Regular Polyester Research Articles

Analyzing the dyeing behaviour of easy dyeable and regular polyester by the influence of different heat-setting temperature

The heat-setting effects of easy-dyeable polyester (EDP) have been investigated by comparing it with regular polyester fabric (PES). Using XRD analysis, the crystallinity and amorphousness of the easy-dyeable polyester and regular polyester fabric were assessed after 45 s during heat-setting of EDP and PES at nominal temperatures (120, 140, 160, 180, and 200 °C). The heat-set of EDP and PES fabric were dyed separately and competitively at temperatures ranging from 100 to 130 °C using S-type (C.I. Disperse Red 167) and E-type (C.I. Disperse Red 60) dyes. The color strength (fk ) and dye uptake were found to be lower at the heat-setting temperatures of 180 °C for PES and 140 °C for EDP. To ascertain the impact of varying heat-setting temperatures on PES and EDP-dyed fabric, the dimensional stability and GSM were assessed. When the heat set temperature was raised from 140 °C, the EDP fabric showed greater dimensional stability. On the other hand, the dimensional stability of untreated PES fabric (−4.2% lengthwise) and GSM (111 g/m2) gradually stabilized when the heat-setting temperature increased. However, the color fastness rating has improved after applying the heat-setting process for PES and EDP at 180o C and 140 °C, respectively.

Flame-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Flexible Polyurethane Foams Based on Phosphorus-Containing Polyester Diols and Expandable Graphite

A liquid-phosphorus-containing polyester diol, PPE, was prepared via condensation polymerization using commercial reactive flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-10-[2,3-di(hydroxycarbonyl)propyl]-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide, adipic acid, ethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol. PPE and/or expandable graphite (EG) were then incorporated into phosphorus-containing flame-retardant polyester-based flexible polyurethane foams (P-FPUFs). The structure and properties of the resultant P-FPUFs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy tensile measurements, limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests, cone calorimeter tests, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Unlike the FPUF prepared using regular polyester polyol (R-FPUF), PPE increased the flexibility and elongation at break of the resultant forms. More importantly, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of P-FPUF were reduced by 18.6% and 16.3%, respectively, via gas-phase-dominated flame-retardant mechanisms, compared with those of R-FPUF. The addition of EG further reduced the peak smoke production release (PSR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the resultant FPUFs while increasing the LOI and char formation. Interestingly, it was observed that EG noticeably improved the residual quantity of phosphorus in the char residue. When the EG loading was 15 phr, the resulting FPUF (P-FPUF/15EG) attained a high LOI value (29.2%) and exhibited good anti-dripping performance. Meanwhile, the PHRR, THR, and TSP of P-FPUF/15EG were significantly decreased by 82.7%, 40.3%, and 83.4%, respectively, compared with those of P-FPUF. This superior flame-retardant performance can be attributed to the combination of the bi-phase flame-retardant behavior of PPE and condensed-phase flame-retardant characteristics of EG.

Investigation of the Effects of Elastic Sewing Thread on Seam Performance Properties of Stretch Denim Fabrics

It is seen that stretch denim fabrics manufactured by adding elastane fiber are fashionable and highly preferred by consumers. In this study, comparison of seam performance propeties of elastic and regular polyester sewing threads on stretch denim fabrics was investigated that has not been studied before. As the test material, four denim fabrics were used in twill and satin weave structures and containing 2% elastane with different mixing ratios. Elastane core spun polyester and polyester core spun polyester sewing threads were used in sewing processes. The samples were sewn with lock and chain stitches at the stitch densities of 3 and 4 stitches/cm in both warp and weft directions. The results revealed that the elasticity of the sewing thread has an effect on increasing the seam strength but the strength of the sewing thread is more effective on seam strength and seam efficiency property. Higher seam performance values are obtained in weft directions with chain stitches and at 4 stitches/cm.

Dyeing and Some Fastness Properties of Novel Perlite-Containing Polyester Woven Fabrics

This article is focused on the comparison of dyeing, and washing and light fastness properties of conventional and novel perlite-containing polyester woven fabrics via color measurements. All the production processes for the regular and perlite-containing polyester filament yarns were the same. The fabrics were dyed with three medium level energy disperse dyes of different hues in order to observe the shade change caused by the intrinsic yellowness of the perlite-containing fabric. Dyeing and fastness properties of the dyed fabrics were evaluated by their corresponding lightness (L*), chroma (C*), color strength (K/S), and color difference (ΔEab*) results. The perlite-containing fabrics showed similar dyeing and fastness characteristics when compared with the regular fabrics. The perlite-added fabrics were dyed in darker color but had lower chroma values than the regular ones. The perlite-added fabrics also had better fastness results than the regular fabrics when the evaluation was performed in the group itself. Intrinsic yellowness of perlite-added fabrics must be taken into account for any attempt to dye the fabric to a pre-designed shade.

Upcycled aquaculture waste as textile ingredient for promoting circular economy

Fish farming (aquaculture) provides a stable source of nutritional protein, especially in Asia's coastline, distributed throughout the South China region of the mainland, southwestern Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, providing a continuous supply chain system. Novel textile material, from upcycling of fish scales, has been manufactured. The material constitutes of collagen peptide amino acid ingredients extracted from fish scales, which are used to create collagen modification polyester via a supramolecular method. The development of the collagen modification polyester, UMORFIL®T, can make a valuable contribution to the textile industry. After various experiments and characterizations, it was shown that the collagen modification polyester in this study contained a certain amount of collagen and retained the advantages of regular polyester. In addition, the characteristics of the original regular polyester were changed by the presence of collagen. The new properties included a natural champagne‑gold color, better hand-feel, and odor control, which make the material a premium and sustainable choice for functional textiles. This study creates a new direction for a circular economy product, collagen modification polyester, that can protect the ecology, reduce environmental pollution, protect planet soil, provide premium value for the textile industry, and raise the value of aquaculture.

Dyeing Properties of Polyoxymethylene Fibers with Disperse Dyes

In this study, the influences of the temperature and pH value on the breaking strength of Polyoxymethylene fibers (POM) are studied. POM fibers and regular polyester (PET) fibers are dyed with twenty-three regular disperse dyes, and their dyeing properties are compared by measuring their dyeing uptake, K/S values and colorfastness. Based on the dyes examination, POM has relatively lower dyeability than PET in terms of dye uptake and colorfastness. 15 out of twenty-three disperse dyes on POM fibers have exhaustion higher than 75 % at 1 % o.w.f, whereas 22 disperse dyes on PET fibers had exhaustion higher 90 % at 1 % o.w.f. Further study shows that the apparent shade depth (K/S) on POM is three times higher than that on PET when their dye uptake is the same. The dying heat-rate curve of 9 disperse dyes (exhaustion over 70 %) on POM fibers is also investigated.

Investigating the effect of raising on the sound absorption behavior of polyester woven fabrics

This work presents the results of efforts focused on the development of sound absorptive woven fabrics by the raising process. Four woven fabrics with rib and basket weave patterns were produced for the raising process. Micro-fiber-based polyester weft yarns were used in one set of rib and basket weave fabrics, while weft yarns comprising regular polyester fibers were used in the other set. Fabrics were subjected to dyeing and heat setting prior to the raising process. Fabrics were then passed one to three times through the raising unit in order to obtain fabrics with different voluminous characteristics and different quantities of fiber ends on the fabric surface. The mass per unit area, thickness, air permeability, and sound absorption coefficient of the fabrics were measured and surface images of the fabrics were taken. The solid volume fraction and airflow resistivity of the fabrics decreased significantly after the first and second raising passes. Increasing the number of raising passes up to two passes resulted in higher sound absorption (average increment of 20% at 5 kHz) in the higher frequencies at the expense of that in the lower frequencies. Sound absorption change beyond two passes was insignificant, though. The results demonstrated that raised fabrics having a lower solid volume fraction and airflow resistivity had better acoustical properties in the higher frequency region.

High Sensitive CNT Imbedded Knit Fabrics for Heat Comfort

The functional improvement and high sensitivity of textiles should be combined with advanced technology and aesthetic of environmental sustainability to cope with the ever-changing environment. In this study, the physical properties of a shaggy double knit of carbon nanotube (CNT) and ceramic composite thermal yarn (TYn) with napping and shaggy finished textiles were investigated to achieve high sensitivity and comfortable heat retention. The surface properties of the shaggy double knit were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the mechanical properties by the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) and the elements of the CNT composite yarn by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Experiments on the heat retention of the shaggy double knit were conducted to determine the warmth retention, thermal resistance by Clo value, and surface temperature compared with those of regular polyester (PET) and PET/TYn/polyurethane (PU). Comfort properties determined by measuring the water vapor permeability (WVP) and air permeability demonstrated that the double knit can be used to produce comfortable garments. Durability was confirmed by measuring the warmth retention, Qmax, and the washing fastness was analyzed by the satisfactory maintenance of the physical appearance. The farinfrared (FIR) emissivity properties of PET/TYn/PU contributed to its enhanced performance, but it is necessary to ensure that the effect is stable. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that shaggy double knit with insulation composite yarn can be used in high sensitivity fashion clothing due to its improved and comfortable heat retention properties, and further advanced research is expected to be performed in this field.

Eli-Twist sewing thread – an alternative to conventional thread

PurposeSewing thread plays an important role in transforming a two-dimensional fabric into three-dimensional garment. Over the years, ring spinning has been dominating the yarn market because of its consistent performance. Eli-Twist spinning system, a new method of yarn manufacture, provides a product with improved mechanical and physical properties than the conventional ring-spun yarn. It is the process of producing a two-ply compact yarn with improved fibre utilisation. The purpose of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using Eli-Twist yarn as a sewing thread and to compare its performance with conventional thread.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, regular polyester and Indian cotton were used to produce the Eli-Twist and conventional TFO thread. Three different blends (100 per cent polyester, 50/50 polyester/cotton [P/C] and 100 per cent cotton) were taken to produce three different counts (39.4 tex, 29.5 tex and 23.6 tex) from each composition. The hairiness, tenacity, breaking elongation and coefficient of yarn-to-metal friction of threads were tested and a comparative analysis was made. The seam performance of all the threads was judged by seam strength, seam efficiency and seam elongation.FindingsThe results show that the mass irregularity and imperfections are more or less similar for both types of threads. Eli-Twist sewing thread has shown less friction, less hairiness and higher tensile strength. The Eli-Twist sewing thread was found to be better than the conventional two-ply sewing thread. The seam performance parameters, such as seam strength, seam efficiency and seam elongation of the Eli-Twist thread showed significantly improved performance.Originality/valueThe main concern of this study is delineating the performance of the Eli-Twist sewing thread. No study in this regard has been reported so far. The improved physical and mechanical behaviour of the Eli-Twist yarn has prompted to assess its performance as sewing thread.

A study of some airflow resistivity models for multi-component polyester fiber assembly

The airflow resistivity is a key parameter to predict accurately the acoustical properties of fibrous media. There is a large number of theoretical and empirical models which can be used to predict the airflow resistivity of this type of porous media. However, there is a lack of experimental data on the accuracy of these models in the case of multi-component fibrous media. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the accuracy of several existing models to predict airflow resistivity which make use of the porosity, bulk density and mean fibre diameter information. Three types of polyester (PET) materials made using regular PET, hollow PET and bi-component PET with a range of densities are chosen for this study. It is shown that some existing models largely under- or overestimate the airflow resistivity when compared with the measured values. A novel feature of this work is that it studies the relative performance of airflow resistivity prediction models that are based on the capillary channel theory and drag force theory. These two groups of models are then compared to some purely empirical models. It is found that the prediction error by some models is unacceptably high (e.g. >20–30%). The results suggest that there are existing models which can predict the airflow resistivity of multi-component fibrous media with 8–10% accuracy.

Preparation and Application of Polymer-Composited Yarn and Knit Containing CNT/Ceramic

The properties and light-heating function of a knit prepared by the composite spinning of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and an inorganic ceramic were examined. The CNTs and ceramic were mixed and polymerized in a master batch (MB) and the MB chip was then melt spun to prepare the CNT/ceramic-composite yarn (LH-Yn) and single-jersey knits (LH-Knit). The properties of the LH-Yn and LH-Knit were compared with those of the regular polyester yarn (PET-Yn) and polyester knit (PET-Knit). The contents of carbon in the CNTs by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy, tensile and tear performance, thermal insulation, air permeability (AP), water vapor permeability (WVP), and far-infrared (FIR) emissivity were analyzed. The result showed that the surface temperature of the LH-Knit was much higher than that of the PET-Knit. The measured WVP, AP, and FIR emissivity were also slightly higher in the LH-Knit, but the difference was not significant.

Disperse dyeing properties of (easy dyeable polyester)/spandex blend

Using a low and a high energy disperse dye, several dyeing properties, like colour depth, partition ratio, degree of dye exhaustion, build–up and fastness properties of (easy dyeable polyester)/spandex blend were thoroughly investigated. Various dyeing temperatures ranging from 90°C to 130°C were applied. To check its performance, the conventional (regular polyester/spandex) blend was also dyed. (easy dyeable polyester)/spandex blend showed higher dyeability on PET and lower staining on spandex at low temperature compared to (regular polyester)/spandex blend..

Study of moisture and thermal transfer properties as a function of the fiber material variation

The properties of moisture transfer and the comfort of mesh-structured fabrics with various knit compositions and properties were investigated. The comfort effects of the double knitted fabrics combined with different cross-shaped fibers composed of dyeable-polypropylene (PPd) and regular polyester (PET) double-knitted fabrics were studied. A series of PET, PPd, Coolmax® (Cm) with single knitted fabrics and PPd/Cm with double knitted fabrics were evaluated to determine the physical properties and wearing performance for comfortable clothing. To compare the structural properties involving the vapor transfer of 4 types of fabrics with different fiber compositions, fiber types, weights, and thicknesses, the surface structure and pore characteristics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and a capillary flow porometer. The properties of moisture transfer were tested using vertical wicking and gravimetric absorbent testing system (GATS). In addition, the comfort performance measured by the thermal insulation value (Rt) and moisture permeability index (im) with a thermal manikin in a conditioned walk-in environmental test chamber was predicted. The result showed that the PPd/Cm sample has potential applications as good comfort fabric materials.

The analysis of the puncture strength of nonwoven geotextile materials made from polyester and polypropylene fibres

A very important characteristic of geosynthetic materials, besides the breaking force and deformation, is the puncture strength of geotextiles. Considering that the purpose of installation geosynthetic materials and inter alia to stabilize and strengthen the soil in which they are installed, it is necessary that they have a high puncture strength in order to fulfill its function. Geotextile materials suffer a great burden and at the installation process, in contact with smaller and larger sharp rocks, and if they have poor puncture resistance they may be damaged. In addition to stabilizing the soil in which they are installed, geotextile materials are used for the protection of geomembranes from puncturing or as an obstacle to sharp materials that are used in a construction to damage geomembrane. For this purpose it is necessary to withstand a lot of pressure on their surface, and to prevent the contact of the sharp material with the geomembrane. This paper presents the analyzed samples of nonwoven geotextile materials made from regular polyester, recycled polyester and polypropylene fibers. Based on the obtained values, it is possible to create an image of the values of the forces that these materials can be submitted to, as well as the differences between geotextiles produced from regular and recycled polyester and polypropylene.

CAD 프로그램을 활용한 트리코트 텍스타일 디자인 개발 프로세스 연구

The appearances and geometry structures of knitted fabrics have important effects on their functions as textile fabrics. Structural design of the woven fabric, prior to the manufacturing processes in the weaving mill, often leads to a similar predictable appearance in the final outcome with the corresponding weave design. The increase of the employment of elastic textile yarns in knitting fabrics for comfort stretch or outdoor sports wear knit products has, however, resulted in difficulties in predicting the final appearance of the knit structure design. Due to the stretchability and exceptional recovery behavior of the elastic yarns such as polyurethane elastomeric yarns, the appearance of the final product often differs from the initial knit design. At textile CAD program for preparing tricot knit designs has been employed in this study to predict the two dimensional appearance of the design. The similarities between the designs and corresponding knit products seem to be acceptable for the two-dimensional textile CAD program in this study. However, when elastomeric yarns are partially employed in the polyester filament tricot product, a considerable amount of departure from the design is apparent due to the constriction and/or deformation of property differences in the elastomeric yarns and polyester filament yarns. Therefore, another purpose of this study is to measure the departure of the final tricot product from the initial tricot design, especially in the case employing elastomeric yarns in the knit structure together with regular polyester filament yarns. For measuring the three-dimensional departure, a 3D scanning system has been used for the mesh reconstruction of the fabric specimen. Hopefully, the result from this study will be used as a guide to modify and improve the current textile CAD program proposed for the two-dimensional simulation of the tricot.

Inguinal hernia guidelines 2015

Background. Inguinal hernia repair is the most frequent general surgical procedure. These guidelines aim to improve and standardise practice. They apply to adult patients only. This is a summary of the key points in the document. The authors strongly recommend the guidelines be read thoroughly. Clinical. The diagnosis is almost always a clinical one. Imaging is seldom required and should only be requested at specialist level. Referral.Routine referral of men with uncomplicated, minimally symptomatic, reducible hernias. All hernias should be repaired wherever possible as most patients ultimately come to surgery. Urgent referral of all women and men with irreducible hernias is recommended and emergency referral is used for patients with obstruction or strangulation. Patients with hernia recurrences should be referred to a surgeon with an interest in hernia surgery. Peri-operative. Anticoagulation. It is recommended to continue aspirin, but stop clopidogrel 5 - 7 days before surgery. Warfarin should be stopped 5 days before, and bridging with low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) should be done if the patient has a high thromboembolic risk. Hair removal. Shaving should be avoided. If needed, clipping is recommended. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not routinely recommended; however, it should be used in high-risk groups (recurrence, age >70, immunocompromised, obese, diabetes mellitus (DM), catheterised patients). Anaesthesia. General anaesthetic (GA) is required for laparoscopic repair, although it is feasible to do a totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair under spinal anaesthesia. Open repair could be performed under local anaesthesia in all patients with reducible unilateral hernias, especially ASA III/IV, the elderly and those with multiple comorbidities. Patients with morbid obesity, incarcerated hernias, and very anxious patients should have a GA. Spinal anaesthesia is not recommended. Day-case surgery should be offered to all patients, where feasible. Surgery. Laparoscopic repair is the treatment of choice for all inguinal hernias including primary unilateral hernias. The contralateral side should always be inspected for an occult hernia, but repair should only be performed if a defect exists. Prophylactic repair is not advised. There are no data to recommend transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) over TEP repairs or vice versa. The Lichtenstein repair is the preferred technique for open repairs. The Shouldice repair may be considered if there is gangrenous bowel and resection is required. All groin hernias must be repaired with a mesh. A regular polypropylene or polyester mesh is adequate for all open and laparoscopic hernia repairs. Special circumstances. If the initial operation was an open repair, then the operation for a recurrence should be laparoscopic, and vice versa. Strangulated hernias may be repaired with open or laparoscopic methods but the bowel should always be inspected. A femoral hernia should always be excluded in women with a groin hernia. Patients presenting with hernias in pregnancy should be managed conservatively, with a planned postpartum repair. Complications. Include seroma (which is common but often insignificant clinically), haematoma (which should be managed conservatively unless causing tension of skin), urinary retention, ischaemic orchitis, infection, and chronic groin pain. In patients with mesh infection it is not always essential to remove the mesh. Aftercare. Patients may return to work and driving after 1 week.

<b>Dyeing Performance of Coconut Charcoal Polyester Fabric</b>

Fiber spun from synthetic polymer and charcoal particle mixture is a new functional textile material that has improved performance compared to fiber made from the polymer alone. For textile applications, it is important to understand the coloration of fabrics from the charcoal fiber. This paper investigated the dyeing performance of coconut charcoal polyester fabrics. Compared to a regular polyester fabric dyed in the same bath with disperse dyes, the coconut charcoal polyester fabric dyed darker with a higher K/S value. With the addition of coconut charcoal into the polymer during the polyester spinning process, the resultant fiber has improved dyeing performance and can be effectively dyed at 100°C dyeing temperature with a carrier.

저융점 폴리에스테르 복합사의 저온 염색성

Abstract: Jacquard floor covering could be prepared from low-melting/regular sheath-core hybrid polyester, where the fiberis dyed in yarn state. With regard that the expected high shrinkage of the hybrid polyester in water makes problems in yarndyeing, low-temperature dyeing properties of the hybrid polyester were studied. The rate of shrinkage of low-melting hybridpolyester exceeds 9% in hot water above 90 , at such condition, cheese yarn dyeing is very difficult. Although disperse dyes℃exhaust in a relatively high speed on low-melting hybrid polyester, diffusion of these dyes to the core regular polyester wasextremely slow under 90 . Foron Blue E-BL 150, an anthraquinone E-type disperse dye, showed appreciable diffusion after℃48hrs dyeing at 90 . The fastness to rubbing and drycleaning were improved by one grade after reduction cleaning.℃ Keywords: low-melting polyester, sheath-core, dyeability, low-temperature dyeing, shrinkage, reduction cleaning 저융점폴리에스테르복합사의저온염색성 황지현 김창남· 1 · 마진숙

Psychophysical determination of moisture perception in high-performance shirt fabrics in relationtosweating level

Perceived moisture in shirt fabrics was determined using psychophysical methods and objectively measured moisture absorption behaviours. Four shirt fabrics were assessed: cotton; regular polyester; high-performance polyester; ahigh-performance polyester/polypropylene blend. After a screening test, six of 10 female subjects participated inthe determination of difference thresholds (DLs) for moisture perception. Low and high amounts of sweat were simulated using 0.5 and 1.5 ml of standard stimuli (St), respectively. The results showed that the different threshold values were affected by the amount of sweat due to the characteristic absorption behaviour of the different fabrics. At St = 0.5 ml, cotton showed the largest difference threshold (DL1 = 0.257 ml); it also had the highest initial absorption rate. With the high level of simulated sweat (St = 1.5 ml), the high-performance polyester, which had thehighest wicking rate at 30–70% of its maximum absorption capacity, had the largest DL (DL2 = 0.543 ml). Thesedata indicate that cotton and high-performance polyester provide better moisture comfort in low and heavy sweat situations, respectively. The results suggest the possibility of using the psychophysical method as a tool to predict the end-use-specific performance of functional textiles when traditional subjective ratings fail. Statement of Relevance: Since the moisture management behaviour of high-tech and conventional fabrics may differ, the moisture comfort ofhigh-performance fabrics cannot be predicted using existing subjective rating methods. The feasibility ofincorporating psychophysical human factors into the end-use-specific performance evaluation of high-performance textiles was examined to help develop and optimise their comfort level.

Evaluation of the availability of easy cationic dyeable copolyester fibers as electrostatic flocking piles

AbstractEasy cationic dyeable copolyester (ECDP) fiber produced by the copolymerization of sulfoisophthalate acid groups and poly(ethylene glycol) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) improves the dyeability compared to regular polyester (PET) fiber; this has resulted in a growing increase in its applications. However, there is little research involving their application in electrostatic flocked fabrics. In this study, we investigated the properties of ECDP fiber, and we discuss their availability for use as electrostatic flocking piles and also compare them to PET fiber. The experimental results show that ECDP fiber possessed a lower crystallinity degree and tensile strength, better conductivity and moisture absorption capability, and higher elongation than PET fiber, mainly because of the copolymerization of sulfoisophthalate acid groups and poly(ethylene glycol). The pretreatment and electrical treatment introduced in this study significantly improved the flocking properties of ECDP and PET piles, especially ECDP piles; they achieved a more pronounced improvement because of their better affinity. With regard to the flocked fabrics, the ECDP flocked fabric had a much higher flock density and a lower weight loss in the wear‐resistance test than the PET one and nearly the same good wear resistance as the commercially available polyamide one; this indicated that the ECDP fiber examined in this study could be successfully used to produce flocked fabrics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011