External Regulation Research Articles

Dimensions of student motivation in the federal education network

Motivation, defined as the set of biological and psychological mechanisms that direct, intensify, and sustain human actions, stands out as a relevant aspect in the educational context due to its positive association with learning outcomes. In this regard, this study aimed to identify the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects related to the motivation of students in the federal public education system. A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Additionally, multiple linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationships between different types of motivation or demotivation and the respondents' level of motivation during the evaluated period. The results revealed that female students showed higher extrinsic motivation, while male students predominantly demonstrated higher intrinsic motivation in the school environment. Variables such as Demotivation, Enjoyment of School Attendance, Pursuit of Personal Achievement, and Status showed significant associations with the level of motivation, whereas variables like Enjoyment of Learning, External Regulation, gender, and age did not present statistically significant relationships. These findings underscore the importance of considering different dimensions of motivation in the development of more effective educational strategies.

Experience of Medical School Faculty in the Transition From Lectures to Active Learning: A Phenomenographic Study.

Although there is a robust literature on the benefits and outcomes of active learning in medical education, little is known about the faculty experience of transitioning from lecture-based teaching to active learning in the preclinical, foundational science curriculum. The authors explored how faculty describe changing from lecture to active learning and how that change relates to the loci of control and basic psychological needs of faculty. Using a phenomenographic approach, the authors interviewed faculty at 3 medical schools who taught before, during, and after required shifts to active learning. Interviews were conducted, recorded, and transcribed between February and May 2022. Open-ended interview questions were developed to allow participants to share significant experiences and perspectives. The researchers collaboratively attributed participants' statements into categories of description of the change phenomenon. These categories were then grouped into an outcome space that represented aspects of the phenomenon and the relationships among them. The 15 participants described the change in instructional focus from lecture to active learning in 2 fundamentally different ways, defining the outcome space as 2 parallel sets of categories of description. A process set of categories describes the change in instructional focus from lecture to active learning as a process of instructional change, change in role, and socialization with other educators. The other categories correspond to motivation or demotivation via external and internal regulations related to self-determination theory. This study offers valuable insights into the interconnected aspects of this educational transformation, providing perspectives that can guide future efforts in curriculum redesign and faculty support programs. Recommendations include engaging faculty in all stages of the transition, acknowledging and building on existing pedagogical innovation at the school, and providing options for faculty rather than a single prescribed approach. Future research should explore optimal approaches, timing, and support for curricular transitions.

Internal business process governance and external regulation: How does AI technology empower financial performance?

Internal business process governance and external regulation: How does AI technology empower financial performance?

Boundary-work of genomic medicine: safeguarding the future of diagnostic next-generation sequencing in the clinic

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies – which allows to look at large parts or even the whole genome at once - are making their way into diagnostic clinical care. With trends towards ‘mainstreaming’ genetic services into general medicine, significant ethical challenges, and a disputed clinical utility and cost-benefit ratio, genomic medicine’s autonomy and dominance in defining and offering NGS care may come under increased pressure from the outside (e.g., regulators, other healthcare providers and facilities, ethicists, and patients). In this paper, we show how the field of genomic medicine engages in substantial boundary work in reaction to these circumstances. Building on multi-sited fieldwork in two centres for human genetics in Belgium and the Netherlands, we show how acts of demarcation serve to uphold an image of expertise and authority which helps to maintain the field’s autonomy and dominance. Through examining the delineations put forward in interviews, practice (based on observations in multidisciplinary meetings and consultations), and grey and academic literature, we show the politics involved in moving NGS forward fairly seamlessly in a way that suits the field. First, we show how genetic healthcare professionals have redefined what makes a genetic test ‘valuable’ so that it underlines its current value. Secondly, we examine how a genetic imaginary is put forward that both emphasizes the extraordinary character of genomic medicine and the normalcy of NGS testing. By underlining the need for their expertise whilst simultaneously normalizing the ethical challenges and positioning themselves as most capable of reflecting on these, the field minimized external regulation and kept a close grip on defining ethical issues and policy. Despite their current dominance in shaping the future of genomic care, we argue that the closedness of the field hinders it in benefiting from external expertise, reflection and monitoring to ensure enduring and broad support for this future.

Recent advances in the synthesis and application of biomolecular condensates.

Biomolecular condensates (BMCs) represent a group of organized and programmed systems that participate in gene transcription, chromosome organization, cell division, tumorigenesis, and aging. However, the understanding of BMCs in terms of internal organizations and external regulations remains at an early stage. Recently, novel approaches such as synthetic biology have been used for de novo synthesis of BMCs. These synthesized BMCs (SBMCs) driven by phase separation adeptly resemble the self-assembly and dynamics of natural biomolecular condensates, offering vast potentials in basic and applied research. This review introduces recent progresses in phase separation-induced SBMCs, attempting to elaborate on the intrinsic principles and regulatory methodologies used to construct SBMCs. Furthermore, the scientific applications of SBMCs are illustrated, as indicated by the studies of chromosome structure, pathogenesis, bio-manufacturing, artificial cell design, and drug delivery. The controllable SBMCs offer a powerful tool for understanding metabolic regulations, cellular organizations, and disease-associated protein aggregations, raising both opportunities and challenges in the future of biomaterial, biotechnology, and biomedicine.

Identification of shared genetic etiology of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases through common cardiometabolic risk factors

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cerebrovascular diseases (CeVDs) are closely related vascular diseases, sharing common cardiometabolic risk factors (RFs). Although pleiotropic genetic variants of these two diseases have been reported, their underlying pathological mechanisms are still unclear. Leveraging GWAS summary data and using genetic correlation, pleiotropic variants identification, and colocalization analyses, we identified 11 colocalized loci for CVDs-CeVDs-BP (blood pressure), CVDs-CeVDs-LIP (lipid traits), and CVDs-CeVDs-cIMT (carotid intima-media thickness) triplets. No shared causal loci were found for CVDs-CeVDs-T2D (type 2 diabetes) or CVDs-CeVDs-BMI (body mass index) triplets. The 11 loci were mapped to 12 genes, namely CASZ1, CDKN1A, TWIST1, CDKN2B, ABO, SWAP70, SH2B3, LRCH1, FES, GOSR2, RPRML, and LDLR, where both GOSR2 and RPRML were mapped to one locus. They were enriched in pathways related to cellular response to external stimulus and regulation of the phosphate metabolic process and were highly expressed in endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. Multi-omics analysis revealed methylation of two genes (CASZ1 and LRCH1) may play a causal role in the genetic pleiotropy. Notably, these pleiotropic loci are highly enriched in the targets of antihypertensive drugs, which further emphasizes the role of the blood pressure regulation pathway in the shared etiology of CVDs and CeVDs.

Exploring Esports game addiction among college students in multiplayer online battle arena: a quantitative model centered on self-control and motivation

PurposeWith the widespread popularity of Esports, Esports game addiction has attracted wide attention. This research explores the causes of Esports game addiction among college students in Mainland China and the influence of specific participation motivation and self-control on college students’ Esports game addiction.Design/methodology/approachThis research applied the organismic integration theory (OIT) instead of the basic psychological needs theory using Honor of Kings, the most popular Esports game in the form of multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) among Chinese college students. A total of 339 completed questionnaires were finally analyzed. SmartPLS 2.0 M3 was used to perform the PLS-SEM analysis on the relationship between self-control, participation motivation and Esports game addiction.FindingsOnly introjected regulation and a motivation positively impacted Esports game addiction, while intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, identified regulation and external regulation had surprisingly no effect on Esports game addiction.Originality/valueScant studies have explored Esports game addiction in MOBA games, especially in Asia. Results showed that parents, schools and society should consciously strengthen the education and exercise of students’ self-control ability to prevent Esports game addiction. Game developers should appropriately adjust game structures and functions to prevent college students from using them as social tools or games to escape reality.

THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL REGULATION FACTORS ON THE EFFECT OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' HEALTHY LIFESTYLE BELIEFS ON THEIR LEISURE TIME EXERCISE PARTICIPATION

In the present study, it was aimed to determine the mediating effect of intrinsic or extrinsic regulation factors on the effect of high school students' healthy lifestyle beliefs on their leisure time exercise participation. The population of the study consists of high school students in all secondary education institutions within the Ministry of National Education in Konya Beysehir, while the sample consists of high school students in three secondary education institutions (Anatolian High School, Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School and Science High School) randomly selected from these secondary education institutions. The research utilized quantitative research methods and relational survey model. While collecting the research data, the Healthy Lifestyle Belief (HLBB) Scale, the internal regulation and external regulation sub-dimensions of the Behavioral Regulations in Exercise-2 Scale, and the Leisure Time Exercise Participation (LCEP) questionnaire were used. Model-1 and model-2 established within the scope of the research were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM/SEM). According to the findings of the study, it was found that SDBI had a positive and significant effect on internal regulation and a negative and significant effect on external regulation. It was found that intrinsic regulation positively and significantly affected SZEK, but the effect of extrinsic regulation was insignificant. While it was found that the SDBI positively and significantly influenced the SEER through the mediation of intrinsic regulation, which is the motivation to engage in exercise behavior, extrinsic regulation did not have a significant effect on the interaction between SDBI and SEER.

Predicting control loss in eating behaviors using decision tree regression: Implications for educational interventions targeting motivational and physical factors

This study explores the determinants of control loss in eating behaviors, employing decision tree regression analysis on a sample of 558 participants. Guided by Self-Determination Theory, the findings highlight amotivation (β = 0.48, p < 0.001) and external regulation (β = 0.36, p < 0.01) as primary predictors of control loss, with introjected regulation also playing a significant role (β = 0.24, p < 0.05). Consistent with Self-Determination Theory, the results emphasize the critical role of autonomous motivation and its deficits in shaping self-regulation. Physical characteristics, such as age and weight, exhibited limited predictive power (β = 0.12, p = 0.08). The decision tree model demonstrated reliability in explaining eating behavior patterns, achieving an R2 value of 0.39, with a standard deviation of 0.11. These results underline the importance of addressing motivational deficits in designing interventions aimed at improving self-regulation and promoting healthier eating behaviors.

The political economy of the fintech regulation in China and its implications

Fintech has seen exponential growth in recent years, breaking into markets often underserved by traditional financial services. Along with fintech's benefits, a series of risks caused by fintech has drawn regulators’ attention globally. Fintech activities can be generally categorised into two parts, namely investment-oriented fintech activities such as peer-to-peer lending, equity crowdfunding, and initial coin offerings; the other is payment-oriented fintech, which includes digital payment and central bank digital currencies. China has been one of the pioneers in promoting fintech markets during the past decade. Given that the former type of fintech will generate distinct investment risks while the latter one's risk is much slighter, China's regulator treats the two kinds of fintech differently. This article examines China's differing regulatory approaches to its investment-oriented and payment-oriented fintech sectors, respectively, and explores market conditions to which the above difference attributes. Beyond China, this article argues that a perfect result cannot be reached by pure external regulation; instead, successful regulation over investment-oriented fintech is significantly subject to the economic foundation of a given jurisdiction, among which maturity of investors is a constraint condition for mitigating risks in investment-oriented fintech industry.

Meta-Morphosis of Copyright and User-Generated Content: Can East Asia’s Emerging Policies Navigate through the Metaverse?

Abstract Social-creative metaverses, which foster user creativity and encourage user-generated content, promise a revolution in digital creativity. However, metaverse developers often enforce strict regulations on user-generated content through user terms and conditions, restricting or permitting its reuse. These rules place an artificial barrier between users and their copyright, often waiving moral rights and making economic rights subject to mandatory licences. Using Second Life as a case study, this article demonstrates how metaverse regulations undermine users’ intellectual property rights and control over their creations. Furthermore, it examines emerging intellectual property policies in Japan, South Korea, and China, noting a lack of awareness regarding the impact of these regulatory layers on user creativity. Highlighting the importance of the external regulation of user terms and conditions, the article proposes potential policies and strategies for East Asia and beyond to protect users’ copyright ownership and mitigate the negative effects of restrictive metaverse terms and conditions.

Rational synthesis of FeWO4 nanozyme with sonopiezoelectric and co-catalytic activity for colorimetric detection of deferiprone

Colorimetric sensing based on nanozyme has been extensively applied in the field of biosensing. The analysis time and detection sensitivity depend on the activity of nanozyme. At present, the methods of traditional regulating the activity of nanozyme mainly include internal and external regulation. However, it is still a challenge for internal and external stimuli to coordinate the regulation of nanozyme activity. Both piezoelectricity and co-catalysis can expedite the rate limiting step (Fe3+/Fe2+cycle) of the Fenton reaction hence facilitating the peroxidase-like (POD-like) activity of nanozyme. In this study, we synthesized FeWO4 nanorod that possess sonopiezoelectric and co-catalytic properties. The Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle of FeWO4 nanorods can be boosted by the internal Fe, W co-catalytic reaction and the external ultrasound stimuli generated e−. Deferiprone (DFP), a small molecule of iron chelating agent, is used clinically to chelate excess iron in thalassemia patients. It can specifically inhibit the POD-like activity of the iron-based nanozyme due to coordination with Fe. Based on the above principles, we constructed a colorimetric sensing platform based on FeWO4 nanozyme for colorimetric detection of DFP in urine of thalassemia patients. The linear range, limit of detection and recovery of the developed colorimetric sensing method based on FeWO4 nanozyme platform are 0.1–5 μM, 0.05 μM and 97.4 % − 105.4 %, respectively. This work not only promotes the development of the method to regulate the activity of nanozyme, but also provides a simple method for the monitoring of DFP.

A130: Exercise Goal Orientations, Behavioral Regulation, Physical Activity, and Subjective Vitality Among Chinese University Students

Introduction/objective: Subjective vitality is a crucial factor for overall well-being, as it positively impacts both physiological and psychological health. However, the underlying process through which exercise goal orientations (GOEM) predict subjective vitality (SV), mediated by exercise regulations (BREQ) and physical activity (PA), need further elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the direct effect of GOEM on SV, as well as the mediating role of BREQ and PA. Methods: A sample of 492 Chinese university students (47% are female; 27% are freshman, 28% are sophomore, 23% are junior, and 22% are senior) completed self-report measures including the Subjective Vitality Scale, Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure, Regulation Questionnaire, and Physical Activity Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling was utilized to analyze the data, employing a regression model to determine the direct effect of GOEM on SV, and path analysis to evaluate the mediation of BREQ and PA. Results: Exercise task orientation significantly and positively influenced subjective vitality (β = 0.455, P < 0.001), explaining 23.8% of the variance (P < 0.001). Additionally, exercise ego orientation had a positive effect on subjective vitality (β = 0.234, P < 0.001), although this effect was significantly lower than that of task orientation (Wald value = 25.897, P < 0.001). The model accounted for 9% of the variance in subjective vitality (P < 0.01). Mediation analyses indicated a significant mediating effect of exercise behavioral regulations (excluding external regulation) and physical activity (none of the 95% confidence intervals for the estimates contained 0). Conclusion: These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise goal orientation on subjective vitality, furthering Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory.

Interrelationships of stress, burnout, anxiety, depression, quality of life and suicidality among Chinese residents under Standardized Residency Training: a network analysis

Background Chinese resident physicians confront challenges such as staff shortages and heavy workloads, leading to a heightened prevalence of mental distress. This study aims to investigate the symptom network of stress, burnout, anxiety, depression (SBAD) and adverse personal outcomes in this cohort. Methods From October 2020 to April 2022, 994 physicians were recruited across China through snowball sampling. Stress, burnout, anxiety and depression were assessed using the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, a two-item burnout questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Data on adverse personal outcomes (low quality of life [QOL] and suicidal ideation) were collected. We constructed and visualized two networks, calculating expected influence (EI) and bridge EI indices to identify central and bridge symptoms. Results In the SBAD network, perceived helplessness was the most central and critical bridge symptom connecting stress and mental distress, with emotional exhaustion identified as the secondary bridge symptom. Perceived helplessness, perceived self-efficacy and emotional exhaustion exhibited the highest negative correlations with QOL. Worthless (PHQ6) and motor (PHQ8) symptoms were strongly correlated with suicidal ideation. The estimated SBAD network showed excellent stability and accuracy. Conclusions Our study emphasizes that perceived helplessness may be a high-priority target for preventing and intervening in mental distress and improving QOL among residents. Burnout transcends workplace problems and is widely connected to depression, anxiety and QOL. Implementing early detection and intervention measures at three levels—the individual physician, health system and professional colleges, and external regulators—is crucial for preventing and alleviating stress and mental distress among residents.

Labor investment efficiency: a review of the international literature

PurposeWe aim to provide a systematic literature review of the determinants and consequences of labor investment efficiency in an international context. First, we offer a theoretical discussion of labor investment efficiency, followed by an examination of its measurement. Next, we review the determinants of labor investment efficiency, categorizing them into firm fundamentals including financial reporting quality, governance and controls, corporate social responsibility/environmental regulation and macroeconomic determinants. Finally, we review the limited empirical literature on the consequences of labor investment efficiency. We also provide some suggestions for future research.Design/methodology/approachWe perform a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review of Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to examine archival studies investigating the determinants and consequences of labor investment efficiency. Using a Boolean search strategy on the Scopus and PRISMA selection criteria, we review 86 published archival research articles from 2014 to the end of August 2024.FindingsOur review highlights that firm-level fundamental factors including financial reporting quality have profound implications for labor investment efficiency. Effective governance mechanisms also help mitigate agency conflicts and information asymmetries and alleviate labor investment inefficiencies. Furthermore, the influence of regulations including ESG-related regulations and macroeconomic factors play a crucial role in shaping labor investment decisions. We find very little research on the consequence of labor investment efficiency.Practical implicationsOur review has highlighted that well-functioning corporate governance tools are effective in mitigating inefficient labor investments. Stakeholders, therefore, should ensure that firms have effective internal governance mechanisms in place and that external governance regulations complement and where necessary act as substitutes for internal governance mechanisms to optimize labor investments.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first systematic review of extant research on labor investment efficiency. Our review highlights some research gaps, particularly about the consequences of labor investment efficiency and offers some suggestions for future research.

Relationship between injuries and motivation in recreational runners

Introduction: In recent years, running has become a popular form of recreational sports activity for adults. This study explores the relationships between motivation and injury among recreational runners, a growing population influenced by societal trends in health and wellness. Methods: The study involved 104 participants, consisting of 74 women and 75 men. Among them, 67 were part of a ‘running school’ program, while the remaining 73 were individual runners who trained independently without the guidance of a coach. The Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2) and the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) Questionnaire on Health Problems, which is based on the OSTRC Overuse Injury Questionnaire, were used for the research. Results: The study found that pelvic injury was more severe in male participants, while women tended to experience serious back injuries that required them to take a break from training. All participants demonstrated high levels of intrinsic motivation. Multiple regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between injuries and intrinsic motivation in women, whereas in men, there was a negative correlation with introjected regulation. Conclusion: The ‘running school’ participants showed a negative association between injury and external regulation compared to individual runners, where amotivation and injury were positively associated.

Available-for-sale is available for hoarding: When nonfinancial firms hold financial assets

This paper empirically examines how listed non-financial firms use the “call option” feature of one of the most important financial assets, available-for-sale securities, as earnings manipulation tools owing to bad-news-hoarding motives. In 2007, China set its first accounting standards for financial instruments, which classify financial assets based on the highly subjective “managerial holding intention” criterion. We find that holding available-for-sale securities is positively associated with the likelihood of stock price crashes in Chinese listed firms. The main effect is more pronounced under lax external regulation and lower information transparency. It is further accentuated when CEOs have lower educational backgrounds, weaker competence in managing core business activities, or face greater performance pressures. Our findings indicate that, in typical emerging markets, fair value accounting may have unintended consequences, inducing non-financial firms to employ financial assets as tools to hoard bad news.

Predicting the therapeutic role and potential mechanisms of Indole-3-acetic acid in diminished ovarian reserve based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

BackgroundIndole-3-acetic acid (IAA), an indole analog produced by intestinal microorganisms metabolizing tryptophan, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and thus has potential applications in ovarian protection, although the exact mechanism is unknown. The present study preliminarily investigated the pharmacological mechanism of IAA in alleviating diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) by network pharmacology and molecular docking.MethodsRelevant target proteins of IAA were searched in SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, TargetNet, BATMAN-TCM, and SuperPred databases. The potential targets of DOR were obtained from GeneCards, DisGenet, OMIM, and Drugbank databases. Both common targets were then imported into the String website to construct a PPI network, and these targets were analyzed for GO and KEGG enrichment. Finally, we utilized molecular docking to validate the possible binding conformations between IAA and the candidate targets. We used in vitro experiments to preliminarily investigate the effects of IAA on DOR.ResultsWe obtained 88 potential targets for IAA and DOR interaction. We received 16 pivotal targets by constructed protein interaction screening. KEGG enrichment analysis mainly included the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Chemical carcinogenesis—reactive oxygen species in diabetic complications, etc. GO functional analysis showed that IAA treatment of DOR may involve biological processes such as response to external stimuli, hypoxia, gene expression, and regulation of enzyme activity. Molecular docking and in vitro experiments further revealed the potential effects of IAA on MMP2, TNF-α, AKT1, HSP90AA1, and NF-κ B.ConclusionWe preliminarily revealed the potential protective effects of IAA against DOR through multiple targets and pathways, which provides a new research strategy for the molecular mechanism of IAA to alleviate DOR in the future. However, further studies need to demonstrate whether IAA can be used as a compound to prevent and treat DOR.

Prolonged maintenance of stallion semen by optimization of cooling conditions

Bottlenecks to the success of equine assisted reproductive technologies (ART) include suboptimal conditions for prolonged storage of stallion sperm. Shipped stallion sperm are transported in cooling devices designed to maintain temperature for up to 48 h. Increasing the storage time of cooled semen while maintaining acceptable motility would relieve logistical ART challenges. Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that external regulation of shipment container temperature would prolong storage time of cooled stallion semen. Initial experiments determined the effect of pre-freezing cooling cans at -20 °C or -80 °C on sperm motility. Fresh sperm was extended in INRA96 and placed in commercial Equitainers for 3.5 days (84 h). Quantification of sperm kinematics was determined every 12 h. Sperm held in Equitainers with -20°C cans maintained higher total and progressive motility than -80 °C conditions at 60 h (63 %, 29 % vs. 32 %, 17 %, respectively). Internal monitoring of Equitainers containing -20 °C freezer can temperature identified 20 °C as the threshold for rapidly decreased motility. In the second experiment, sperm were maintained in Equitainers containing -20 °C freezer cans and placed in two different conditions: 1) ambient temperature for 48 h (23 °C) or 2) 5 °C for external temperature regulation up to 8 days, or when total motility dropped below 50 %. Sperm kinematics was determined every 24 h. Total motility from samples held with external temperature regulation (5 °C) remained above 50 % for more than 7 days. These findings suggest that cooled stallion semen can be advanced beyond traditional 48 h constraints by improving temperature maintenance of storage conditions.

Effects of the Learning how to motivate training on pupils’ motivation and engagement during pre-service physical education teachers’ internship

IntroductionPre-service physical education (PE) teachers have concerns about how to sustain pupils’ motivation. A training titled Learning how to motivate was designed to address these concerns.ObjectivesThe aims of the study were (1) to compare the perceptions of high school pupils of pre-service PE teachers who had completed the training [experimental group (EG)] and pre-service PE teachers who had not completed the training [control group (CG)] about motivation; (2) to verify changes in the perceptions of EG and CG high school pupils with regard to motivational variables between the beginning and end of the internship; and (3) to compare observations of the motivational climate established by the pre-service PE teachers and of their pupils’ engagement between EG and CG.MethodsThe study involves a sample of four French-Canadian pre-service PE teachers (EG = 2; CG = 2) and their high school pupils (n = 89) during the pre-service PE teachers’ final internship. Data were collected using observations and questionnaires at the start (T1) and end (T2) of the internship.ResultsFindings revealed no significant differences between groups at T1. At T2, the EG exhibited higher levels of pupils’ perceived dimensions of an empowering motivational climate than the CG. Notably, between T1 and T2, performance-approach goals decreased, and external regulation increased in the EG. As for the CG, pupils’ perceived dimensions of an empowering motivational climate, competence satisfaction, and performance-approach goals decreased. Finally, there were some trends (p ≤ 0.15) related to differences between the groups for observed motivational climate and pupils’ engagement.ConclusionThe training shows promise with regard to helping pre-service PE teachers apply theory to practice.