Regulation Of Blood Circulation Research Articles

What has been overlooked on study of Chinese materia medica in the West?

Chinese materia medica (CMM), including Chinese herbal, animal, and mineral medicine, has been widely researched in the past century for their biological and pharmacological activities. However, their mechanism and clinical efficacy studies did not always give expected results. For example, the most commonly used Chinese herb for menstrual disorders, Radix Angelicae sinensis, showed neither estrogenic nor progesteronic activity in laboratory and clinical studies. Its efficacy should not be denied simply based on such results, because it is mostly used together with other herbs in formulae. Moreover, its regulation on menstruation may take effect through other mechanisms, such as regulation of blood circulation. The key difference of Chinese medicine (CM) from conventional medicine is its unique holistic view on human body and diseases. CMM is mostly applied in clinic in the form of formulae. Study on individual CMM, simply using methods for development of conventional drugs, is unable to thoroughly reveal the power of CMM formulae. The reason may partly result from improper design due to the lack understanding about application principle of CMMs in CM, and/or to current lack of knowledge about the causes of some symptoms and diseases. This paper will introduce the importance of qi and blood in CM etiology and pathology, Zheng differentiation, formulation of CMMs, and explain why one formula can treat different diseases and one disease can be treated with different formulae. Examples in the paper will demonstrate that proper studies on Zheng and its corresponding clinically proven formulae could help scientists find new direction to explain and treat symptoms and diseases that so far modern medicine has been unable to, provided that the designer properly understands CM theories, etiology and pathology of CM, as well as modern medicine. Strategy suggestions about research methods for CMM and its formulae will be given at the end.

STUDY THE REGULATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW IN PATIENTSWITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS

A new approach to evaluating of the state of cardiovascular system for patients with verified diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHd), cardiac syndrome X (COAG) and hypertension (GB) by modification of known techniques of the PAT (peripheral arterial tonometry) is represented in the article. The results of studies by the method of us PAT patients with various cardiovascular disease indicate a particular clinical significance is not only the assessment of local «endothelial dysfunction» (the known value of reactive hyperemia index RHI), but also assess the nature of the Central system response regulation of blood circulation. In the article it is shown that more convenient for this relatively simpleCtrlmeasure R(relative change in the amplitude of pulsations in case of occlusion of the blood supplyto the sample identified on the hand are not subjected to occlusion). For patients without evidenceCtrlof cardiovascular disease the index value Rwas close to unity. The hypertensive patients, as a rule,observed values of R<1, and in CHd patients, in contrast, R>1. The differences associated, pre-CtrlCtrlsumably, with the changing balance between the degree of disturbance of peripheral blood circulationand degree of preservation of the reserves of the pumping function of the heart. This allows to consider the index RCtrl as an additional feature, an essential for individual selection of therapy in patients with cardiovascular pathology.

Comparison of the results of satellite studies in participants of the mars-500 experiment in Syktyvkar and Almaty

Participants of the Mars-500 experiment living in Syktyvkar (northerners) and Almaty (southerners) were studied during a year in contrasting seasons. Latitude-related differences in autonomic index and, in the warm season, in the RMSSD and pNN50 indices. The northerners were observed to have significant seasonal shifts in thermoregulation parameters and the RMSSD and pNN50 values related to the climatic contrast. The southerners exhibited no seasonal changes in these indices. The participants from both groups were shown to have deviations in several physiological parameters from the normal values for temperate latitudes. Many participants from both groups were in the state of stress. Orthostatic tests revealed deficiencies in regulation of blood circulation.

Особенности показателей вегетативной регуляции кровообращения и вариабельности сердечного ритма у женщин в перименопаузе

Особенности показателей вегетативной регуляции кровообращения и вариабельности сердечного ритма у женщин в перименопаузе

The impact of selected vasoactive factors on vascular functions

Abstract Introduction The regulation of blood circulation is crucial for maintaining vascular homeostasis under physiological conditions, i.e. for precisely controlling the balance between vasodilators and vasoconstrictor action. Numerous studies show that both arteries and veins actively participate in the control process. Aim This paper discusses the regulation of the secretion of selected vasoactive factors in endothelial cells. The mechanisms of action of those factors, the effect of other regulators on the function of vascular smooth muscle cells and the impact of physiological and pathological factors on the vasoreactivity are also examined. Discussion The synthesis and release of most vasodilators, including nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and prostacyclin, as well as vasoconstrictors – endothelin and thromboxane, takes place in endothelial cells. Prostaglandins F 2α or E 2 produced both in endothelial and other cells of bodily organs also influence blood vessel function. Steroid ovarian hormones, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone, affect vascular function indirectly by modulating endothelial secretory function. Conclusions Blood vessel function largely depends on the activity of endothelial cells which release various vasoactive factors in response to stimulation. The resulting mutual interactions adjust vascular function to current needs. Endothelial dysfunction disrupts the activity of various organs, and it may contribute to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atherogenesis or thrombotic lesions.

Issues of health evaluation during simulated space mission to Mars. Part 2. Vegetative regulation of blood circulation in the Martian crew individuals in the Mars 500 project

Issues of health evaluation during simulated space mission to Mars. Part 2. Vegetative regulation of blood circulation in the Martian crew individuals in the Mars 500 project

Autonomic regulation of blood circulation in hypertensive patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Objective. To assess autonomic regulation in hypertensive patients with and without obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and in relation to the severity of sleep-disordered breathing. Design and methods. We included 107 subjects, mean age 53,0 ± 8,4 years, 85 males and 22 females. The main group included 77 hypertensive patients who were divided into 2 groups based on the results of sleep study: 37 patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and 40 subjects without sleep-breathing disorders. Control group included 30 normotensive subjects without sleep apnea. All patients underwent clinical examination, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (SpaceLabs 90207, USA), cardiorespiratory study (Embletta Pds, MedCare Flaga, Iceland), assessment of autonomic regulation of blood circulation by Finometer (FMS, Amsterdam) and vasomotor reactivity by occlusion plethysmography according to Dohn. Results. Sleep apnea patients and hypertensives without sleep-breathing disorders had lower autonomic barorefl ex than controls (5,6 ± 2,8; 6,7 ± 1,6 and 9,8 ± 2,4 ms/mmHg, p < 0,005 and p < 0,01, respectively). Subjects with more severe sleep apnea demonstrated lower parameters of spontaneous arterial barorefl ex. Valsalva index was reduced in sleep apnea patients (1,45 ± 0,22) compared to hypertensive patients without sleep-breathing disorders (1,71 ± 0,31, p < 0,01) and controls (1,72 ± 0,25, p < 0,01). Forearm cutaneousmuscular blood fl ow velocity was decreased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (3,7 ± 1,7 ml/ min×100 cm 2 ) compared to controls (5,8 ± 2,2 ml/min×100 cm 2 , p < 0,05) and subjects without sleep apnea (6,5 ± 2,6 ml/min×100 cm 2 , p < 0,01). Conclusions. Lower control of arterial hypertension in hypertensive

The functional state of microcirculation and autonomic regulation in young subjects with different levels of subjectively experienced psychological stress

A comprehensive comparative analysis of hemodynamics, microcirculation (the method of laser Doppler flowmetry with an occlusion test and the optical tissue oxymetry), blood circulation neurohumoral regulation (analysis of heart rate variability, HRV) in apparently healthy young subjects with different levels of subjectively experienced emotional stress has been performed. Depending on the degree of everyday stress (acute and/or chronic), the character of the autonomic regulation of blood circulation, as well as the state of the microcirculation and its regulation substantially vary. Moderate stress is accompanied by coactivation of sympathetic-parasympathetic regulatory mechanisms with augmented HRV baroreflex regulation circuits, which compensates for hemodynamic changes and is not accompanied by hypotensive reactions. An increase in the activity of neurogenic and myogenic tones of microhemodynamics in the subjects with moderate stress, which determines a high probability of blood shunting in tested tissue and decrease in relative oxygen extraction, has been discovered. Moderate levels of stress are also associated with an increase in the latency of postocclusive vasoreactive hyperemia, which is considered to be an early sign of the endothelium-mediated dysfunction of microcirculation.

Effect of pentoxifylline on histopathological changes in steroid-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head: experimental study in chicken.

Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a derivative of methylxanthine and is used in peripheral vascular and cerebrovascular diseases for its effect on the regulation of blood circulation. We investigated whether PTX could be beneficial for femoral head osteonecrosis associated with steroid through these effects. Sixty mature Leghorn type chickens were chosen and divided into three groups. The 25 chickens in group A were given a weekly dose of 3mg/kg/week methylprednisolone acetate intramuscularly. Four chickens in group B died after the first drug injection and were excluded from the study. Therefore, the remaining 21 chickens in group B were additionally given 25mg/kg/day pentoxifylline intramuscularly, along with the steroid medication as given in group A. The ten chickens in group C were not given any injections, as they were accepted as the control group. After the sacrifice of the animals at week 14, both femoral heads were taken from each animal. The animals which died along the course of the study also underwent pathological examination but were not a part of the statistical analysis. In this study, steroid induced femoral head osteonecrosis has been experimentally observed in chickens after high doses of corticosteroid therapy. The chickens were given pentoxifylline in order to prevent the effects of steroid on bones and bone marrow. The results showed that chickens are suitable osteonecrosis models, and that steroid causes adipogenesis and necrosis in the bone marrow and the death of the subchondral bone. The results of this study hint at the assumption that PTX may have a positive benefit on ONFH. PTX seems to minimise the effects of the steroid and reduce the incidence of ONFH.

Information-measuring system for functional diagnostics of nervous regulation of blood circulation. Part II. The implementation

Description of information-measuring system (including hardware and software components) used for functional diagnostics of nervous regulation of blood circulation is provided. The structure of SAKR device designed for continuous measurement of arterial pressure pulse wave and respiratory flows, as well as for ECG detection is considered.

Information-measuring system for functional diagnostics of nervous regulation of blood circulation. I. The development

The paper discusses design concepts of special information-measuring system enabling to evaluate parameters of nervous regulation of blood circulation, being unavailable for direct measurements; evaluation of the parameters is based on solving the inverse problem. A methodology of making diagnostic decision regarding functional sufficiency of regulatory states is described.

Investigation of the autonomic regulation of blood circulation during seven-day dry immersion

The paper presents the results of the investigation of autonomic regulation of blood circulation and regulation of the modification by peroral amlodipine and myostimulation during seven-day dry immersion. It was shown that autonomic regulation readjusted in immersion towards predominance of sympathetic mechanisms. Myostimulation and peroral amlodipine modified regulation substantially mobilizing high level suprasegmentary structures. Pharmaceutical intervention seems to have a more complex and varying effect on people, including side effects. Presumably this was the cause of the poor orthostatic tolerance of several subjects.

EARLY AUTONOMIC CHANGES IN PATIENTS WITH NEWLY DIAGNOSED ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION: PP.25.05

Objective: The autonomic nervous system plays a key role in the regulation of blood circulation and its abnormal function is a major factor involved in the early phases of essential arterial hypertension. The objective of the study was to assess the differences between short-term variation in heart rate and blood pressure in healthy individuals and in a group of patients with newly diagnosed mild essential arterial hypertension. Design and Method: Three continuous 5-minute measurements of the ECG and blood pressure in supine position with different breathing patterns (spontaneous breathing, paced breathing 0.1 Hz and 0.33 Hz), were applied at 2 groups of subjects: young healthy (YH, 31 subjects, 13 female) and patients with newly diagnosed mild arterial hypertension (HT, 29 subjects, 12 female). Analyzed parameters: heart rate (HR), heart rate variability spectral power in low frequency (HRVlf) and high frequency (HRVhf) power bands, systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS). Results: Mean HR [beat/min] over groups YH/HT at 0.1Hz breathing is 69.9/73.2 (p = NS), during spontaneous breathing 66.1/72.9 (p = NS), and 0.33Hz breathing 67.1/72.8 (p = NS); mean HRVlf [ms2/1000] at 0.1Hz is 17.9/8.5 (p < 0.01), during spontaneous breathing 3.8/2.0 (p = NS) and at 0.33Hz 2.2/0.8 (p < 0.05); mean HRVhf [ms2/1000] at 0.1 Hz is 2.4/1.3 (p = NS), during spontaneous breathing 2.6/1.3 (p = NS) and at 0.33 Hz 2.1/0.7 (p = NS); mean BRS [ms/mmHg] at 0.1 Hz is 17.3/11.2 (p < 0.01), during spontaneous breathing 10.6/8.3 (p = NS) and at 0.33 Hz 9.9/5.9 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Increased risk of cardiac mortality is closely connected to decreased HRV and BRS as the markers of the short-term circulation control dysfunction. There are no significant differences between both groups in HRVlf, HRVhf and BRS during spontaneous breathing. Group differences in HRVlf and BRS are more significant (p < 0.01) at 0.1Hz breathing than during 0.33Hz breathing (p < 0.05). The 0.1Hz paced breathing is simple and convenient approach to amplify inter-groups differences of the cardiovascular control detected by the HRVlf and BRS in early stages of hypertension.

Expression Patterns of Endothelial and Inducible Nitric Oxide Isoforms in the Porcine Umbilical Cord

Stable fetal-placental blood pressure and flow are extremely important in fetal growth and development. Uncontrolled and long-standing increased or decreased vascular blood pressure in the umbilical cord (UC) affects hyperaemia or ischaemia and consequently causes fetal death. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most active factors controlling blood flow through relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle. In this study, we investigated endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase expression and NADPH-diaphorase activity (NADPH-d) in the porcine UC at various stages of pregnancy. The UCs were collected from pigs on days 40, 60, 75 and 90 of pregnancy and postpartum. Western blot analysis as well as immunohistochemical staining revealed protein presence for eNOS and iNOS in the UC of the pig. The eNOS expression was maintained at a significantly higher level in all analysed days of pregnancy when compared with postnatal stage. Additionally, a significant protein increase for eNOS was observed in a periplacental part of UC on day 90. There were no obvious differences in iNOS protein level in UC samples derived from different stages of pregnancy. NADPH-diaphorase histochemical activity was correlated with NOS immunoreactivity during all analysed days of pregnancy. These results suggest that NOS isoforms are responsible for regulation of blood circulation in UC and immune responses.

Adaptations of heart activity to physical exercise in female physical education teachers in the European North

Characteristics of heart activity were studied in female residents of the European North with ages between 25 and 59 years who were adapted to physical exercise. The results of studies of the biological age and the degree of training are presented. The mechanisms of adaptation and the specific features of the cardiovascular system (CVS) response to physical exercise depending on the duration of professional experience of subjects were determined. The greatest changes in the functional CVS characteristics were observed in the youngest (25–35 years) and oldest (46–59 years) subjects. This was shown to depend on the type of adaptation, age-specific characteristics, and moderately severe climatic conditions. Comparison of groups of subjects with different durations of professional experience showed that the speed of nervous processes decreased, the regulation of blood circulation became inert, and age-related shifts in some of the variables accelerated. These changes are considered to be the result of an increased expenditure of the physiological reserves of the body under different environmental conditions.

The morphological features and functional state of the adolescent organism under conditions of adaptation to the north

Features of physical development and constitution, functional parameters of the cardiorespiratory system (PWC170 and maximal oxygen consumption), and sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the regulation of blood circulation were studied in 12–16-year-old children of newcomers under conditions of adaptation to the Tyumen North. The percentage of adolescents with an excessive or a deficient body weight, growth lag, and delayed puberty was increased. The girls had a decreased efficiency. Age- and sex-related differences of the morphological and physiological parameters of subjects under study were found.

Synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II and IGF binding protein-2 by cultivated brain meningeal cells

The meninges (the pia mater and the arachnoid) covering the surface of brain parenchyma are known to participate in the regulation of blood circulation and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. In the present study, we isolated and characterized some of the major proteins secreted into the conditioned medium of the meningeal cell cultures prepared from 1–2-day-old rats. Five protein molecules (7 kDa, 16 kDa, 18 kDa, 27 kDa and 32 kDa) were recognized as major proteins in the conditioned medium by SDS-PAGE. The major proteins were isolated and purified to homogeneity, respectively. Their N-terminal sequences, except that of 27 kDa protein, were successfully determined. Homology search has revealed that the N-terminal sequences of the 7 kDa protein and the 32 kDa protein were identical with those of insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), respectively. The N-terminal sequences of the 16 kDa and 18 kDa molecules were identical with those of the corresponding fragments of IGFBP-2. The present study demonstrates that cultured meningeal cells produce and secrete large amounts of IGF-II and IGFBP-2. The meninges may, therefore, be one of the main sources of these proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid and involved in the modulation of neuronal and/or glial cell survival or functioning.

Localization and characterization of binding sites for endothelin in Harder's gland in rabbits.

The characterization and localization of binding sites for endothelin-1 (ET-1) labeled with iodine 125I were investigated in homogenized tissues and sections of Harder's glands of normal rabbits. The membrane of Harder's glands was harvested and incubated with 125I-ET-1 (0.25-1 nmol/L) in 20 +/- 4 mg of protein per 0.25 mL at 37 degrees C for 90 min in the presence of protease inhibitors. Specific labeling was assessed by coincubating unlabeled ET-1, ET-2, ET-3 and other unrelated cytokines. The tissue labeled with 125I-ET-1 was collected by filtration and counted in a gamma counter. For an in vitro autoradiography study, 15 microns cryostat sections were incubated with 125I-ET-1 (0.1 nmol/L). They were fixed, dipped in liquid emulsion and kept for 6 days before development. Membrane counting showed that the binding of 125I-ET-1 to Harder's gland was saturable. Scatchard data analysis revealed one class of binding with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.33 nmol/L and a maximal density of binding (Bmax) of 794 attomole/mg of protein. The binding was inhibited most by ET-1, followed by ET-2 and then ET-3 but not by unrelated peptides. Emulsion-dipped slides with sections showed specific high-density labeling mainly over structures identified from serial sections stained by hematoxylin-eosin as the walls of capillaries, arterioles, arteries, and veins of the glands. Less dense binding was found in both white and pink lobes of the gland. No binding was found in fat and connective tissues. The distribution of endothelin action sites in the glandular blood vessels and Harder's gland suggests that the peptide may have a role in the regulation of blood circulation and glandular secretion in the normal rabbit.

Regulation of Blood Circulation in Placenta of Normal and Toxemia of Pregnancy from the View Point of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

Regulation of Blood Circulation in Placenta of Normal and Toxemia of Pregnancy from the View Point of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis

Pathogenesis of the low cardiac output syndrome in postresuscitation states

Functional reserves of the cardiovascular system during sharp depression of the cardiac output in the postreanimation period after 15-minute cardiac arrest were studied in experiments on dogs (by loading with different fluid volumes). Acute hypervolemia did not produce any circulatory decompensation. Reinforcement of venous return and changes in the peripheral circulation due to polyglucine loading augmented the CVP temporarily, and produced a stable increase of the AP, of the cardiac output, systolic volume, the work of the left cardiac ventricle and of the total oxygen consumption by the organism. Meanwhile there was a decrease of the peripheral vascular resistance. In model experiments on dogs, which sustained 20-minute isolated compression ischemia the syndrome of low cardiac output developed too. This indicated the relation of this phenomenon to the disorders in the neuro-humoral regulation of blood circulation.