significant changes in RGL4,ATP9A,MAP3K7CL, and DDX11L2. MR analysis revealed causal associations between these genes and sepsis risk, with RGL4 and ATP9A upregulated (inflammatory roles), and MAP3K7CL and DDX11L2 downregulated (protective roles). Bi-directional MR found no significant reverse causality. Immune cell analysis showed associations with key immune cell types, and ROC analysis demonstrated strong predictive potential.ConclusionRGL4,ATP9A,MAP3K7CL, and DDX11L2 play important roles in pediatric sepsis risk and immune response regulation, offering insights into genetic and immune mechanisms that may inform future sepsis research and treatment.

Role of Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Immune Cells in Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most prevalent and deadly cancers globally, with its incidence increasing due to lifestyle factors such as increased consumption of red meat and decreased vegetable intake. A distinctive aspect of CRC is its strong connection to the gut microbiota, which is crucial in both tumorigenesis and immune regulation. This narrative review provides a comprehensive analysis of the interactions between gut microbiota and the immune system, focusing on their importance in CRC progression and responses to immunotherapy. Imbalances in the composition of gut microbes are strongly associated with CRC development. Notably, species such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis have been identified as key regulators of immune responses within the tumor microenvironment. These microbes affect the functions of immune cells, such as T cells, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, thereby influencing cancer progression and prognosis. Additionally, this review underscores the potential of gut microbiota as biomarkers for CRC detection and outcome prediction. There is also growing interest in the use of probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation and dietary modifications as supplementary treatments. A deeper understanding of how microbial communities interact with the immune system may pave the way for novel personalized therapies, particularly by enhancing the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

In vivo CRISPR screening identifies tada2b as a key epigenetic regulator of immune response in adrenocortical carcinoma

<i>In vivo</i> CRISPR screening identifies tada2b as a key epigenetic regulator of immune response in adrenocortical carcinoma