Regulation Of Flux Research Articles

The Regulation of Basal Autophagic Flux by an ATG13‐ATG101 Complex

Autophagy is an essential cellular process by which cellular debris is collected and broken down in the lysosome. Cancer cells rely on autophagy for survival during chemotherapy treatment and periods of hypoxia within solid tumors. In this project, we investigate the ATG13‐ATG101 protein complex, a sub‐complex of the ULK1 initiatory complex whose regulatory role in autophagy is not completely understood. Our recent data demonstrate that an ULK1‐independent ATG13‐ATG101 complex is essential for the basal autophagic degradation of protein aggregates—a process known as aggrephagy. Furthermore, we found that the ULK1‐independent ATG13‐ATG101 complex traffics to condensates of poly‐ubiquitinated protein aggregates where it colocalizes with the autophagy regulator ATG9A.1 Our current data suggest that this ATG13‐ATG101 complex cooperates with ATG9A in the degradation of these protein aggregates. To further elucidate the function of the ATG13‐ATG101 complex, we have developed a protein‐fragment complementation assay using a novel split TurboID (BioID) system in which complementary halves of TurboID are fused to ATG13 and ATG101. Using this split BioID system, together with quantitative LC‐MS/MS and mutants of ATG13 that cannot bind ULK1, we are identifying interactors that are unique to the ULK1‐independent ATG13‐ATG101 complex. Based on previous data, we hypothesize that the ATG13‐ATG101 sub‐complex participates in ATG9A trafficking pathways and recruitment of autophagy regulators to protein aggregate condensates. Thus, our project characterizes the first proximity interactome for the ATG13‐ATG101 complex.1. Kannangara, A. R.; Poole, D. M.; McEwan, C. M.; Youngs, J. C.; Weerasekara, V. K.; Thornock, A. M.; Lazaro, M. T.; Balasooriya, E. R.; Oh, L. M.; Soderblom, E. J.; Lee, J. J.; Simmons, D. L.; Andersen, J. L., BioID reveals an ATG9A interaction with ATG13‐ATG101 in the degradation of p62/SQSTM1‐ubiquitin clusters. EMBO Rep2021, e51136.

Uncovering Anti‐Arrhythmic Potential of Stellate Ganglion Purinergic Receptors

Cardiovascular disease affects over 30% of people worldwide and is one of the leading causes of death each year. Elevated sympathetic nerve activity is a common feature of cardiovascular disease, contributing to end‐organ damage, morbidity and mortality. Recent findings indicate that short‐circuiting sympathetic nerve overactivity by removal of the stellate ganglion can eradicate arrhythmias, emphasising the need for novel therapeutic targets to correct signalling non‐invasively.We have revealed upregulation of the P2X3 purinergic receptor in stellate ganglia of Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) compared to Wistar rats (16 week‐old), via RNASeq transcriptional profiling. We hypothesise that these purinergic receptors within cardiac stellate ganglia play a role in the excessive sympathetic drive to the heart in cardiovascular disease and can initiate cardiac arrhythmias. Thus, we have investigated the functional role of purinergic receptors in the stellate ganglion.Administration of ATP to acutely isolated post‐ganglionic sympathetic neurones from the stellate ganglia of Wistar rats (4‐6 week‐old) evokes a significant increase (Median; 0.21) in [Ca2+]i as measured by Fura‐2AM imaging (n=15, Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test; p<0.0001). This ATP‐induced calcium transient was inhibited by specific P2X3 receptor antagonism with either NF‐10 or AF‐130.Cardiac effects of stellate ganglion purinergic stimulation were investigated in the working heart‐brainstem preparation of Wistar rats (4‐6 week‐old). Increasing doses of ATP (50‐250 µg) delivered via microinjection (50‐250 µL) directly to the right stellate ganglion produced either a tachycardia (18 ± 6 bpm, n=6) or bradycardia (‐24 ± 12 bpm, n=5); these responses were typically found at distinct sites within the ganglion. Preliminary data from SHR suggest that higher doses of ATP (≥250µg) may be arrhythmogenic (n=3).P2X3 purinergic receptors are present in the sympathetic stellate ganglion and contribute to calcium ion flux and cardiac chronotropic regulation. Overexpression of P2X3 receptors is likely to contribute to excessive cardiac sympathetic activity and the development of hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias, making them a promising novel therapeutic target.

Investigation of Asymmetric Consequent-Pole Hybrid Excited Flux Reversal Machines

This article proposes and investigates two asymmetric consequent-pole hybrid excited flux reversal machine (AS-CP-HEFRM) topologies, which have same numbers of iron poles and permanent magnets (PMs) with concentrated ac and dc windings on each stator pole and a salient pole rotor. If PM number on one stator pole is larger than 1, PMs are magnetized radially in the same direction on one stator pole, while opposite on adjacent stator poles. The phenomenon of the phase shift between the flux linkages of dc and PM excitations in the AS-CP-HEFRMs is revealed for the first time, which will weaken the regulation of dc excitation field to PM produced field. The elimination condition of the phase shift is derived and verified by finite-element analysis in this article, which can be considered as design guidelines in AS-CP-HEFRMs. Airgap magnetic field space harmonics of AS-CP-HEFRM are also investigated and verified by finite-element analyses. Meanwhile, the relationship between the rotor pole number and the stator pole arc (PM ratio) is derived and verified by global optimization based on genetic algorithm for maximum average torque. The influence of stator/rotor pole number combinations is also studied and compared in terms of torque, torque ripple, and flux regulation capability. The torque components produced by airgap magnetic field space harmonics are calculated and compared. A prototype has been built and tested to validate the finite element calculations.

A Dynamic Substrate Pool Revealed by cryo-EM of a Lipid-Preserved Respiratory Supercomplex.

Aims: Mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes mediate redox electron transfer, generating a proton gradient for ATP synthesis. To provide structural information on the function of supercomplexes in physiologically relevant conditions, we conducted cryoelectron microscopy studies with supercomplexes in a lipid-preserving state. Results: Here, we present cryoelectron microscopy structures of bovine respiratory supercomplex I1III2IV1 by using a lipid-preserving sample preparation. The preparation greatly enhances the intercomplex quinone transfer activity. The structures reveal large intercomplex motions that result in different shapes and sizes of the intercomplex space between complexes I and III, forming a dynamic substrate pool. Biochemical and structural analyses indicated that intercomplex phospholipids mediate the intercomplex motions. An analysis of the different classes of focus-refined complex I showed that structural switches due to quinone reduction led to the formation of a novel channel that could transfer reduced quinones to the intercomplex substrate pool. Innovation and Conclusion: Our results indicate potential mechanism for the facilitated electron transfer involving a dynamic substrate pool and intercomplex movement by which supercomplexes play an active role in the regulation of metabolic flux and reactive oxygen species.

Mechanism study on the regulation of metabolite flux for producing promising bioactive substances in microalgae Desmodesmus sp.YT through salinity stress

Desmodesmus sp.YT rich in bioactive substances exhibited impressive tolerance to various environmental conditions. To investigate the metabolism transformation influenced by salt stress in Desmodesmus sp.YT, biochemical compositions and comparative transcriptome were thoroughly explored in this research. Results showed that normal treatment (0‰ salinity) was beneficial for the production of biomass (up to 1.87 times) and protein (up to 1.46 times), compared with salt treatment. Furthermore, differentially expressed genes analysis revealed that vital genes involved in photosynthesis (light-harvesting complexs, LHCs; photosystem II oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins, Psbs), C3 photosynthetic pathway (fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, ALDO; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, PFK; phosphoglycerate kinase, PGK) and chlorophyll synthesis (coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, CPOX; porphobilinogen synthase, HemB) were significantly up-regulated in 0‰ salinity, leading to enhanced cell growth. Interestingly, salt stress stimulated the expression of cellulose synthase catalytic subunit A2 (CesA2) and starch synthase (GLGA), increasing the biosynthesis of cellulose (up to 3.23 times) and starch (up to 1.05 times). Results showed that Desmodesmus sp.YT cultured at freshwater could be applied as feed additives while microalgae grown in seawater had the potential for biofuel production for further mass cultivation.

Perspectives on Microbial Electron Transfer Networks for Environmental Biotechnology.

The overlap of microbiology and electrochemistry provides plenty of opportunities for a deeper understanding of the redox biogeochemical cycle of natural-abundant elements (like iron, nitrogen, and sulfur) on Earth. The electroactive microorganisms (EAMs) mediate electron flows outward the cytomembrane via diverse pathways like multiheme cytochromes, bridging an electronic connection between abiotic and biotic reactions. On an environmental level, decades of research on EAMs and the derived subject termed “electromicrobiology” provide a rich collection of multidisciplinary knowledge and establish various bioelectrochemical designs for the development of environmental biotechnology. Recent advances suggest that EAMs actually make greater differences on a larger scale, and the metabolism of microbial community and ecological interactions between microbes play a great role in bioremediation processes. In this perspective, we propose the concept of microbial electron transfer network (METN) that demonstrates the “species-to-species” interactions further and discuss several key questions ranging from cellular modification to microbiome construction. Future research directions including metabolic flux regulation and microbes–materials interactions are also highlighted to advance understanding of METN for the development of next-generation environmental biotechnology.

Physical and hydric factors regulating nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in mountainous Atlantic forest soils in southeastern Brazil

Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are gases that act in physical and chemical processes related to global climate control and ozone layer stability. Atlantic forest soils are natural emitters of N2O and act in the consumption of CH4 when well aerated. Understanding the dynamics of N2O and CH4 fluxes is of great importance because the exchange of gases between the soil and the atmosphere is susceptible to climate change. The objective of this work was to evaluate N2O and CH4 fluxes using static chambers against different physical and hydric factors (e.g., soil temperature, precipitation, water filled pore space (WFPS), soil texture) in soils of different altitudes and rainfall. The mean annual N2O fluxes obtained at the study sites were: 0.87, 0.25 and 0.58 kg N ha−1 year−1 for altitudes 430, 1150 and 1120 m, respectively. These values are lower than averages reported for tropical forests in the world, including the Amazon rainforest, but they are higher than those reported for cerrado. The soils proved to be sinks of atmospheric CH4 with annual consumption of 3.2 and 2.0 kg C ha−1 year−1 for 430 and 1150 m, respectively. These values are very close to the reported ranges of CH4 uptake by soils of tropical forests in the world, but they are lower than the reported averages for cerrado. Monthly precipitation, WFPS, temperature, and soil texture were the main regulators of N2O fluxes in soils at the study sites. At lower altitude, the consumption of atmospheric CH4 by the soil surface reduces with increasing precipitation. WFPS between 45 and 50% appears to be more favorable for CH4 consumption by the soil surface.

A Perspective for Ménière's Disease: In Silico Investigations of Dexamethasone as a Direct Modulator of AQP2.

Ménière’s disease is a chronic illness characterized by intermittent episodes of vertigo associated with fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus and aural pressure. This pathology strongly correlates with a dilatation of the fluid compartment of the endolymph, so-called hydrops. Dexamethasone is one of the therapeutic approaches recommended when conventional antivertigo treatments have failed. Several mechanisms of actions have been hypothesized for the mode of action of dexamethasone, such as the anti-inflammatory effect or as a regulator of inner ear water homeostasis. However, none of them have been experimentally confirmed so far. Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane water channels and are hence central in the regulation of transcellular water fluxes. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that dexamethasone could impact water fluxes in the inner ear by targeting AQP2. We addressed this question through molecular dynamics simulations approaches and managed to demonstrate a direct interaction between AQP2 and dexamethasone and its significant impact on the channel water permeability. Through compartmentalization of sodium and potassium ions, a significant effect of Na+ upon AQP2 water permeability was highlighted as well. The molecular mechanisms involved in dexamethasone binding and in its regulatory action upon AQP2 function are described.

Anthraquinone derivatives as ADP-competitive inhibitors of liver pyruvate kinase

Liver pyruvate kinase (PKL) is a major regulator of metabolic flux and ATP production during liver cell glycolysis and is considered a potential drug target for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we report the first ADP-competitive PKL inhibitors and identify several starting points for the further optimization of these inhibitors. Modeling and structural biology guided the optimization of a PKL-specific anthraquinone-based compound. A structure–activity relationship study of 47 novel synthetic derivatives revealed PKL inhibitors with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values in the 200 nM range. Despite the difficulty involved in studying a binding site as exposed as the ADP site, these derivatives feature expanded structural diversity and chemical spaces that may be used to improve their inhibitory activities against PKL. The obtained results expand the knowledge of the structural requirements for interactions with the ADP-binding site of PKL.

Subdomain modeling of linear hybrid excited flux switching machine

PurposeThis paper aims to develop an analytical approach to validate the finite element analysis (FEA) results. FEA itself is a powerful tool to evaluate the performance of electrical machines but takes more time and requires more drive storage. To overcome this issue, subdomain modeling (SDM) is used for the proposed machine.Design/methodology/approachSDM is developed to validate the electromagnetic performance of a new linear hybrid excited flux switching machine (LHEFSM) with ferrite magnets. In SDM, the problem is divided into different physical regions called subdomains. Maxwell's governing equation is solved analytically for each region, where the magnetic flux density (MFD) is generated. From the generated MFD, x and y components are calculated, which are then used to find the useful force along the x-axis.FindingsFEA validates the developed SDM via JMAG v. 20.1. The results obtained show excellent agreement with an accuracy of 95.13%.Practical implicationsThe proposed LHEFSM is developed for long stroke applications like electric trains.Originality/valueThe proposed LHEFSM uses low-cost ferrite magnets with DC excitation, which offers better flux regulation capability with improved electromagnetic performance. Moreover, the developed SDM reduces drive storage and computational time by modeling different parts of the machine.

Abstract P4-02-10: Pfkfb3 inhibition significantly decreases endocrine-resistant breast cancer growth and induces necroptotic cell death

Abstract Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers constitute the majority of newly diagnosed breast cancers in patients. While commonly treated with various approved endocrine therapy strategies, these cancers can unfortunately also develop resistance to such therapies, indicating a need to explore other avenues of treatment in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. Rapidly dividing cancer cells are known to have an increased energy demand and altered reprogramming of glucose metabolism, leading to a subsequent heavy reliance on glycolysis. A critical rate-limiting step in the glycolysis pathway, the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, is greatly influenced by an allosteric activator produced by the enzyme PFKFB3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3), thus making PFKFB3 an essential regulator of glycolytic flux. Furthermore, PFKFB3 has been shown to be overexpressed in many human cancers, including breast cancer, as well as be upregulated by estrogen. Through the following work, we show that endocrine-resistant BC cell growth is strongly reduced by PFKFB3 targeting using different commercial PFKFB3 inhibitors, which can be further exacerbated by combination treatment with well-established endocrine therapies like fulvestrant in some cell lines. Moreover, we relatedly show that PFKFB3 inhibition reduced tumor size in mouse xenografts of endocrine-resistant BC cells. Endocrine-resistant cells also presented higher basal glucose uptake and greater reduction of glucose uptake in response to PFKFB3 inhibition than endocrine-sensitive cells, indicating that endocrine-resistant breast cancer cells may have a more significant reliance on glycolysis and PFKFB3 activity for their metabolic needs than sensitive cells. Additionally, PFKFB3 inhibition produced an increase in phosphorylation of the necroptotic markers RIPK1 (receptor-interacting kinase 1), and MLKL (Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain Like Pseudokinase), and pre-treatment with the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 was able to partially rescue cell death caused by PFKFB3 targeting, suggesting that necroptosis is a primary method of cell death induced by PFKFB3 inhibition. In summation, this study showcases the glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3 as an encouraging therapeutic target in endocrine-resistant breast cancer, and warrants further review as a monotherapy or in combination with current endocrine therapies. Citation Format: Brandon C Jones, Surojeet Sengupta, Catherine M Sevigny, Lu Jin, Paula R Pohlmann, Ayesha Shajahan-Haq, Robert Clarke. Pfkfb3 inhibition significantly decreases endocrine-resistant breast cancer growth and induces necroptotic cell death [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-02-10.

Land surface phenology retrievals for arid and semi-arid ecosystems

Land surface phenology (LSP) plays a critical role in the regulation of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, and energy fluxes. Significant progress has been made in extracting LSP information over large areas using satellite data, yet LSP retrievals remain a challenge over vast arid and semi-arid ecosystems because of sparse greenness, high variability and the lack of distinct annual patterns; for example, the MODerate Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Land Cover Dynamics Product MCD12Q2 that provides LSP metrics globally often failed to provide LSP information in these ecosystems. In this study, we used a modified threshold algorithm to extract LSP timing metrics, including the start, peak, and end of growing seasons, using the 16-day composite Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) time series from MODIS data. We applied this regionally customized algorithm across all arid and semi-arid climate regions of Australia (75% of the continental land area) encompassing shrublands, grasslands, savannas, woodlands, and croplands, extracting LSP metrics annually from 2003 to 2018, with up to two (phenology) seasons accounted for in each year. Our algorithm yielded an average of 64.9% successful rate of retrieval (proportion of pixels with retrieved LSP metrics) across 16 years in Arid and Semi-arid AUStralia (AS-AUS), which was a significant increase compared to the 14.5% rate of retrieval yielded in our study area by the global product and the major cause of the different performances between these two approaches was the different EVI amplitude restrictions utilized to avoid spurious peaks (i.e. EVI amplitude ≥ 0.1 used by the global product and peak EVI ≥ time series average EVI used by our algorithm). Gross primary productivity (GPP) measurements at OzFlux eddy covariance (EC) tower sites were used to cross-compare with the presence/absence of growing seasons detected by our algorithm, and 97% of our retrieved seasons matched with those extracted using EC data. Preliminary tests at five OzFlux sites showed that our algorithm was robust to view angle-induced sensitivity of the input data and showed similar performance when using EVI data calculated using MODIS Nadir BRDF-Adjusted Reflectance product. Our retrieved LSP metrics revealed that vegetation growth in arid ecosystems is highly irregular and can occur at any time of the year, more than once in a year, or can skip a year. The proportion of pixels with two growing seasons was found to be correlated with the average annual precipitation of the study area (p < 0.01), providing an estimation approach of LSP via rainfall. Our study improves the detection and measurement of vegetation phenology in arid and semi-arid regions by improving the spatial extend of LSP retrievals, which contributes to studies on LSP variations and dryland ecosystem resilience to climate change. More evaluation is planned for future work to assess and further improve the accuracy of the retrieved LSP metrics.

A Novel Parallel Hybrid Excitation Field Modulated Machine With Efficient Utilization of Multiworking Harmonics

In this article, a novel parallel hybrid excitation field modulated machine with efficient utilization of multiworking harmonics is proposed. The key of the proposed machine is to efficiently integrate the parallel hybrid excitation and multiworking harmonics to enhance average output torque and flux regulation capability. First, operation principle and air-gap magnetic field harmonics of the machine are investigated by using field modulated principle, which reveals the contribution of each working harmonic to flux linkage and torque. Then, performances of the machine are analyzed, such as open-circuit back-EMF, flux regulation capability, torque-speed characteristics, etc. Also, the proposed machine is compared to conventional ones for evaluation. Finally, a prototype is manufactured and tested to validate the theoretical and simulated results.

The Multifunctional Faces of T-Cell Intracellular Antigen 1 in Health and Disease.

T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) is an RNA-binding protein that is expressed in many tissues and in the vast majority of species, although it was first discovered as a component of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. TIA1 has a dual localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm, where it plays an important role as a regulator of gene-expression flux. As a multifunctional master modulator, TIA1 controls biological processes relevant to the physiological functioning of the organism and the development and/or progression of several human pathologies. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular aspects and cellular processes involving TIA1, with relevance for human pathophysiology.

Homogeneous electric field and Li+ flux regulation in three-dimensional nanofibrous composite framework for ultra-long-life lithium metal anode

Lithium (Li) metal is considered as the best anode candidate for next-generation high-energy batteries due to its ultralow electrochemical potential and extremely high theoretical capacity. However, issues arising from the undesired growth of lithium dendrites and infinite volumetric change have seriously hindered the practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Here, we designed a super-lithiophilic amorphous zinc oxide-doped carbon nanofiber framework with uniformly-distributed and parallel multichannels (MCCNF@ZnO) to achieve the homogeneous distribution of electric field and Li+ flux. By the assistances of COMSOL Multiphysics simulations and ex-situ scanning electron microscopy, we reveal that the Li metal preferentially deposits into the porous nanochannels inside the nanofibers, followed by its even distribution on the lithiophilic surface of MCCNF@ZnO. Furthermore, the conductive multichannels of the carbon nanofiber skeleton can effectively minimize the partial current density, thereby effectively avoiding the electrochemical polarization and assisting the uniform metallic deposition. As a result, MCCNF@ZnO exhibits a stable CE over 99.2% as the substrate after 500 cycles at the current density of 1 mA cm−2. The symmetrical cell of lithium-loaded MCCNF@ZnO composite electrodes can stably operate over 3300 h at 0.5 mA cm−2, indicating the great potential of MCCNF@ZnO for stabilizing lithium metal anodes in practical applications of LMBs.

Legacy Effects of Sorption Determine the Formation Efficiency of Mineral-Associated Soil Organic Matter.

Sorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one major pathway in the formation of mineral-associated organic matter (MOM), but there is little information on how previous sorption events feedback to later ones by leaving their imprint on mineral surfaces and solutions ("legacy effect"). In order to conceptualize the role of legacy effects in MOM formation, we conducted sequential sorption experiments with kaolinite and gibbsite as minerals and DOM derived from forest floor materials. The MOM formation efficiency leveled off upon repeated addition of identical DOM solutions to minerals due to the retention of highly sorptive organic molecules (primarily aromatic, nitrogen-poor, hydrogen-poor, and oxygen-rich molecules), which decreased the sorption site availability and simultaneously modified the mineral surface charge. Organic-organic interactions as postulated in multilayer models played a negligible role in MOM formation. Continued exchange between DOM and MOM molecules upon repeated sorption altered the DOM composition but not the MOM formation efficiencies. Sorption-induced depletion of high-affinity compounds from solutions further decreased the MOM formation efficiencies to pristine minerals. Overall, the interplay between the differential sorptivities of DOM components and the mineral surface chemistry explains the legacy effects that contribute to the regulation of fluxes and the distribution of organic matter in the soil.

Design and lumped parameter magnetic network model of hybrid excited consequent pole flux switching machine

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze electromagnetic performance and develop an analytical approach to find the suitable coil combination and no-load flux linkage of the proposed hybrid excited consequent pole flux switching machine (HECPFSM) while minimizing the drive storage and computational time which is the main problem in finite element analysis (FEA) tools.Design/methodology/approachFirst, a new HECPFSM based on conventional consequent pole flux switching permanent machine (FSPM) is proposed, and lumped parameter magnetic network model (LPMNM) is developed for the initial analysis like coil combination and no-load flux linkage. In LPMNM, all the parts of one-third machine are modeled which helps in reduction of drive storage, computational complexity and computational time without affecting the accuracy. Second, self and mutual inductance are calculated in the stator, and dq-axis inductance is calculated using park transformation in the rotor of the proposed machine. Furthermore, on-load performance analysis, like average torque, torque density and efficiency, is done by FEA.FindingsThe developed LPMNM is validated by FEA via JMAG v. 19.1. The results obtained show good agreement with an accuracy of 96.89%.Practical implicationsThe proposed HECPFSM is developed for high-speed brushless AC applications like electric vehicle (EV)/hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).Originality/valueThe proposed HECPFSM offers better flux regulation capability with enhanced electromagnetic performance as compared to conventional consequent pole FSPM. Moreover, the developed LPMNM reduces drive storage and computational time by modeling one-third of the machine.

Flux Regulation Through Glycolysis and Respiration is Balanced by Inositol Pyrophosphates

Flux Regulation Through Glycolysis and Respiration is Balanced by Inositol Pyrophosphates

Performance Analysis of a Modular E-Shaped Stator Hybrid Excited Flux Switching Motor With Flux Gaps

This paper proposes a new modular hybrid excited flux switching motor (MHEFSM) with flux gaps, adding the fault-tolerant capability to the proposed motor. The proposed motor uses an E-Shaped stator, as the middle teeth of E-core produce fault-tolerant capability, and in C-core, this capability is eradicated. The no-load flux linkage is calculated by the magnetic network model (MNM) to reduce time and disk storage. The drawback of the constant flux linkage of PM motors is overcome by employing field excitation (FE). The FE helps in regulation flux at higher speeds. The motor leading geometry variables are optimized by using Genetic Global Optimization (GGO). The GGO helped in refining the structure of the motor and has improved the flux linkage by 68.18%, average torque and torque density by 62.35% each, reduced torque ripples by 20.62%, and cogging torque by 18.52%. The volume of permanent magnet (PM) in the proposed MHEFSM is reduced by 36.24%, and 48.49% higher average torque and torque density is obtained compared to the state of art motor proposed in the literature. Furthermore, a 3D analysis of the proposed MHEFSM is done to further evaluate the electromagnetic performance.

Parker Solar Probe Evidence for the Absence of Whistlers Close to the Sun to Scatter Strahl and to Regulate Heat Flux

Abstract Using the Parker Solar Probe FIELDS bandpass-filter data and SWEAP electron data from Encounters 1 through 9, we show statistical properties of narrowband whistlers from ∼16 R s to ∼130 R s, and compare wave occurrence to electron properties including beta, temperature anisotropy, and heat flux. Whistlers are very rarely observed inside ∼28 R s (∼0.13 au). Outside 28 R s, they occur within a narrow range of parallel electron beta from ∼1 to 10, and with a beta-heat flux occurrence consistent with the whistler heat flux fan instability. Because electron distributions inside ∼30 R s display signatures of the ambipolar electric field, the lack of whistlers suggests that the modification of the electron distribution function associated with the ambipolar electric field or changes in other plasma properties must result in lower instability limits for the other modes (including the observed solitary waves and ion acoustic waves) that are observed close to the Sun. The lack of narrowband whistler-mode waves close to the Sun and in regions of either low (&lt;0.1) or high (&gt;10) beta is also significant for the understanding and modeling of the evolution of flare-accelerated electrons and the regulation of heat flux in astrophysical settings including other stellar winds, the interstellar medium, accretion disks, and the intragalaxy cluster medium.