Regulations In Turkey Research Articles

Kent İçi Planlamada Eğitim Tesisi Yapıları İçin Bir Öneri

Educational facilities space is one of the public urban areas that should be given the most importance during the development works in settlements that are planned to be newly built or have the opportunity of urban transformation. Since education, which is one of the basic parameters of a country's development, is directly proportional to the investment given to it, the land allocated to educational facilities are among the main priorities of a qualified education. In this study, data were collected on the areas of educational facilities in the Western European and American urban areas. The data obtained are compared with the regulations in Turkey. Upon this, it has been tried to discuss with an example how the optimum educational facility area should be proportional to the population.

Actions, contexts, mechanisms and outcomes in macroprudential policy design and implementation

Causal mechanisms have received significant attention within the social sciences, and policy design and implementation occupy a prominent place in public policymaking. However, one area that has not received much attention in this literature is the causal mechanisms that are able to link policy instruments with outcomes due to operating within the appropriate contexts. This article seeks to fill this gap in the literature. Drawing on realistic evaluation and comparative historical institutionalism, and an exploratory case study on macroprudential regulation in Turkey between June 2011 and September 2016, this article argues that the success of macroprudential instruments in securing of macrofinancial stability is most likely when they trigger causal mechanisms that operate within the appropriate contexts.

Mobil Telekomünikasyon Piyasalarında Regülasyonun Ekonomik Etkileri: Türkiye de Numara Taşınabilirliği Örneği

The aim of this study is to analyze the economic effects of regulation in mobile telecommunications markets with the example of Number Portability in Turkey. In this study, switching costs as a factor preventing competition and mobile number portability as an example of regulation are taken into consideration. Switching costs affect the price elasticity of the consumer negatively and the loyalty of the customer positively, creating dependence and inertia, directing the consumer to buy again from the same firm, even if they are not satisfied with the current situation. Regulatory authorities in mobile telecommunications markets where these costs are observed are seeking to reduce these costs by implementing mobile number portability and create a more competitive structure. Examples from the world show that the effects of this regulation vary from country to country. In the empirical analysis, the long-term relationship between price and quantity in the Turkish Mobile Telecommunications Market is determined by cointegration with structural breaks analysis and the effect of the regulation on this relationship is examined. Considering the cost and goals, it was concluded that the regulation in Turkey creates a positive effect as a right and policy that promotes competition, but does not achieve its purpose

Türkiye’deki Psikiyatri Hekimlerinin Adli Psikiyatri Bilgi Düzeyi Nedir? “Sizce Adli Psikiyatri Bir Yan Dal Olmalı mıdır?”

Amaç: Adli Psikiyatri pek çok ülkede hali hazırda psikiyatrinin bir yan dalı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ancak ülkemizde henüz yapılandırılmış bir eğitimi yoktur. Bu çalışmayla, psikiyatri hekimlerinde, sağlık hukuku temel bakış açısıyla adli psikiyatri alanında biriken bilginin düzeyini ölçmek ve camiada adli psikiyatrinin yan dal olmasına bakış açısını ve bunun belirleyicilerini saptamak istedik.
 Yöntem: Veriler, Türkiye’de psikiyatri hekimlerinin çoğunluğunun üye olduğu elektronik posta grubunda duyurulmak suretiyle, internet anketi yöntemi ile elde edilmiştir. Örneklemi, çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden Türkiye genelinde bulunan, kamu (Devlet Hastanesi, Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi, Üniversite Hastanesi) (184 kişi) ve özel hastaneler (8 kişi) ile özel muayenehanede (15 kişi) görev yapan 207 psikiyatri hekimi oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama araçları olarak, araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan “Demografik Bilgiler Anketi” ile “Psikiyatri Hekimlerinin Sağlık Hukukundaki Bilgi Düzeylerinin Saptanması Bilgi Düzeyi Anketi” kullanılmıştır.
 Bulgular:Bilgi Düzeyi Anketi’ne verilen 1 ve 5 puan arasındaki cevapların ortalaması 3,44 olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan hekimlerin 187’si (%90,3’ü) Adli Psikiyatrinin bir yan dal olarak tanımlanması gerektiğini düşünürken, 20’si (%9,7’si) ise gerek olmadığını ifade etmiştir. Cinsiyet, unvan, Adli psikiyatri rotasyonu yapmış olma, 8. Soruya doğru yanıt verme kontrol edildiğinde tek başına yaş arttıkça Adli Psikiyatriyi yan dal olarak istememe artmaktadır.
 Tartışma: Bilgi düzeyi ortalaması unvandan, mesleki tecrübeden, eğitim alınan kurum tipinden, asistanlık döneminde pratik ya da teorik adli psikiyatri eğitimi alıp almamaktan etkilenmemektedir. Bunun sebebi hekimlerin kendi çabaları ile bu bilgilere ulaşma çabaları olabilir. Tecrübeli hekimlerin adli psikiyatriyi yan dal olarak daha az görmek istemelerinin nedeni, bu hekimlerin, psikiyatristlerin psikiyatriyi bir bütün olarak ele almaları ve adli mevzulara da psikiyatrinin en az ...

How complete are individualized education programmes developed for students with disabilities served in inclusive classroom settings?

ABSTRACTDevelopment of high-quality individualized education programmes (IEP) is vital for students with disabilities. Although legislations and literature provide guidelines for which components to be included in IEPs, there is limited research about whether these components are actually included in IEPs developed for students with disabilities served in inclusive classrooms in Turkey. In this study, we explored the extent to which IEPs include components required by laws and regulations in Turkey and those recommended by inclusive education literature and whether there was a relationship between student characteristics and percentages of legal or recommended components included in IEPs. We evaluated 206 IEPs obtained from 60 inclusive elementary schools located in 26 different cities. We developed an IEP Component Checklist to evaluate whether IEPs included legal requirements and recommended components. Descriptive findings of the study demonstrated that IEPs failed to include majority of legal requirements and recommended components. Correlational findings indicated that percentages of legal requirements or recommended components included in IEPs were not associated with student characteristics. Findings were discussed in relation to the extant literate and recommendations for future research and practice were provided.

Party regulation in Turkey: a comparison with modern Europe

ABSTRACTThe Turkish party law (TPL) has thus far been studied only in isolation. We do not have any knowledge of where it stands compared to other party laws. This study fills this gap by comparing the TPL with other European party laws. It codes the TPL according to the categories of party regulation that exists in the current literature and finds that the TPL is the third-most heavily regulated party law in Europe. While it is particularly keen on regulating the ‘activity and behavior’ and ‘programmatic identity’ of parties similar to Ukrainian and Spanish party laws, it is significantly behind in regulating the ‘party finance’ and ‘external oversight’ compared to other European countries. This article discusses the implications of these findings on contemporary Turkish politics, arguing that the TPL's thick definition of an ‘anti-system party’ contributes to the current democratic recession in Turkey.

Family context of low-income young children and their self-regulation in the United States and Turkey

ABSTRACT The current study examines the contributions of family context (e.g. life events, home environments) to low-income preschool children’s self-regulation (behaviour regulation and executive function) in the United States and Turkey. Participants were 1139 low-income children (486 from the U.S. and 653 from Turkey) and their parents. Children’s self-regulation was assessed via structured tasks and family related variables such as life events, home environments, and demographic information were assessed via parent-report. Results from regression analyses showed that child’s age-predicted behaviour regulation and executive function in children both from the U.S. and Turkey. Child gender, favouring girls predicted behaviour regulation and executive function and parent–child verbal interaction was associated with behaviour regulation only in the U.S. Family structure (favouring living in a two-parent household) predicted executive function and economic change predicted behaviour regulation in Turkey. Contributions and future directions were also discussed.

An investigation of anthropogenic pollution in soil samples from residential areas in Erzincan city center and its vicinity by evaluating chemical factors

To measure heavy metal pollution, 42 different soil samples were collected and analyzed from the center, cities, and villages of Erzincan. Average element concentrations in the soil samples in micrograms per gram were as follows: Cadmium (Cd, 6.1), Cobalt (Co, 52.2), Chromium (Cr, 739.6), Copper (Cu, 51.3), Nickel (Ni, 638.4), Lead (Pb, 14.2), and Zinc(Zn, 85.7), and these results were incompatible with natural background values. Heavy metal concentrations were at high levels, especially in agricultural regions and regions with mineral deposits. The results were compared to the allowable levels in soil dictated by pollution regulations in Turkey and some European countries. Krige (1962) method was used to evaluate the distribution of concentrations of heavy metals. Various methods such as Reverse Distance Weighted Interpolation Method (IDW), Local Polynomial, Radial-Based Function, and Kriging were used in preparing density maps. In the maps obtained, critical values for each heavy metal are defined. In addition, these critical values were compared with Krauskopf (1979) values. In this comparison, the values obtained in the samples showed ultramafic rocks in Erzincan region.

Assessment of the results of a three-year program for National Standardization and Quality Improvement of Medical Laboratories on Drug of Abuse Testing by the Ministry of Health in Turkey.

The aim of this study is to assess the results of inspections in the last threeyears of drug abuse testing in medical laboratories according to the latest regulations in Turkey. The on-site inspections of medical laboratories for drugs abuse testing performed in Alcohol and Drug Addiction Treatment Centers during 2014-2016 are described, and laboratory processes and performance evaluated. The performance of 35 laboratories in 2014, 62 laboratories in 2015, and 94 laboratories in 2016 were scored as the sum of the scores for all answers on the inspection form. An inspected laboratory was considered to have an unconformity if the total score was less than 2/3 of maximum score. The total scores of inspections and the number of laboratories with between years were compared using one-way analysis of variance and slope Chi-square for trend test, respectively. Total scores increased statistically significantly from 35.9±16.2 in 2014, to 43.5±16.3 in 2015 and 49.1±1.3 in 2016 (p<0.001). The laboratories with unconformities decreased statistically significantly from 57% in 2014 to 37% in 2015 and 22% in 2016 (p<0.001). The published legislation and the inspections contributed to national standardization and improved quality of service in medical laboratories for drug abuse testing.

Semi-Automatic 3D City Model Generation from Large-Format Aerial Images

3D city models have become crucial for better city management, and can be used for various purposes such as disaster management, navigation, solar potential computation and planning simulations. 3D city models are not only visual models, and they can also be used for thematic queries and analyzes with the help of semantic data. The models can be produced using different data sources and methods. In this study, vector basemaps and large-format aerial images, which are regularly produced in accordance with the large scale map production regulations in Turkey, have been used to develop a workflow for semi-automatic 3D city model generation. The aim of this study is to propose a procedure for the production of 3D city models from existing aerial photogrammetric datasets without additional data acquisition efforts and/or costly manual editing. To prove the methodology, a 3D city model has been generated with semi-automatic methods at LoD2 (Level of Detail 2) of CityGML (City Geographic Markup Language) using the data of the study area over Cesme Town of Izmir Province, Turkey. The generated model is automatically textured and additional developments have been performed for 3D visualization of the model on the web. The problems encountered throughout the study and approaches to solve them are presented here. Consequently, the approach introduced in this study yields promising results for low-cost 3D city model production with the data at hand.

Hazardous Wastes and Waste Generation Factors Originating from Battery and Accumulator Manufacturing Sector in Turkey

Background: Accurate and realistic data regarding hazardous waste generation is required to make improvements in the effective management of hazardous wastes. Battery and accumulator manufacturing industry is one of the priority industries which was investigated in this study under the project named “Hazardous Waste Management in Compliance with European Union Environmental Regulations in Turkey”. The project investigated a number of different industries for the development of an internet-based system named as “The Hazardous Waste Declaration System” in order to meet the requirements of Turkey for hazardous waste management. Objective: In this paper, hazardous waste generation factors were asserted by means of the type and quantity of the hazardous waste originated from the battery and accumulator manufacturing sectors. Method: For this purpose, field studies were conducted in an industrial plant operating in the sector, in order to determine all inputs and outputs of the current manufacturing process utilized. Concurrently, hazardous waste generation declarations made by the industries in the years 2009 and 2010 to the Hazardous Waste Declaration System were evaluated and a range of hazardous waste generation factors were created using the possible minimum and maximum quantities for each waste and the results were compared with the data given in the literature. Results: This paper presents the waste lists and the hazardous waste generation factors for the battery and accumulator manufacturing sectors. Conclusion: It is believed that the study will provide invaluable information for other battery and accumulator manufacturing industries from the point of types and quantities and the management of hazardous wastes generated.

Coastal and marine zone legislation within the concept of land management in Turkey

In this study, the development of coastal and maritime zone legislation in Turkey was examined within the scope of e-government policy, and for a comparative analysis, the changes made in past legislation were included. For this purpose, the study determined the regulations in Turkey dealing with coastal and marine areas as found in different laws and statutory decrees, ordinances, communiqués, directives, general principles and in particular, the Constitution and the Civil Code. The institutions that carry out coastal and marine area activities were revealed by referring to the laws and to the ‘State Organization Database’. An activity matrix was established linking the laws and their associated activities. The maritime borders of Turkey were presented in terms of international law and evaluations were made on the findings.

Structural features of cold-formed steel profiles

Using capacity of cold-formed steel sections increases thanks to the opportunities which are offered by the developing technology. Low production cost and variety of profiles that can be produce easy, fast, high quality provide to improve its popularity as a structural material. In production, Sulphur and Phosphorous accumulation region occurs at intersection region of flanges and web of hot rolled steel profile. This causes to decrease strength of profile. Other difference between cold-formed and hot rolled steel sections is that mechanical properties of steel material homogeneously distributes throughout the profile. Both in frame and truss systems, cold-formed steel profiles develop both as main and secondary bearing element. These present variety options to the designers with pure, galvanized, aluminized applications. As with many building materials, mechanical behavior of cold-formed steel profile is quite complex due to the nature of thin walled steel sections. Design and analysis methods of cold-formed steel profile are rapidly shaped day by day. The general theory of beams investigated in past studies make possible analyses of cold-formed steel profile. Moreover, in structural systems, using of cold-formed steel profile provide height strength besides sustainable, environmentalist, green building because it requires less material and cost. Although these profiles have many advantages, use of cold-formed steel profiles in our country structures is rather limited unfortunately. New steel construction regulations in Turkey also do not mention cold-formed thin walled steel structure. Main purpose of this study reviews structural specifications of cold-formed steel profiles which are applied world-wide.

Governmental regulation of tourism development in Turkey: experience for Ukraine

Turkey has a high level of competitiveness and prerequisites for reaching the leading positions on the world stage of tourist services. It is a result of the effective state tourism policy, which ensures the stable functioning of the organized national market of the tourism industry. Therefore, the analysis of the state regulation of the tourism sphere based on the experience of Turkey is relevant and can contribute to the overcoming of the disadvantages and to the development of strong and unique aspects of tourism national market.The subject of research of the article is the state regulation of tourism in Turkey, which can become an example for the development of tourism in Ukraine. The goal is the analysis of the state regulation of the tourism sphere in Turkey and the development of proposals for improving the state tourism management policy in Ukraine. The objectives are to research the tourism development and the state regulation in Turkey and Ukraine, to determine the possibilities of adaptation of the Turkish Republic experience in practice of the domestic tourism. General scientific methods are used, such as system analysis – to determine the peculiarities of the state regulation of tourism in the Republic of Turkey and in Ukraine, comparative analysis– to characterize the recreational resources, tourism infrastructure, statistical analysis– to review the dynamics and patterns of the tourism development in Turkey and Ukraine.The following results were obtained: on the basis of the analysis the problem aspects and the priority orientations for the reorganization of mechanism of the state tourism regulation in Ukraine based on the experience of Turkey were identified. Conclusions: the experience of the state regulation of the tourism sphere in Turkey should be used as recommendations for determination of the modernized strategy of Ukraine in the world tourist market.

FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC/BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE HYBRID SYSTEM: AN HOURLY ESTIMATION BASED APPROACH AND A REAL LIFE CASE STUDY

This study has been undertaken to develop a consumer-oriented feasibility method for a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-battery energy storage (BES) system by analyzing a real life house in Istanbul, Turkey, as a case study. The hourly electricity demand of the house was estimated by carrying out a detailed survey of the life style and daily habits of the household. No algorithm of any kind was used for the estimation of the energy demand with the exception of relating the lighting requirement to the daylight hours and the heating and cooling requirements to the seasonal weather changes. The developed method estimates the annual demand with an overall error of 8.68%. The net grid dependency and the feasibility of the PV-BES system was calculated for different combinations of PV and BES system sizes. It was found that when the maximum available roof area is used for PV installation and when the BES system size is increased, it is possible to achieve almost zero net grid dependency, and it is estimated that houses that are in regions with more abundant solar radiation and/or with lower annual electricity consumption, can reach zero net grid dependency. However, the feasibility indicator, which is the payback period, turned out to be no less than 25 years in any of the scenarios. The reasons for the infeasibility are the high prices of PV and BES systems as well as the current restriction in the regulations in Turkey, which prevents BES system owners from participating in unlicensed energy generation schemes and selling excess electricity back to the grid. In order to overcome this situation, regulations should be updated to allow BES system owners to benefit from feed-in-tariff schemes, thereby increasing the popularity of both PV and BES usage in Turkey.

INTERNATIONALIZATION OF TOURISM SPECIALISTS’ VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN TURKEY AND UKRAINE

The article highlights the urgency of internationalization processes in vocational training of tourism specialists in Turkey and Ukraine. The structure of national education systems and the peculiarities of tourism specialists’ vocational training in vocational education institutions of Turkey and Ukraine have been presented. It has been revealed that the Turkish national education system is divided into formal and informal. It has been pointed out that Turkish schools for commerce and tourism are similar to the Ukrainian higher vocational schools of tourism. It has been indicated that vocational training of tourism and hospitality specialists in Ukraine is carried out in vocational schools, technical schools, colleges, higher education institutions. It has been revealed that on the way to international integration and promotion of a positive image of tourism industry in the world, both Turkey and Ukraine have faced the need to improve the system of vocational training of tourism and hospitality specialists on the basis of studying inter-nationalization processes and their influence on development of the national educa-tion systems. The international documents on the tourism development regulation in Turkey have been analyzed; the intergovernmental agreements of Ukraine aimed at establishing effective cooperation in the field of vocational training of tourism specialists have been considered. The perspective tasks related to approximation of the quality of tourism specialists’ vocational training in Ukraine to the inter-national requirements of the tourism industry have been outlined. They are as follows: to achieve correspondence of relevant syllabi and training programmes to international standards; to ensure multidisciplinarity of syllabi and training pro-grammes, integration of international elements into curricula; to form individual mobility of the subjects of learning; to promote institutional partnership: to involve domestic (national) and foreign (international) investments in order to create an effective, cross-border system of vocational training of future tourism specialists.

Hazardous wastes and waste generation factors for plastic products manufacturing industries in Turkey

Abstract A project titled “Hazardous Waste Management in Compliance with European Union Environmental Regulations in Turkey” was carried out with the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey on behalf of the Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning in Turkey. In this project, several industries were examined for improving an internet based system called “Hazardous Waste Declaration System” (HWDS) and meeting the requirements of Turkey. Hazardous waste lists and hazardous waste generation quantities per unit manufacturing (hazardous waste generation factors, HWGFs) for the plastic product manufacturing industry were determined based on the data obtained from these studies. At the same time, declarations of hazardous waste generation quantity made by the organizations in this industry in 2009 and 2010 to HWDS and the literature data were evaluated and the range of HWGFs was created by assessing possible minimum and maximum quantities for each waste. This paper presents the results of the studies conducted in plastic product manufacturing industry in Turkey. The waste lists determined along with the HWGF ranges are presented. HWGFs for manufacturing processes in the plastic industries were calculated in the range of 11.5–100 kg t−1 in this study and can be used to calculate the amount of hazardous waste for other similar process in the plastic industries. Therefore, it is believed that the results of the study will be useful for determining the types and quantities and the management of hazardous wastes generated by similar plastic product manufacturing industries in the developing world.

Regulatory Compliance Costs on International Banks in Turkey

&lt;p&gt;The Turkish government set a policy to become a regional financial center in 2007. This policy involved encouraging international banks to enter Turkey and take a more prominent role in the Turkish banking industry. Since then the progress has been slow to achieve this policy objective. The primary indicator of being a financial center is to have the presence of international banks. Even though there are many representative offices in Turkey, few of them changed their status to subsidiary or branch to this day. On the contrary, some international banks announced that they would downsize their operations. Representative offices have lower investment and compliance cost than that of branches and subsidiaries. Banking regulations in Turkey does not differentiate much by type, operations and size. Also international banks have to comply their head office rules in line with regulators in their home countries. In this article, we focus on the regulatory compliance costs on international banks to open branches and to establish subsidiaries with niche market strategy in Turkey. We argue that regulatory compliance costs play a major role on the reluctance of international banks’ lack of enthusiasm.&lt;/p&gt;

The Scope, Quality and Safety Requirements of Drug Abuse Testing

The aim of this review is to inform about the scopes and requirements of drug abuse testing. Drug abuse testing is one of the tools for determination of drug use. It must fulfill the quality and safety requirements in judgmental legal and administrative decisions. Drug abuse testing must fulfill some requirements like selection of the appropriate test matrix, appropriate screening test panel, sampling in detection window, patient consent, identification of the donor, appropriate collection site, sample collection with observation, identification and control of the sample, specimen custody chain in preanalytical phase; analysis in authorized laboratories, specimen validity tests, reliable testing METHODS, strict quality control, two-step analysis in analytical phase; storage of the split specimen, confirmation of the split specimen in the objection, result custody chain, appropriate cut-off concentration, the appropriate interpretation of the result in postanalytical phase. The workflow and analytical processes of drug abuse testing are explained in last regulation of the Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Ministry of Health in Turkey. The clinical physicians have to know and apply the quality and safety requirements in drug abuse testing according to last regulations in Turkey.

Assessment of Earth Structure Standards and Regulations in Turkey and World in the Scope of Ecological Design

Assessment of Earth Structure Standards and Regulations in Turkey and World in the Scope of Ecological Design