Regulation Of Labour Migration Research Articles

TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGES AND CHALLENGES FOR HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN LABOUR MIGRATION

This article explores migratory movements with particular attention being paid to the transformational changes and challenges for human capital development in Ukraine. The changes that took place in Ukraine after gaining its independence in 1991 had tremendous impact, both direct and indirect, on many spheres of life, including international migration and human development. The paper addresses the potential substantial problems, transformational changes, threats and risks in human capital development under the condition of developing problem situation further. We conclude that it is necessary to activate work of state governing bodies in eliminating asymmetry: regulation of labour migration, bilateral agreements, and also coordination of national strategic program documents on human capital development with international agreements on regulation of migration processes.

Labor Migration in Russia under Conditions of Integration in the Eurasian Economic Community

The article analyzes tendencies and consequences of labor migration in Russia and the Eurasian Economic Community Member-States; estimations of the number of official and illegal labor migrants are given. The problems which employers meet while trying to register labor migrants in Russia are considered. Issues of state regulation of labor migration in Eurasian Economic Community Member-States and Russia are outlined.

Migration and Work in the United Kingdom: Mobility and the Social Order

In this paper we seek to highlight the interconnectedness between work and migration and the maintenance of the new social order in the United Kingdom. The content of this article is based upon a number of qualitative research projects that the authors have been involved with over recent years. These research projects have shown the way in which work is interwoven into the migration and settlement experiences of various new migrants, and how this relates to mobility within UK society. Under this common theme we explore the role of immigrants within the United Kingdom's division of labour, and how in turn economic mobility and mobility in terms of work is described, experienced and managed by migrants themselves. We analyse how issues of governance relate to issues of mobility for citizens and migrants. We explore how the official framework for the regulation of labour migration is reflected and refracted in the accounts given by a range of migrants in the United Kingdom, including foreign recruits, irregular workers, asylum seekers and work ‘visa’ holders.

Free movement of services and equal treatment of workers: the case of construction

Directive 96/71/EC (the Posted Workers Directive) is the legal framework in Europe for bona fide cross-border work by posted workers. Following fierce debates at the beginning of the 1990s the European institutions adopted this Directive in 1996. The basic purpose of the Directive was to guarantee equal rights to posted workers combined with fair competition for transnational operations, relying on the ‘host country’ principle. A study by the author has shown that national implementation of the Directive after 1996 has been poor. Following enlargement on 1 May 2004 the debate about decent regulation of labour migration and posted and temporary work abroad returned to the agenda. The current discussions on the Services Directive have brought the ‘country of origin’ principle into the spotlight. The political struggle between supporters of decent regulation (and legal application) of labour migration issues and advocates of the free market has entered a new phase.

Administrative Labor Migration Program from Okinawa to "Mainland" Japan as a Foreign Country during the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands

Shudan-shushoku, the administrative young workers' labor migration program, was carried out under the control of the Japanese Ministry of Labor in the high-growth period of Japan (1955-1973). This system was also applied to Okinawa (Ryukyu), although Okinawa was ruled by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR) until 1972. The Government of Japan had residual sovereignty over Okinawa and was able to include it in the Japanese labor market. When and how was this program of migration from Okinawa to mainland Japan started? Why did the Government of the Ryukyu Islands have to start and maintain such a migration system? And what did young workers from Okinawa think of the geographical/social distance between the homeland and mainland Japan?The purpose of this paper is to clarify some aspects of this migration program. The paper focuses especially on the acts of the three Governments: the USCAR, Ryukyu and Japan, and on the thoughts of young workers themselves. The results of this study are summarized as follows.In the 1950s, because USCAR had to employ a large labor force for American military bases in Okinawa with small salaries, the growth of industry in Okinawa was restrained by economic policies. Since the labor market in Okinawa had few employment opportunities, the Government of the Ryukyu Islands negotiated with the Government of Japan on this problem, and finally USCAR also allowed migration to mainland Japan. As a result, Shudan-shushoku was initiated in December 1957. Because the labor force had been undermanned in the high-growth period of mainland Japan, job offers to young in Okinawa were increasing year by year.As the numbers of labor migrants to mainland Japan increased, some social problems (e.g. suicides, neuroses, or crimes) caused by young workers frequently occurred. Because there was a geographical/social distance between the homeland and the mainland, some young workers did not assimilate into the culture of the mainland and were often discriminated on the mainland. Therefore, the Government of the Ryukyu Islands held training sessions for young migrants to assist in dealing with these issues from 1961. However, in 1963, the High Commissioner of USCAR, Paul Caraway, ordered the suspension of shudan-shushoku. The USCAR explained that the reason for this suspension was that 'our people are discriminated in mainland Japan.' The Governments of Japan and the Ryukyu Islands criticized USCAR and it revoked this suspension but claimed that the system of labor migration must be improved. As a result, the Regulation of labor migration to a foreign country was enacted by the Government of the Ryukyu Islands in 1964.Migrants themselves had an intention that differed from that of both governments. Many of the migrants decided to migrate to mainland Japan because it was not only difficult to get a job in Okinawa, but also because they were attracted to city life in mainland Japan. It was said that some migrants even used this labor migration program for the purpose of travelling to the mainland. However, the real mainland was not the same one that they thought it would be before migration. Some of them did encounter discrimination in their workplaces.

The Web‐based Recruitment of Female Foreign Domestic Workers in Asia

In the last three decades, there has been an increased “feminisation” of international migration within the Asian region. In part, the increased mobility of women migrant workers within Asia has resulted from the increased bureaucratic regulation of labour migration. This commodification of the migratory process, however, has placed women in significantly more vulnerable positions vis‐´‐vis their male counterparts. Comparatively little research, however, has examined the critical role of private recruitment agencies, and especially the use of the Internet, within the migratory process. In this paper, I examine the Web‐based recruitment strategies of private recruitment agencies in Asia. Based on a qualitative analysis of 25 recruitment‐related Web sites, I suggest that the commercialisation of migration serves an important “socialisation” process that contributes to the vulnerability and exploitation of female foreign domestic workers.