Regulation In Bangladesh Research Articles

Light Pollution: To What Extent We are Concerned About

Light pollution is now a global problem with a catastrophic impact on human health, environment, ecology, plant life cycle, and animals. Some nations have enacted laws aimed at limiting light pollution. Unfortunately, there is no such regulation in Bangladesh, and if there is, it is not being enforced. In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate people's perceptions of light pollution in Bangladesh. This study collected three hundred forty samples using a convenient sampling technique. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the data. Among the sources, the respondents identified commercial light, fireworks, light from the market, and light from billboards as the major sources of light pollution. Besides light from the neighbor's house, own domestic light, events light, and light from home were assumed to be the significant disturbing light sources. Findings showed that most respondents agreed with the hazardous impact of light pollution on human health, animals, the environment, and the ecosystem. Among the possible solutions, respondents recommended developing awareness, limiting light at night-time, cutting off unnecessary lights, and reducing the frequent use of decorative lights. Results conclude that people have a sound understanding and good perception of light pollution. So the associate agents can take appropriate steps toward light pollution control.

Determinants of Food Safety Regulation in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis

A well-functioning food safety regulatory arrangement is important for ensuring the standards of foodstuffs, better food business, and the protection of public health in a given country. This article deals with the perceived determinants of the food safety regulation in Bangladesh. Based on literature review, we propose an analytical framework and identify key determinants that might influence effective food safety regulation in a developing country like Bangladesh. We then conduct a perception survey on 200 different kinds of stakeholders involved with the regulation of foodstuffs standards. We utilize descriptive mode of statistical analysis in our study. In our findings, actual autonomy of the main regulatory agency, and actual inter-organizational coordination are perceived as important determinates of effective food safety regulation. Proper enforcement of regulation, and accountability and transparency are perceived another factors of quality food safety regulation. It is also perceived that penalties are not sufficient enough for the food safety offences. Technical personnel and the state of the art laboratory facilities are other determinants of the regulation of food safety. Again, decentralized food safety regulatory network is perceived as very important determinant of the control of the food safety hazards at all level as well as an effective regulatory arrangement. The policy makers need to take into account the perceived determinates for desired food safety regulatory outcome in Bangladesh.

Big data and predictive analytics in healthcare in Bangladesh: regulatory challenges

Big data analytics and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing the global healthcare industry. As the world accumulates unfathomable volumes of data and health technology grows more and more critical to the advancement of medicine, policymakers and regulators are faced with tough challenges around data security and data privacy. This paper reviews existing regulatory frameworks for artificial intelligence-based medical devices and health data privacy in Bangladesh. The study is legal research employing a comparative approach where data is collected from primary and secondary legal materials and filtered based on policies relating to medical data privacy and medical device regulation of Bangladesh. Such policies are then compared with benchmark policies of the European Union and the USA to test the adequacy of the present regulatory framework of Bangladesh and identify the gaps in the current regulation. The study highlights the gaps in policy and regulation in Bangladesh that are hampering the widespread adoption of big data analytics and artificial intelligence in the industry. Despite the vast benefits that big data would bring to Bangladesh's healthcare industry, it lacks the proper data governance and legal framework necessary to gain consumer trust and move forward. Policymakers and regulators must work collaboratively with clinicians, patients and industry to adopt a new regulatory framework that harnesses the potential of big data but ensures adequate privacy and security of personal data. The article opens valuable insight to regulators, academicians, researchers and legal practitioners regarding the present regulatory loopholes in Bangladesh involving exploiting the promise of big data in the medical field. The study concludes with the recommendation for future research into the area of privacy as it relates to artificial intelligence-based medical devices should consult the patients' perspective by employing quantitative analysis research methodology.

The Post-Rana Plaza Regime : Multi-level labour regulation in Bangladesh’s RMG sector

In the wake of the Rana Plaza tragedy, the Accord and the Alliance were launched as two separate private initiatives alongside the National Initiative (NI) to improve the workplace safety of ready-made garment (RMG) workers in Bangladesh. Together, these three initiatives created multi-level labour regulation with both vertical and horizontal layering. From a multi-level governance perspective, we conducted qualitative research by means of interviews (N = 41) and archival data to analyze the post- Rana Plaza labour regulation experience of Bangladesh’s RMG sector. While our findings indicate the effectiveness of the vertical flow of institutional regulation, they also reveal significant horizontal challenges during implementation of the private initiatives alongside the public NI. Participants believed that the Accord and the Alliance were more effective than individual corporation-led private monitoring because they both approached intervention with a focus on select safety issues with time-bound deliverables, expertise and resources and with effective exercise of sanctions for noncompliance. In contrast, most of the participants saw the NI as much less effective, deploring its insufficient resources, lack of transparency in reporting progress and “softness” in punishing noncompliance. Horizontal operations of the Accord and the Alliance along with those of the NI created some complexities, such as differences in remediation recommendations, an oppositional attitude among non-public and public regulatory team members and a burden of remediation costs on factory owners. In the absence of a legal basis for international labour regulation, these findings will help provide a nuanced understanding of the power dynamics involved in negotiating the revised form and extent of international regulation after the expiration of the Accord and the Alliance, thus shedding light on the ever-evolving forms of international labour regulation. This research will contribute to debate among policy makers and scholars on how best to improve workers’ safety in globally dispersed production networks.SummaryFollowing the Rana Plaza tragedy, two private institutional regulation initiatives, the Accord and Alliance, emerged to address ready-made garment workers’ safety in Bangladesh, alongside the public National Initiative. These three initiatives constitute multi-level regulation with vertical and horizontal layering. Employing this governance framework, this qualitative study analyzes these initiatives using interviews (N=41) and archival data. Our findings suggest an effective vertical flow of private institutional regulation but reveal significant horizontal challenges. We also examine the power dynamics during implementation and in negotiating international regulation after the expiration of the Accord and Alliance, in the absence of a legal basis for international labour regulation. This research contributes to the debate among policy makers and scholars over how to improve workers’ safety in globally dispersed production networks.

Review of electricity laws and regulations of Bangladesh

The electricity regulatory framework in Bangladesh is in the process of reforms since its inception. The salient features of the reforms include converting the electricity sector from public service to private service, shifting bureaucratic governance to corporate governance, reducing command and control regulation and establishing a regulatory commission. The aim of this paper is to review the existing laws and regulations in relation to electricity regulation in Bangladesh with a view to assessing the efficiency of the electricity regulatory framework. The findings suggest that electricity regulations need to be stable and predictable, and regulatory institutions should be coordinated, independent and accountable.

Unintended Consequences of mHealth Interactive Voice Messages Promoting Contraceptive Use After Menstrual Regulation in Bangladesh: Intimate Partner Violence Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Mobile phones for health (mHealth) hold promise for delivering behavioral interventions. We evaluated the effect of automated interactive voice messages promoting contraceptive use with a focus on long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) among women in Bangladesh who had undergone menstrual regulation (MR), a procedure to "regulate the menstrual cycle when menstruation is absent for a short duration." We recruited MR clients from 41 public- and private-sector clinics immediately after MR. Eligibility criteria included having a personal mobile phone and consenting to receive messages about family planning by phone. We randomized participants remotely to an intervention group that received at least 11 voice messages about contraception over 4 months or to a control group (no messages). The primary outcome was LARC use at 4 months. Adverse events measured included experience of intimate partner violence (IPV). Researchers recruiting participants and 1 analyst were blinded to allocation groups. All analyses were intention to treat. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02579785). Between December 2015 and March 2016, 485 women were allocated to the intervention group and 484 to the control group. We completed follow-up on 389 intervention and 383 control participants. Forty-eight (12%) participants in the intervention group and 59 (15%) in the control group reported using a LARC method at 4 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] using multiple imputation=0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.49 to 1.83; P=.22). Reported physical IPV was higher in the intervention group: 42 (11%) intervention versus 25 (7%) control (aOR=1.97; 95% CI=1.12 to 3.46; P=.03) when measured using a closed question naming acts of violence. No violence was reported in response to an open question about effects of being in the study. The intervention did not increase LARC use but had an unintended consequence of increasing self-reported IPV. Researchers and health program designers should consider possible negative impacts when designing and evaluating mHealth and other reproductive health interventions. IPV must be measured using closed questions naming acts of violence.

Practical application of anti-money laundering requirements in Bangladesh

PurposeThis paper aims to provide an insight into anti-money laundering (AML) regulations in light of the global AML framework. Specific analysis is drawn using a case study of Bangladesh – the national financial culture within the country is carefully examined to establish the extent to which it is conducive to adopting such frameworks. Particular focus is placed on customer due diligence requirements, and the unique challenges posed by alternative remittance systems. The paper evaluates the impact of globalisation as well as the correlation between developments based on resources available to the respective state.Design/methodology/approachThe research has primarily been conducted through the usage of relevant websites (reports compiled by national and international agencies) and journal articles in electronic format. References have been made to studies and works carried out by authors on the global AML framework.FindingsThe internal structural development of Bangladesh must be enhanced and the various social and economic issues must be overcome before a practical AML framework can be successfully implemented.Research limitations/implicationsThe lack of published works on AML in Bangladesh is a shortcoming, and more work on this subject is encouraged. The absence of specific AML reports on Bangladesh has resulted in some informed assumptions based on other developing countries.Practical implicationsThe research provides a deep insight into the global AML framework, how it can be applied to developing countries like Bangladesh and the drawbacks of implementing a universal framework domestically.Originality/valueThe study provides an innovative analysis, examining aspects of AML regulation in Bangladesh which have not previously been effectively studied.

Telecommunication Regulation in Bangladesh: An overview

Technology, as everybody will agree, is increasingly getting involved in language education. In teaching English as an International Language (EIL), as a matter of fact, there is an apparent need for integrating technology into English Language Teaching (ELT) education. This need has eventually brought about a new scope for ELT in the form of a new genre: ‘Computer Assisted Language Learning’ (CALL). Following a Mixed Method Approach, this study investigates some of the issues relating to the use of CALL in the Department of English Language and Literature (ELL) at International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC). The findings indicate some barriers that seem to impede the integration and the implementation of CALL in the department.IIUC Studies Vol.10 & 11 December 2014: 157-172

Women's experiences with medication for menstrual regulation in Bangladesh

Menstrual regulation has been legal in Bangladesh since 1974, but the use of medication for menstrual regulation is new. In this study, we sought to understand women's experiences using medication for menstrual regulation in Bangladesh. We conducted 20 in-depth interviews with rural and urban women between December 2013 and February 2014. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, translated, computer recorded and coded for analysis. The majority of women in our study had had positive experiences with medication for menstrual regulation and successful outcomes, regardless of whether they obtained their medication from medicine sellers/pharmacies, doctors or clinics. Women were strongly influenced by health providers when deciding which method to use. There is a need to educate not only women of reproductive age, but also communities as a whole, about medication for menstrual regulation, with a particular emphasis on cost and branding the medication. Continued efforts to improve counselling by providers about the dose, medication and side-effects of medication for menstrual regulation, along with education of the community about medication as an option for menstrual regulation, will help to de-stigmatise the procedure and the women who seek it.

Bank Size, Risk-taking and Capital Regulation in Bangladesh

This study examines the impact of bank size on bank regulatory capital ratios and risk-taking behavior using a panel dataset of 30 Bangladeshi commercial banks over the period 2008-2012. The relationship between bank regulatory capital ratios and bank risk-taking is also examined. For empirical analysis, generalized methods of moments (GMM) panel method are used to explore the relationships among bank size, regulatory capital ratios and risk-taking behavior. Empirical results show that large banks hold lower amount of capital and take higher level of risk. Findings also show a reverse relationship between bank capital levels and bank risk-taking; that is, banks holding higher levels of regulatory capital are significantly less risky. Findings of this study has important implications for the Bangladeshi government, policy makers, banking regulators and bank stakeholders regarding bank size, regulatory capital requirements and overall banking sector risk-taking behavior.

Acceptability and Feasibility of Mifepristone-Misoprostol for Menstrual Regulation in Bangladesh

Annually, more than 700,000 women turn to menstrual regulation, or uterine evacuation with vacuum aspiration; many more resort to unsafe abortion. Using pills for the evacuation of the uterus could increase women's access to safe menstrual regulation services and reduce the high levels of abortion- and menstrual regulation- related morbidity in Bangladesh. At 10 facilities in Bangladesh, 651 consenting women who were seeking menstrual regulation services and who were 63 days or less past their last menstrual period received 200 mg of mifepristone followed 24 hours later by 800 mcg of buccal misoprostol, administered either at home or in the clinic. Prospective data were collected to determine women's experience and satisfaction with the procedure, menstrual regulation outcome, and the human and physical resources required for providing the method. Focus group discussions were conducted with a purposively sampled group of service providers at each site to understand their attitudes about the introduction of menstrual regulation with medication. The majority of women (93%) with known menstrual regulation outcomes evacuated the uterus without surgical intervention. Overall, most women (92%) were satisfied with use of pills for their menstrual regulation. Providers faced initial challenges and concerns, particularly related to the additional counseling requirements and lack of control over the final outcome, but became more confident after successful use of the medication regimen. Mifepristone-misoprostol can be safely offered within existing menstrual regulation services in urban and periurban areas in Bangladesh and is highly acceptable to women. Providers' initial concerns diminish with increased experience with the method.

Investor protection by securities regulators in the primary share markets in Australia and Bangladesh

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discover the weaknesses of initial public offering (IPO) regulation in Bangladesh in the light of the relevant law and practice in Australia.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative analysis of archival materials has been carried out to achieve the objective of the paper. Two different sets of legal provisions dealing with some selected issues relevant to the regulation primary share markets have been compared and contrasted. The level of market development, composition and performance of securities regulators and the level of investor sophistication have been critically in this paper in discussing aspects of regulation.FindingsThis paper finds that the IPO regulation in Bangladesh is weaker than that in Australia. The major weaknesses may be attributed to different factors such as the adoption of the disclosure philosophy prematurely by discarding the previous merit regulation in 1999 for a pre‐emerging securities market, lack of experienced and well‐trained people in the composition of securities regulators, lack of regulatory authority to sue for compensation on behalf of investors in the absence of shareholders class action, lack of authority to regulate auditors and lawyers who play significant roles in preparing defective prospectuses for public consumption. Findings also suggest that adequate investor protection cannot be ensured by regulatory measures alone, investors should be educated to protect themselves in the first place against the cupidity of issuers.Originality/valueIt provides an insight into an effective IPO regulatory regime. An immediate implementation of the recommendations made in this paper may contribute to improving the legal and regulatory regime for the primary share market in Bangladesh which may set a good example for others.

Abstract: 18 CLINICAL USE OF STATINS

Big data analytics and artificial intelligence are revolutionizing the global healthcare industry. As the world accumulates unfathomable volumes of data and health technology grows more and more critical to the advancement of medicine, policymakers and regulators are faced with tough challenges around data security and data privacy. This paper reviews existing regulatory frameworks for artificial intelligence-based medical devices and health data privacy in Bangladesh. The study is legal research employing a comparative approach where data is collected from primary and secondary legal materials and filtered based on policies relating to medical data privacy and medical device regulation of Bangladesh. Such policies are then compared with benchmark policies of the European Union and the USA to test the adequacy of the present regulatory framework of Bangladesh and identify the gaps in the current regulation. The study highlights the gaps in policy and regulation in Bangladesh that are hampering the widespread adoption of big data analytics and artificial intelligence in the industry. Despite the vast benefits that big data would bring to Bangladesh's healthcare industry, it lacks the proper data governance and legal framework necessary to gain consumer trust and move forward. Policymakers and regulators must work collaboratively with clinicians, patients and industry to adopt a new regulatory framework that harnesses the potential of big data but ensures adequate privacy and security of personal data. The article opens valuable insight to regulators, academicians, researchers and legal practitioners regarding the present regulatory loopholes in Bangladesh involving exploiting the promise of big data in the medical field. The study concludes with the recommendation for future research into the area of privacy as it relates to artificial intelligence-based medical devices should consult the patients' perspective by employing quantitative analysis research methodology.

Basel II Issues & Implications - Capital Shortfall of Bangladeshi Banks

This paper is to address BASEL II issues & its implications in Bangladesh. The current regulation in Bangladesh is parallel to that of BIS guidelines. To add a cushion, 10% of RWA or minimum threshold has been defined by Bangladesh Bank (BB). In an effort to measure how BASEL I capital adequacy diverge BASEL II, a detailed assessment has been done by incorporating operational and market risk with the existing credit risk. There is a funding opportunity for investment banks amounting about BDT 13271.70mn. The shortfall can be filled by subordinated debts for banks who are likely to avoid dilution of equity stake.

Experiences of abortion in Nepal and menstrual regulation in Bangladesh: a gender analysis

The extent to which abortion and menstrual regulation services are safe, legal, and women-friendly is a strong proxy of gender equity. This article draws on women's voices from Nepal and Bangladesh to illustrate that even where services are provided legally, women can still face multiple barriers to access to services, and problematic quality of care. This is exacerbated by the stigma which surrounds these services. Stigma is directly related to gender inequality, and is constructed at both the community and provider level. It is imperative to overcome these barriers by promoting gender equality across the board, in all services and all contexts.

The State, the Private Health Care Sector and Regulation in Bangladesh

Multifarious factors have contributed to the development of the private health care sector in Bangladesh. Its growth has been facilitated by the inclusion of private health care development in planning policies, by symbolic encouragement by government officials, by state patronage through medical education and training, by public sector physicians being allowed to practise privately, and by the provision of grants, subsidies and funds for investment. Opportunities for its expansion have also been created by a host of problems in the public health care system, including an inability to provide services, limited resources, poor perception and poor quality of services, a lack of personnel, absenteeism, corruption, and poor planning and management. But complains are also levelled against the private sector, as it lacks necessary infrastructure, equipment and personnel, with poor service conditions, poor quality and poor standards. The government enacted an Ordinance to regulate private health care, but evidence shows that regulatory practices are ineffective as a result of problems of legislative design, information and implementation, as well as internal and external contradictions within the regulatory system. Some policy guidelines are necessary to ensure positive outputs from the private health care sector.

Investor protection through administrative enforcement of disclosure requirements in prospectuses: Bangladeshi laws compared with their equivalents in India and Malaysia

Compares the approach to disclosure‐based regulation of securities markets in Bangladesh with that of India and Malaysia. Describes the present administration of the disclosure regime in Bangladesh, which is split between the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies (RJSC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC); this mirrors the two sets of laws involved, company law and securities law respectively. Outlines the basic regulatory functions of securities law enforcement: the ability of investors to seek remedies against the infringements of disclosure requirements and the efficiency of the SEC in dispensing justice, and finds that both are weak in Bangladesh. Suggests that more effective regulation in Bangladesh is necessary and that the SEC should be free from government and other interference. Argues that preventive measures should for this reason be the preferred policy; these include investor education and regulatory verification before prospectus issue.

The Sociocultural and political aspects of abortion: global perspectives

Introduction: Abortion in a Changing World by John C. Caldwell and Pat Caldwell Abortion: A World-Wide Overview by Susheela Singh, Stanley K. Henshaw, and Kathleen Bernsten The Challenge of Induced Abortion Research: A Transdisciplinary Perspective by Axel I. Mundigo Demographic Research and Abortion Policy: Limits to the Use of Statistics by Andrzej Kulczucki Kutoa Mimba: Debates about Schoolgirl Abortion in Machame, Tanzania by Amy Stambach Cleaning the Belly: Managing Menstrual Health in Guinea, West Africa by Elise Levin Changing Assessments of Abortion in a Northern Nigerian Town by Elisha P. Renne The Role of Local herbs in the Recent Fertility Decline in Ghana: Contraceptives or Aborrifacients? by John Anarfi Menstrual Regulation in Bangladesh by Sajeda Amin The Impact of Policy Changes on Fertility, Abortion, and Contraceptive Use in Romania by Florina Serbabescu, et al. Determinants of Abortion and Contraceptive Behavior in Russia by Inge Hutter Abortion Legislation in Mexico in the Face of a Changing Sociodemographic and Political Context by Susana Lerner and Guadalupe Salas The Role of Pharmacists and Market Herb Vendors as Abortifacient Providers in Mexico City by Susan Pick, et al. The Social Pressure to Abort by Chantal Blayo and Yves Blayo Concluding Remarks: The Role of Ambiguity by Alaka Malwade Basu

Microfinance regulation in Bangladesh - a long path to progress

Few issues are as emotive in the Bangladesh microfinance industry as regulation. It is important, however, to identify the predominant rationale for action, which the author takes to be depositor protection. Confusion exists concerning the relationship between the issues of depositor protection, legal form, commercialization and professionalization on the one hand, and regulation on the other. This lack of clarity inhibits action. This article opens by presenting a background against which regulation appears increasingly necessary, but suggests that other mechanisms may be more appropriate for many MFIs. It presents various models for protecting depositors, but cautions that any regulatory framework must be assessed for practicality and the cost of supervision and enforcement. The article suggests that commercialization may be appropriate for some MFIs. It concludes that many of the steps taken towards creating a regulatory framework are in the interests of all stakeholders.

Menstrual regulation in Bangladesh: an evaluation of training and service programs

This article evaluates the performance of three urban menstrual regulation (MR) training and service programs in Bangladesh. Virtually all of the MR providers including physicians and paramedics in the three centers received training in various MR procedures by means of demonstration or class lectures. However, a significant proportion of the trained MR providers were unable to render proper MR services due to the lack of clinical facilities and lack of equipment. Analysis of follow-up data for MR clients revealed that those women who utilized MR procedures offered through the centers had an average of about three live births. Physician providers were more likely to serve clients from a higher socioeconomic strata, while paramedical providers were more likely to serve MR clients from lower socioeconomic strata or agricultural background. Most of the clients receiving MR services were ever and current users of contraceptives and developed fewer complications from MR procedures than those served by untrained traditional herbalists, healers or birth attendants.