Regulation Of Migration Flows Research Articles

FEATURES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE MODERN WORLD

Research on the patterns of international migration, along with the economic, social, and cultural transformations resulting from the reorientation of regional migration flows in the 21st century, is of paramount relevance for countries actively modernizing their migration policies. This article aims to identify the fundamental regularities of migration dynamics in both donor and recipient countries, based on an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of international migration over the period from 1990 to 2020. The study utilized quantitative measurement methods from organizations such as the World Bank, the United Nations, the International Organization for Migration, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, along with analytical and statistical information. The research reveals that recent migration flows consist of a combination of enduring trends, despite obstacles imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, which are anticipated to strengthen in the coming decades, as well as sporadic surges triggered by crises and natural disasters. Various demographic trends, climate-induced stressors, transformative technologies, and growing inequalities within and between countries serve as driving forces in contemporary international migration. Simultaneously, violence, conflicts, and despair have led to sudden and substantial population movements, including those from Syria, South Sudan, Myanmar, Venezuela, and more recently, Ukraine. The findings emphasize the complexity and unpredictability of international migration dynamics. However, the ever-expanding and improving data and information resources may enhance our understanding of the critical aspects of migration in increasingly uncertain times. The primary research findings, which offer scientific novelty, introduce a fundamentally new approach to comprehending the role of factors regulating migration processes. The practical significance of the results lies in the development of recommendations and proposals that can be useful in shaping and implementing national migration policies.

UKRAINIAN MIGRATION TO EUROPE AT THE PERIOD OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR: POLITICS OF REGULATION

Russia’s full-scaled invasion to Ukraine on the 24th of February 2022, which is still on, has become a new challenge for a modern world and has caused more problems to regional and global development as well as provoked colossal forced migration flows of Ukrainian citizens. The migration that according to researchers has no analogues and significantly surpasses all the previous ones. A massive influx of refugees from Ukraine added significant problems to migrant’s crisis of Europe, that was which was caused by the previous colossal influx of migrants from the Middle East and Africa, complicating its humanitarian component. The relevance of the study of these processes is constantly growing and proves that migration is not only a social, political, but also a scientific problem, which requires a significant consolidation of the forces of the scientific community in order to solve the problems caused by these processes. The subject of analysis of this work is the forced migration of Ukrainian citizens and its consequences, provoked precisely by the Russian-Ukrainian war. The article analyzes the theoretical surveys of Ukrainian researchers in the study of Ukrainian emigration to Europe. Its features are determined in comparison with other types of migration. The problems of linguistic, value-cultural, psychological and social adaptation are outlined on the basis of the analysis of the results of sociological surveys and numerous examples of the return of migrants to Ukraine. An analysis of multilateral humanitarian assistance to refugees and the main directions of the EU policy regarding the regulation of migration flows from February 2022 to the summer of 2023 was carried out. A large number of documents that formed the normative and legal basis of the EU migration policy in relation to Ukrainian refugees, as well as cooperation with various institutions of Ukraine, were developed. Different aspects of the consequences of forced migration for Ukraine are defined.

Public Opinion and Immigration in Europe: Can Regional Migration Flows Predict Public Attitudes to Immigration?

Public Opinion and Immigration in Europe: Can Regional Migration Flows Predict Public Attitudes to Immigration?

National security of Mexico and USA. Between pride and ineffectivness

This article pays special attention to the genesis of relations and documents in the field of national security, which determine the relationship between Mexico and the United States, examines its framework and results, as well as the concept and constitutional foundations of national security and defense of Mexico.In this conceptual framework, it is noteworthy that in March 2021 the American delegation, headed by Roberta Jacobson, the former US Ambassador to Mexico, the White House Border Coordinator, arrived in Mexico. Both delegations announced that the talks would focus on ensuring orderly, safe and legal migration in the region and progress in implementing the Comprehensive Development Plan for the Northern Region of Central America, but in fact, the main subject of talks would was US national security. In other words, the regulation of migration flows from Mexico and the countries of the so-called Northern Triangle (Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador).The topics mentioned above are not new on the US-Mexico bilateral agenda, and in this regard, the government of President Biden seems to revise Donald Trump’s policy on migration, with a special focus on national security, using less aggressive rhetoric, without threats to continue the construction of the border wall, but, in turn, more rigid from a political point of view. In view of the above, it appeared appropriate to present the legal framework, set out primarily in the constitution, on which Mexico relies and which allows it to properly negotiate and at the same time have a clear vision on the current state of national security between the two countries.

ТРУДОВАЯ МИГРАЦИЯ В ЕВРОСОЮЗЕ В УСЛОВИЯХ КРИЗИСА COVID-19

Quarantine measures and restrictions on movement associated with the spread of the COVID-19 virus have a serious impact on the mobility of the population in the EU, in particular on the labor migration. The pandemic highlighted the significant contribution of the migrant workforce to the keeping vital sections of the European economy operational, which necessitated a reassessment of its role and the adaptation of immigration policy. The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the situation of migrant workers, their employment, wages, remittances to their homeland, as well as on the regulation of migration flows and immigration policy. The problems of labor migration from the Eastern Partnership countries to the EU countries are also considered.

Public administration risks in the migration sphere in the context of digital transformation

The article considers the processes of digitalization of migration as a state policy aimed at improving the regulation of migration flows. The purpose of the study is to show the possibilities of digitalization of migration in Russia and at the international level, the positive aspects of this process and the main risks and threats arising during the implementation of digital technologies for making managerial decisions. The relevance of the study is associated with the necessity of introduction of digital technologies in the state management of migration processes. The paper reveals the concepts of digital transformation and the digital state. The authors note the difficulties that arise when trying to define digital technologies due to the unique and changeable social environment in which they are created. The study used systematic and comparative methods, content analysis of print and electronic media, analysis of scientific sources, which made it possible to study digital technologies as an object of state management of migration processes. According to the results of the analysis the paper concludes that digital transformation technology can influence the management of international migration in three different dimensions: 1) increase the gap between developed and developing countries; 2) contribute to the modernization of traditional methods used in the practices of international organizations; 3) influence the adoption of new, more informed management decisions in the field of migration to ensure border security. The authors reveal the main problems that developers of digital technologies and representatives of government bodies may face when mass implementing these technologies in migration practice. The conclusions of the article can be useful for interested government authorities involved in the regulation of migration processes.

Регулирование миграционных потоков и рынок труда

Регулирование миграционных потоков и рынок труда

The Contrasting Importance of Quality of Life and Quality of Business for Domestic and International Migrants

We examine whether bilateral regional migration flows are driven by the city’s quality of life (QL) or quality of business (QB). The QL and QB measures are constructed using (quality-adjusted) rents and wages in each city. QL and QB reflect the willingness to pay of households and firms, respectively, for local amenities. The measures are constructed for 31 urban areas in New Zealand using five-yearly census data covering 1986 to 2013. We adopt a gravity model of regional migration – augmented by destination and origin QL and QB – to model bilateral flows of working-age migrants (post tertiary education and pre-retirement age). We also model flows between urban and rural areas and flows for the urban areas to and from overseas locations. We find different attractors for international versus domestic migrants according to the type of city amenity. International migrants are more attracted to cities with productive amenities whereas domestic migrants are more attracted to places with consumption amenities. Thus, in deciding on the type of city amenity to enhance, city officials implicitly choose the type of migrant that they attract as well as the type of city that may result.

Analysis of Migration, Regional Characteristics, and Socioeconomic Outcomes in Developing Economies: Empirical Evidence from Nigeria

Highly skilled migrants from Nigeria and other developing countries are becoming more attractive resources for industrial countries, as these countries experience demographic shifts characterized by skilled labor force shortages in certain sectors of their economies. Although there are a number of regional characteristics that may affect migration outcomes, in this paper, we also include individual-level factors in our analyses, such as education and age. Again, this paper also examines the issue of the North-South divide in poverty and other characteristics and how these affect migration. Furthermore, this paper also identifies which regional economic factors influence the individual’s migration decision, taking into account personal characteristics. For empirical analysis, we used data from the Nigerian Migration Survey by the World Bank. The micro data allow us to identify household factors that influence migration decisions. In doing this, we control for different individual propensities to migrate and also assess the genuine impact of regional economic factors on migration. The results show that individual, regional, and country-specific factors make significant impact on migration decisions and dynamics. The paper concludes that socioeconomic variables and personal characteristics are crucial for explaining the pattern of regional migration flows in Nigeria. Thus, migration policies have to be adopted that will emphasize the mutual links between migration and development across the different regions.

Періодизація імміграційної політики Європейського Союзу: від витоків до сучасності

У статті досліджуються етапи становлення імміграційної політики Європейського Союзу. Вводиться періодизація формування спільної політики ЄС у сфері управління міграцією. Запропоновано чотири періоди формування імміграційної політики ЄС, кожний з яких характеризується прийняттям важливих документів, що внесли значні зміни у компетенції інституцій ЄС та винесли регулювання питань міграції на наднаціональний рівень.Основним висновком є те, що жодна країна не в змозі справитися з викликами міграції самотужки, в ізоляції від своїх сусідів, яким доводиться стикатися з подібними проблемами. Це призвело до співробітництва між державами-членами в напрямку обміну досвідом та ідеями щодо управління міграцією, проте питання чи потрібно встановлювати єдині міграційні процедури на рівні ЄС впродовж довгого часу викликали гострі дискусії.На сьогодні регулювання міграційних потоків в Євросоюзі - це політичний процес, який у правовому сенсі координується на основі правового доробку ЄС та національного законодавства держав-членів. Перенесення міграційної політики на наднаціональний рівень дозволяє простежувати зміни, проведені на національних рівнях та реагувати на сучасні виклики міграційного характеру без істотних затримок.

ЗВ’ЯЗОК МІГРАЦІЙНИХ ПОТОКІВ ТА БЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ: МІЖНАРОДНО-ПРАВОВЕ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ

The article is devoted to the consideration of the foundations and dynamics of international legal regulation of migration flows through the value legal analysis of the connection between threats to state security from transnational refugee flows. The Author begins with an analysis of the relationship between migration and security, which he proposes to understand as a complex of threats to state sovereignty from migration flows, such as blurring of national identity provided a pronounced ethnic nature of such identity, competition between states to attract human resources through transnational migration flows, and increasing the level of both danger and violence in the presence of migration flows in relation to the conflict (potential or existing). Through an analysis of international agreements – the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951, and the Convention on Specific Aspects of Refugees in Africa in 1969, the Author concludes that both documents use the same legal technique based on understanding and simultaneously hyperbolizing the link between migration and security of states. International law on refugee status is a balance of the humanitarian idea of protecting human rights in the individual case of legitimate fears of persecution, and security of each state, with a clear advantage of security issues in the legal technique of providing the list of exceptions. This approach had changed at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries due to the emergence and development of the concept of human security, which leads to a comprehensive understanding of international legal regulation of migration flows: refugee protection provided by the Refugee Convention should be seen in the context of general international obligations of states for the protection of human rights. At present, a respect for human rights as a basis for state security forms the agenda of international institutions, especially those within the UN system. Among regional international agreements, Protocol No 4 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is a clear example, based on the priority of human rights in the state’s actions to control migration flows, and it reflects a shift in human rights discourse. The Author predicts that further discourse on the relationship between migration and security, in particular – the control of refugee flows, will take place in the context of human security in the direction of reducing the hyperbolization of threats to migratory flows of security, but the development will depend primarily on existing flows of refugees.

The European Union and its eastern partnership: explanation and regulation of migration flows

The European Union and its eastern partnership: explanation and regulation of migration flows

The regional migration of young adults in England and Wales (2002–2008): a ‘conveyor-belt’ of population redistribution?

This paper calls for a more encompassing perspective of the regional migration patterns of young adults (16–24), extending studies of labour-motivated graduate migration. It is argued the long-distance movement(s) of young adults per se is a leading constituent of demographic and population changes in society; emphasising the connections between youthful stages of the lifecourse and high levels of population mobility that include students, graduates and other subgroups. Using revised National Health Service Central Record data to interrogate regional migration flows in England and Wales (2002–2008), our descriptive analyses reveal three key findings. First, it is shown that young adults are increasing as a proportion of regional migrants; reaffirming academic representations of young adults as a highly mobile age group. Second, it is identified that migration flows decreased for age groups between 2002 and 2008, with the notable exception of 16–24-year-olds. This suggests that young adults do not adhere to the increasing trend of non-migration, as individuals and households increasingly ‘stay-put’ due to detrimental socio-economic conditions (Cooke, T. J. 2011. “It is not Just the Economy: Declining Migration and the Rise of Secular Rootedness.” Population, Space and Place 17: 193–203). Third, major regional differences between the migration flows of 16–24-year-olds are observed, which beg questions about the escalator regions. The findings of the paper are pertinent to ongoing debates of population change, particularly given the reconfiguration of national policies (e.g. funding of higher education and housing benefit) is leading to new expressions of young adult migration.

Eastern migrations vs western welfare states - (un)biased fears

This inquiry considers some effects of migration on the labour markets and the welfare systems found in the EU-15, and from the perspectives of sustainability of the current welfare state regimes. Our inquiry aims to determine whether and to what extent different approaches in regulation of migration flows between the new and old member states are compatible with related economic and demographic findings. Within this context, our research considers regulations affecting migration flows. Our findings suggest that some effects of migration from the EU8+2 on the labour markets and social protection systems found in the EU-15, both with respect to level and structure, do indeed generate effects on migration, especially considering whether migration is based upon economic or welfare decisions. In addition, our inquiry considers perspectives upon restrictive versus liberal migration policies.

WHERE THE STREETS ARE PAVED WITH PRAWNS

As the proportion of the gross domestic product of Southeast Asian countries accounted for by agriculture continues its long-term decline, it is natural in studying regional migration flows to emphasize the ways people are moving away from farming. Across the region, however, millions of people continue to migrate both within and across international borders to take part in agricultural production. Many of them are moving to grow “boom crops” like cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, and shrimp, all of which have seen rapid expansion over the last two decades. In this article, the author provides a comparative survey of the links between crop booms and migration in Southeast Asia, arguing that this migration has taken three main forms: relatively autonomous and “spontaneous” migration by households or individuals looking to set up as boom crop–growing smallholders; a “transmigration” model in which parastatal agencies or private corporations with state support help migrants to relocate so that they can take part in organized farming schemes with at least some smallholder component; and migration for the purpose of working as waged laborers for plantations or richer smallholders growing boom crops. The importance of these types of migration has varied across crops. In the conclusion, the author makes several points about the politics of migration and crop booms.

Points of Prejudice: Education-Based Discrimination in Canada's Immigration System

Education and skill are increasingly used by states around the world as a central organizing principle in the regulation of migration flows. Immigration theorists have often claimed that use of education and skill to determine “who should get in” to a country is non-discriminatory, innocent and legitimate. Using the example of Canadian immigration policy, this article argues in contrast that skill-based migration regimes are discriminatory, violate core principles of public education provision, unjustly create second-class tiers of immigrants officially classified as “low skilled” in receiving countries, and contribute to a growing problem of “brain drain” of the highly skilled from sending countries worldwide.

Migration and welfare: a very simple model

AbstractThe paper presents a very simple model of migration, relying on three widely accepted points: first, labour productivity and wages in a country depend on the present average human capital; second, agents maximise their utility, so that migration decisions depend on the wage gap across economies; third, the larger the personal human capital, the higher the propensity is to migrate (ceteris paribus). The model shows that migration through its external effects always lowers the welfare in the sending country, while the effects on the receiving country can be positive or negative. As a consequence, selfish developed economies could desire a larger migration than the optimal level for a benevolent World Planner. This calls for international coordination concerning the regulation of migration flows. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The Company They Kept: Migrants and the Politics of Gender in Caribbean Costa Rica, 1870-1960

This book is a strong addition to the growing literature on migration within the Caribbean Basin and its impact on economy and politics of receiving countries. Building on recent work by Aviva Chomsky and Ronald N. Harpelle, Putnam broadens our knowledge of the important region of Limón on the Atlantic side of Costa Rica. One major contribution is her focus on the role of immigrants from Jamaica, Nicaragua, Cuba, and other parts of Costa Rica in shaping the social, political, and economic relationships in the banana zone. She challenges long-held beliefs that United Fruit (UFCO) was the most important actor in the process and persuasively argues that “banana exports and labor migration responded to separate dynamics, neither of which functioned at the will of UFCO officials” (p. 4). While acknowledging that UFCO practiced social engineering in places such as Ecuador, Putnam finds there was a significant gap between rhetoric and practice in Costa Rica and that UFCO only partially shaped social relations in the region.The author’s method of analysis is equally innovative. By using gender as the fundamental cornerstone of her investigation, she broadens our understanding of the social dynamics that shaped life in the Limón banana zone. She acknowledges the significance of race and nationality, but she finds the impact of gender on social relationships to be most important, although in flux due to external influences. She concludes that “gender was manufactured locally, from imported parts” (p. 215). The results were that often “regional migration flows and life cycle patterns had molded communal tendencies into the exact opposite of what attention to cultural heritage would have predicted” (p. 214).After developing the ethnographic and historical influences on the area, the book focuses on the 1890s–1930s period. The topics broached include prostitution in the banana zone, the place of women in community and kinship networks, court cases concerning insults and slander, and the evolution of an aggressive, violent masculine ideal in the early periods of boom and bust and how it affected perceptions of the region.Putnam employs a wide variety of sources: Costa Rican government documents (including court records and census data), autobiographies, and existing oral histories form the bulk of the primary data. She also effectively incorporates the existing secondary literature from anthropologists and sociologists to produce this extensively researched book.As with any good work, the author leaves the reader wanting more. In particular, I wanted to know more about the period after the rise of the modern state during the early 1940s. For example, how did the constitution of 1949, which removed many restrictions (or at least public discrimination), change relationships in the Limón region? Were political relationships and other public space issues noticeably altered when women gained the right to vote? Did the rise of the national health care system and other postwar reforms dramatically modify the region?This thought-provoking analysis clearly challenges some common perceptions and extends our knowledge of the complexities that shaped the banana zones in Costa Rica. This is a significant book that any historian of the region of Latin America should pick up at the earliest possible date.

Labor Migration between Developing Countries: The Case of Paraguay and Argentina

Despite the historical and numerical importance of international migration between Paraguay and Argentina, the socioeconomic forces affecting the dynamics of the flow remain largely unexplored. This article contributes to the understanding of migration movements between the Latin American countries by analyzing patterns of labor migration from two Paraguayan communities to Argentina. The analysis separates the process of migration into four segments representing different migration decisions that Paraguayan men face throughout their life course: first trip, first return, recurrent trips, and duration of additional trips. Results confirm that Paraguayan migration to Argentina is closely related to individual characteristics and wealth, the extent of migrant networks and experience, and changes in macroeconomic conditions. The relative importance of these factors on migration varies depending on the aspect of migration under consideration. More generally, the analysis shows that unlike migration between Mexico and the United States, Paraguayan migrants to Argentina tend to be positively selected with respect to educational attainment and skills. This reflects the higher transferability of skills between the two countries and the absence of large urban centers attracting internal migrants in Paraguay. In addition, results show that migration between Paraguay and Argentina is very responsive to fluctuations in macroeconomic conditions, particularly income differentials and peso over-valuation. Government policies oriented towards the regulation of migration flows in the Southern Cone should pay closer attention to the impact of macroeconomic fluctuations on migration decisions, especially in the context of the Mercosur agreement.