Regular Testing Research Articles

Hierarchical association of COPD to principal genetic components of biological systems.

Many disease-causing genetic variants converge on common biological functions and pathways. Precisely how to incorporate pathway knowledge in genetic association studies is not yet clear, however. Previous approaches employ a two-step approach, in which a regular association test is first performed to identify variants associated with the disease phenotype, followed by a test for functional enrichment within the genes implicated by those variants. Here we introduce a concise one-step approach, Hierarchical Genetic Analysis (Higana), which directly computes phenotype associations against each function in the large hierarchy of biological functions documented by the Gene Ontology. Using this approach, we identify risk genes and functions for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), highlighting microtubule transport, muscle adaptation, and nicotine receptor signaling pathways. Microtubule transport has not been previously linked to COPD, as it integrates genetic variants spread over numerous genes. All associations validate strongly in a second COPD cohort.

Evaluation of Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among the adults from 30 years of age and above and to assess the association between the risk factors and type 2 diabetes. A total of 522 patients diagnosed with diabetes at Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Asaba from August 2022 to February 2023 were collected for the study. We employed the method of logistic multinomial regression to assess the association between the risk factors and the type 2 diabetes mellitus, descriptive statistics to ascertain the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the likelihood ratio test to check which of the risk factors is significant. The female was taken as a reference category. The results showed that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was higher in females (284, 54.4%) and also in the age group 45-64 years of age. Risk factors that had a significant association with type 2 diabetes mellitus are age (Chi-square = 10.589, p = 0.005), BMI (chi-square = 1.038, p = 0.092), hypertension (chi-square = 1.370, p = 0.042), alcohol consumption (chi-square = 73.319, p = 0.000), and smoking (chi-square = 142.096, p = 0.000). The results further revealed that with female patients as the reference category, a male patient in the age bracket 45-64 years (p = 0.028, AOR = 0.538, 95% C.I: 0.310 – 0.935), a male that is obese (p = 0.090, AOR = 0.962, 95% C.I: 0.524 – 1.765), male with hypertension (p = 0.044, AOR = 1.362, 95% C.I: 0.810 – 2.292), male that consumes alcohol (p = 0.000, AOR = 0.129, 95% C.I: 0.077 – 0.214), and male that smokes (p = 0.000, AOR = 0.014, 95% C.I: 0.005 – 0.042) had 72.3% fewer odds, 3.8% fewer odds, 36.2 higher odds, 87.1 fewer odds, and 98.6% fewer odds of having type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to a female patient. This study suggests appropriate actions for community awareness of regular blood sugar testing and preventive measures.

Clinical and imaging features of presumptive congenital pulmonary underdevelopment with complications in two dogs

AbstractCongenital pulmonary underdevelopment is classified into three types as agenesis, aplasia and hypoplasia. The case records of the complications in two dogs diagnosed with presumptive congenital pulmonary underdevelopment were reviewed. Computed tomography scans revealed congenital lesions including pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary aplasia in two dogs. The respiratory signs intensified with the complications of congenital pulmonary underdevelopment, such as inflammatory lung disease, bronchiectasis and pulmonary hypertension. These complications were followed up long‐term and evaluated by various imaging modalities. The results of this case report suggest that careful monitoring of complications and long‐term follow‐up, including regular imaging tests for dogs with congenital pulmonary underdevelopment, could be helpful in patient management.

Physicochemical Properties and Botanical Sources of Honey from Different Areas of Ethiopia: An Implication for Quality Control

Honey is one of the important food commodities due to its nutritional and medicinal values. However, the issue of its quality and authenticity remain as important factors in consumption and marketing. This study was aimed at determining the botanical sources and quality parameters of honey samples collected from different areas of Ethiopia. The botanical sources of honey were analyzed using the melissopalynological method. Sugar profiles were analyzed using HPLC, and physicochemical properties were determined following the harmonized methods of honey analysis. Diverse plant species, including Schefflera abyssinica, Eucalyptus spp., Guizotia abyssinica., Echinops spp., Coffee arabica, Bersama abyssinica, and Rumex spp., were identified as dominant sources of honey. However, honey from the Gimbo district contains no pollen fingerprints, and its source has remained unknown. The average values of honey sugar compositions ranged from 30.3–46.7%, 29.9–40.3%, 15.0–22.2%, and 0.28–4.4% for fructose, glucose, sucrose, and maltose, respectively. Although the quality parameter values of most honeys fit the acceptable range of national and international honey quality standards, honeys collected from Guassa district revealed some abnormal characteristics. This abnormality may be related with poor handling, processing, or suspected for honey adulteration. Thus, regular testing and monitoring of honey quality are crucial in order to maintain its natural properties as well as control the current widespread practice of honey adulteration in Ethiopia.

Physical distancing versus testing with self-isolation for controlling an emerging epidemic

Two distinct strategies for controlling an emerging epidemic are physical distancing and regular testing with self-isolation. These strategies are especially important before effective vaccines or treatments become widely available. The testing strategy has been promoted frequently but used less often than physical distancing to mitigate COVID-19. We compared the performance of these strategies in an integrated epidemiological and economic model that includes a simple representation of transmission by “superspreading,” wherein a relatively small fraction of infected individuals cause a large share of infections. We examined the economic benefits of distancing and testing over a wide range of conditions, including variations in the transmissibility and lethality of the disease meant to encompass the most prominent variants of COVID-19 encountered so far. In a head-to-head comparison using our primary parameter values, both with and without superspreading and a declining marginal value of mortality risk reductions, an optimized testing strategy outperformed an optimized distancing strategy. In a Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, an optimized policy that combined the two strategies performed better than either one alone in more than 25% of random parameter draws. Insofar as diagnostic tests are sensitive to viral loads, and individuals with high viral loads are more likely to contribute to superspreading events, superspreading enhances the relative performance of testing over distancing in our model. Both strategies performed best at moderate levels of transmissibility, somewhat lower than the transmissibility of the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2.

Maintaining Warp Speed: Policy Requirements for a Just-in-Time, Capability-Based, Scalable Medical Countermeasure Research and Development Enterprise.

Maintaining Warp Speed: Policy Requirements for a Just-in-Time, Capability-Based, Scalable Medical Countermeasure Research and Development Enterprise.

A Portable Self‐Powered Turbine Spirometer for Rehabilitation Monitoring on COVID‐19

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients may experience persistent impairment of the lungs after recovery and discharge, which can cause a decline in pulmonary function. Therefore, regular pulmonary function tests are essential for COVID‐19 recovered patients, and portable, home‐based pulmonary function test devices are of great significance during the pandemic. Herein, a portable self‐powered turbine spirometer (PSTS) is designed for respiratory flow measurement and assessment of pulmonary function with high accuracy, humidity resistance, good durability, and low cost. The respiratory airflow can directly drive PSTS to produce a sinusoidal signal with a signal‐to‐noise of 40.64 dB. By utilizing the long short‐term memory (LSTM) model, the flow is successfully predicted, and the “lag‐before‐start” and “spin‐after‐stop” defects of the turbine spirometer are eliminated effectively. For pulmonary function tests, the flow‐volume loop curve can be obtained from PSTS, and pulmonary function parameters such as inspiratory capacity (IC), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first 1 s (FEV1) can be calculated. The accuracy of IC is over 95%, and others can reach over 97%. A portable smart pulmonary function assessment system is further developed and used to test the pulmonary function of COVID‐19 patients one month after symptom onset, demonstrating potential for assessing rehabilitation trends and long‐term follow‐up of COVID‐19 recovered patients.

Burden And Determinants of Anaemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic at Rural Healthcare Centers in The Ada West District of Ghana

Introduction: Anaemia during pregnancy is known to be a major contributor to maternal and neonatal morbidity, therefore affecting most pregnant women especially those in developing countries. Preventable causes such as poor maternal nutrition and infections causes severe complications in maternal and neonatal health. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the burden and determinants of anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at rural facilities in the Ada West District of Ghana. Methodology: The study was quantitative and employed a cross-sectional study design. A simple random sampling technique was applied to enlist respondents (n=345). Data was collected with the aid of validated and structured questions and was administered one on one with respondents. Data gathered were analysed with the (STATA version 17). Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted on the data collected and findings were depicted graphically and on tables. In the bivariate and multivariate models, an alpha value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant between the dependent and independent variables. Results: The prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women was 51.0%. Unemployment and travelling long distances (>5km) were associated with anaemia. Again, late initiation to antenatal care, third trimester of pregnancy, and birth spacing of less than four years in addition to malaria parasite infection significantly contributed to anaemia. However, sleeping under insecticide-treated nets protected pregnant women from anaemia. Conclusion and Recommendation: The prevalence of anaemia was high and factors such as unemployment, long distance to a health facility, late initiation of antenatal care, third trimester in pregnancy, and birth spacing less than a year, in addition to malaria parasite infection significantly predicted anaemia among pregnant women. Health education through mass media and during antenatal care clinics by health care practitioners would help reduce the occurrence of anaemia among pregnant women. Regular antenatal visits and testing of malaria parasite infection for pregnant women would also be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of anaemia. Further investigations are recommended to explore pregnant women's knowledge of anaemia and associated burden in the district.

Woodside offshore dry deluge testing

Wet deluge testing of firewater systems is considered a recognised contributing factor to accelerated corrosion on offshore facilities. Spraying sensitive equipment and structures with sea water is not only disruptive to the facility, it can also cause process upsets and is labour intensive with set-up and subsequent fresh water washdown. While ensuring the performance of this safety-critical system is vital through regular testing, adopting new methods with less adverse impacts is of high importance. Dry deluge testing using a propylene glycol-based vapour as an alternate testing medium has been adopted on offshore facilities in the US, Dutch, Danish and UK sectors, significantly reducing the frequency of wet testing. A generator is used to produce smoke-like vapour, which is then pumped into the system piping through existing test connection points while the system remains online. The vapour migrates throughout the distribution piping, ultimately exiting the deluge nozzles to visually identify any blockages. This method of testing will reduce costs to businesses, not only for deluge testing itself, but more importantly from an asset fabric maintenance perspective. Woodside Energy successfully carried out the first offshore dry deluge testing in Australia on the Okha FPSO (floating production, storage and offloading) in 2021. The testing covered varied deluge and foam system arrangements with different nozzle types. This paper details the dry deluge tests conducted on Okha, the results gathered, main operational and implementation concerns of the testing and recommendations on further collaboration and improvements for adopting this test method across the Australian oil and gas industry.

Modelling the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on workplace transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the home-delivery sector.

We aimed to use mathematical models of SARS-COV-2 to assess the potential efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions on transmission in the parcel delivery and logistics sector. We devloped a network-based model of workplace contacts based on data and consultations from companies in the parcel delivery and logistics sectors. We used these in stochastic simulations of disease transmission to predict the probability of workplace outbreaks in this settings. Individuals in the model have different viral load trajectories based on SARS-CoV-2 in-host dynamics, which couple to their infectiousness and test positive probability over time, in order to determine the impact of testing and isolation measures. The baseline model (without any interventions) showed different workplace infection rates for staff in different job roles. Based on our assumptions of contact patterns in the parcel delivery work setting we found that when a delivery driver was the index case, on average they infect only 0.14 other employees, while for warehouse and office workers this went up to 0.65 and 2.24 respectively. In the LIDD setting this was predicted to be 1.40, 0.98, and 1.34 respectively. Nonetheless, the vast majority of simulations resulted in 0 secondary cases among customers (even without contact-free delivery). Our results showed that a combination of social distancing, office staff working from home, and fixed driver pairings (all interventions carried out by the companies we consulted) reduce the risk of workplace outbreaks by 3-4 times. This work suggests that, without interventions, significant transmission could have occured in these workplaces, but that these posed minimal risk to customers. We found that identifying and isolating regular close-contacts of infectious individuals (i.e. house-share, carpools, or delivery pairs) is an efficient measure for stopping workplace outbreaks. Regular testing can make these isolation measures even more effective but also increases the number of staff isolating at one time. It is therefore more efficient to use these isolation measures in addition to social distancing and contact reduction interventions, rather than instead of, as these reduce both transmission and the number of people needing to isolate at one time.

Prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from human clinical samples in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionCarbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae are by far the most public health and urgent clinical problems with antibiotic resistance. They cause longer hospital stays, more expensive medical care, and greater mortality rates. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to indicate the prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Ethiopia.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Wiley Online Library, African Journal Online, Science Direct, Embase, ResearchGate, Scopus, and the Web of Sciences were used to find relevant articles. In addition, the Joanna Briggs Institute quality appraisal tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Stata 14.0 was used for statistical analysis. Heterogeneity was assessed by using Cochran’s Q test and I2 statistics. In addition, publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger’s test. A random effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Sub-group and sensitivity analysis were also done.ResultsThe overall pooled prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Ethiopia was 5.44% (95% CI 3.97, 6.92). The prevalence was highest [6.45% (95% CI 3.88, 9.02)] in Central Ethiopia, and lowest [(1.65% (95% CI 0.66, 2.65)] in the Southern Nations and Nationalities People Region. In terms of publication year, 2017–2018 had the highest pooled prevalence [17.44 (95% CI 8.56, 26.32)] and 2015–2016 had the lowest [2.24% (95% CI 0.87, 3.60)].ConclusionThis systematic review and meta-analysis showed a high prevalence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. So, to alter the routine use of antibiotics, regular drug susceptibility testing, strengthening the infection prevention approach, and additional national surveillance on the profile of carbapenem resistance and their determining genes among Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates are required.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO (2022: CRD42022340181).

Technical ultrasonic quality assurance in Danish Radiology Departments

IntroductionIn general, there is a lack of technical quality assurance (TQA) in ultrasound, which threatens patients. This study aimed to map the level of ultrasound quality assurance in Danish Radiology Departments, assess the intra- and interrater reliability of the in-air method for evaluating transducer quality, and determine the prevalence of faulty transducers. MethodsFrom October to November 2021, an anonymous survey focused on the extent of TQA was e-mailed to clinicians (via managers) responsible for ultrasound TQA. The six-item survey included both closed and open-ended questions. In addition, a sample of 63 ultrasound b-mode reverberation images was collected from four Danish Radiological Departments, later rated by two blinded radiographers on a dichotomous scale. ResultsA total of 46 participants responded to the survey. In the survey, 15 respondents reported not having a TQA procedure, while six thought a procedure existed but were uncertain. Various methods were reported for the respondents who answered that TQA was performed (n = 13).Half of the respondents (n = 23, 50%) reported experiencing transducer malfunctions, and seven said they did not find the lack of regular testing problematic.The interrater reliability was κ = 0.75 (95% CI.: 0.61–0.89), and the inter-rater reliability was κ = 0.84 (95% CI.: 0.70–0.98). Based on the agreement between the two raters, 20 out of 50 (40%) transducers were flawed. ConclusionThis study demonstrates the general deficiency of TQA in Danish Radiological Departments, with 21 clinicians responsible for ultrasound TQA responding either not having a TQA procedure or being uncertain if one exists. Furthermore, the study reveals that the in-air method for assessing transducer quality demonstrates moderate to almost perfect reliability and that nearly half of the transducer tested exhibits visual faults.

Numerical and Experimental Analyses of a Partially Water-Filled Inclined Floating Body

Abstract Floating bodies are widely used in the field of offshore engineering. Existing studies show that the motion responses of a floating body in waves will change with the internal water in the cabins, and it is essential to analyze its hydrodynamic performance under various potential operating conditions. However, most of the research only considers the interaction between the floating body and the internal water in the upright position, and there has been little research on the inclined floating body caused by water partially filled in the broadside. In this study, a floating body with a plurality of longitudinal and transverse cabins was designed. The regular wave model test was carried out in a wave basin, and the numerical results were compared with the experimental results, which verified the accuracy of the model. The effects of wave direction, wave frequency, water-filling depth, and cabin division on the motion responses of the floating body are analyzed. The results show that the water inside the cabins has a significant impact on the roll motion. With the increase of the water-filling depth, the natural frequency of the roll motion decreases. Special attention should be paid to the impact on the wave direction and cabin division on the partially water-filled inclined floating body.

Add-On Aripiprazole May Benefit Older Adults With Refractory Depression

Add-On Aripiprazole May Benefit Older Adults With Refractory Depression

Результаты конструкторско-технологического анализа надежности толкателя головного обтекателя

The paper considers results of test application of the reliability design and technological analysis (RDTA) for the nose fairing pusher of the aerial vehicle. The methodology procedures allow the designer to justify his decisions from the early stages of the life cycle making it possible to timely identify possible causes of the potential failures and take the necessary measures to eliminate or mitigate their consequences. The methodology is intended mainly to analyze the highly responsible unique products; however, it is not yet widely used in the rocket and space technology due to its novelty, and the regulatory framework is missing. To test the methodology, one of the mechanisms for the aerial vehicle one-time response was selected, i. e. the nose fairing pusher, which went through a full cycle of analytical and experimental verification according to the organization standards, and was approved for operation. Despite positive results of the pusher regular testing, the analysis revealed structural elements in it that required measures to improve reliability. An important result of the RDTA application was that the designers did not perceive results of the analysis as criticism, which is typical, for example, when using the FMEA procedures, but regarded them as an integral part of the design work. Despite the received specific recommendations to improve the pusher reliability, it turned out that the RDTA methodology needs further development and improvement for using by a wide range of designers and specialists, and it is also necessary to develop guidelines or standards for application in the standard organization developments.

Approaching IRRBB and CSRBB: a case study in line with the EBA approach

EBA guidelines on Interest Rate Risk in the Banking Book (IRRBB) are designed to help EU banks effectively manage their interest rate risk and maintain a stable earnings stream. EBA also requires the credit spread risk from the banking book (CSRBB). Banks can effectively manage their exposure to interest rates and spread risks by implementing a comprehensive IRRBB and CSRBB management framework that includes: regular stress testing, sensitivity analysis, effective hedging strategies, and appropriate governance and risk management structures. Under those frameworks, banks must regularly monitor and report interest rates and credit spread risk metrics.

A review of hearing impairment due to bacterial meningitis in children: importance of early diagnosis and treatment

This review underlines the significant role of early diagnosis and treatment of hearing impairment due to bacterial meningitis (BM) in children. BM is a life-threatening neurological condition mostly caused by <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>, <i>Neisseria meningitides</i>, or <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>. Hearing loss is the most commonly reported neurological complication of BM; inflammation can damage the inner ear, leading to sensorineural hearing loss or complete deafness. Factors favoring neurological complications, including hearing impairment, are low age, immaturity of the immune system, poor health, anaemia, leukocytosis, and hypoglycemia. To avoid serious complications, quick intervention is necessary – administration of antibiotic in combination with dexamethasone. It is also important to conduct regular audiological tests to monitor hearing, not only immediately after BM, but also in the long term. Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) are useful tools, and some researchers also recommend tympanometry. CTs and MRIs are important to visualize the condition of the inner ear after BM, paving the way for qualification for implantation and for pre-operative planning. The best results of implantation come from patients without ossification, whose period of deafness was short, where electrodes were inserted deeply, and who did not have neurological complications after BM. Early implantation is the best option as it promotes proper speech development and allows the child to adapt to their environment.

Панкреатогенный сахарный диабет: особенности развития, клинического течения, диагностики и лечения

The features of development, characteristic clinical symptoms, laboratory, instrumental methods of examination and the basic principles of therapy of pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus (DM) are determined. Correlations in the development and course of the disease were revealed. It has been proven that pancreatogenic diabetes occurs significantly more often in men, more than half of whom abuse alcohol and smoke, while after surgery for pancreatic necrosis, patients with pancreatogenic diabetes statistically significantly begin to drink less alcohol. According to a scientific study, the duration of pancreatogenic DM is closely interrelated with the duration of chronic pancreatitis. The low level of C-peptide confirms an early decrease in insulin secretion and, accordingly, the need for insulin therapy. Irregular intake of enzymes significantly contributes to exacerbations of chronic pancreatitis, worsens the course of diabetes and leads to the development of diabetic complications. It was noted that with the duration of pancreatogenic diabetes, the risk of hypoglycemia increases statistically significantly, which certainly requires regular blood glucose testing. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with DM should be carried out with the help of modern, accurate and easy-to-use portable glucose meters, one of which is the Contour Plus Uan.

Experimental study on hydrodynamic behavior and energy conversion of multiple oscillating-water-column chamber in regular waves

An oscillating water column (OWC) device is a promising wave energy converter that uses ocean wave energy resources. The OWC chamber absorbs the energy of ocean waves and significantly affects energy conversion performance. In this study, the hydrodynamic performance of a multiple OWC chamber was investigated experimentally, emphasizing its hydrodynamic behavior and energy conversion characteristics. A series of regular wave tests were conducted for single-, triple-, and asymmetric triple OWC chambers in a two-dimensional wave tank. The same orifice ratio was applied to the single and triple chambers to induce an equivalent turbine-chamber interaction owing to the pressure drop. It was found that the triple OWC chamber contributes to an increase in the converted pneumatic power compared to the single OWC chamber due to reducing the sloshing motion of the internal fluid. Moreover, the temporal fluctuation of the overall output power was reduced because of the water column motion of each triple OWC chamber with a phase difference. The rear chamber of the asymmetric triple chamber traps the wave energy and contributes to not only increasing the output power but also the variability. Therefore, it can be observed that multiple OWC chambers improve energy conversion performance by increasing the mean power output and reducing temporal fluctuation.

Impact of (long) COVID on athletes’ performance: a prospective study in elite football players

Objectives To investigate possible persistent performance deficits after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in elite athletes. Methods A prospective cohort study in three Belgian professional male football teams was performed during the 2020 − 2021 season. Participants were submitted to strength, jump, and sprint tests and an aerobic performance test (the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test (YYIR)). These tests were repeated at fixed time intervals throughout the season. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test before each official game. Results Of the 84 included participants, 22 were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during follow-up. At the first testing after infection (52.0 ± 11.2 days after positive PCR testing) significantly higher percentages of maximal heart rate (%HRmax) were seen – within the isolated group of infected players- during (p = .006) and after the YYIR (2 min after, p = .013), compared to pre-infection data. This increase in %HRmax was resolved at the second YYIR testing after infection (127.6 ± 33.1 days after positive PCR testing). Additionally, when comparing the first test after infection in formerly infected to non-infected athletes, significantly higher %HRmax were found during (p < .001) and after the YYIR test (p < .001),No significant deficits were found for the jump, muscular strength or sprint tests. Conclusion Aerobic performance seems compromised even weeks after infection. Simultaneously, anaerobic performance seemed to be spared. Because of the potential detrimental effects on the immune system, caution might be advised with high-intensity exposure until aerobic performance is restored. KEY MESSAGES Elite football players’ aerobic performance seems to be affected for weeks after they return to sports after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Similarly, anaerobic performance tests showed no discernible changes between both before and after SARS-CoV-2 infections. Regular YYIR testing is recommended to monitor aerobic performance after SARS-CoV-2 infection.