Regular Games Research Articles

Pengembangan dan Implementasi Permainan Edukatif untuk Meningkatkan Kognitif, Sosial, dan Emosional Anak-Anak di Panti Asuhan Muhabbatul Haq

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a community service program through the development and implementation of educational games at Muhabbatul Haq Orphanage. The method used in this program involves three main stages: preparation and needs identification, educational game development, and game implementation. In the first stage, the team conducted initial observations and interviews with caregivers and children to identify their educational needs. The second stage involved the development and design of games that covered cognitive, social and emotional aspects. The third stage was the implementation of the games at the orphanage with regular game sessions. The results of the program showed significant improvements in the children's creativity and basic knowledge, as well as the strengthening of their social and emotional skills. The children were able to display creativity in the guessing game and answered questions well in the quiz, showing solid understanding. The program not only provides short-term benefits of improved knowledge and skills, but also long-term contributions to community development. In conclusion, educational games are proven to be effective in supporting children's development, building good character, and creating a fun learning environment.

Tic‐Tac‐Toe on Designs

ABSTRACTWe consider playing the game of Tic‐Tac‐Toe on block designs BIBD and transversal designs TD. Players take turns choosing points and the first player to complete a block wins the game. We show that triple systems, BIBD, are a first‐player win if and only if . Further, we show that for , TD is a first‐player win if and only if . We also consider a weak version of the game, called Maker–Breaker, in which the second player wins if they can stop the first player from winning. In this case, we adapt known bounds for when either the first or second player can win on BIBD and TD, and show that for Maker–Breaker, BIBD is a first‐player win if and only if . We show that TD is a second‐player win, and so the second player can force a draw in the regular game by playing the same strategy.

Change in Home Bias Due to Ghost Games in the NFL

Abstract We analyse changes in the National Football League (NFL) due to ghost games in 2020. The home bias disappears as expected. This also applies to semi-ghost games with significantly fewer spectators than regular games and to referee decisions regarding penalties.

Cybersecurity Knowledge Deterioration and the role of Gamification Intervention

Cybersecurity is becoming an overly critical issue in contemporary times. Cyberspace safety is declining, and this covers all categories of persons, businesses, institutions, and even the government. Deterioration in cybersecurity knowledge and awareness has led people to become easy prey/victims of cybercrime. The more novel security systems are being developed, the higher the cyberattacks as hackers, scammers, and cybercriminals are innovative in their techniques to attack cyber-users. It is therefore paramount to investigate the stance of cybersecurity knowledge among the general IT (Information Technology) users, especially in the 21st century. This paper designed a cybersecurity quiz based on adaptations from literature and past cybersecurity quizzes and conducted investigations to test the knowledge of random cyber-users via the cybersecurity quiz. Results from investigations are quite surprising and instructive, thus serving as a propelling motivation to develop a cybersecurity game. Among the 10-questionnaire cybersecurity quiz, it was discovered that most cyber-users lack knowledge about network security. Also, the question on social engineering was not well performed by the respondents. Thus, it is important for upcoming innovations to take into consideration the aspects of network security, social engineering when designing cybersecurity gamification approaches. Gamification has been used as teaching aids for diverse learning fields, however the use of games in cybersecurity is still understudied. Thus, the result of this quiz is intended to be used to further boost the development of a cybersecurity game, which can be age centric, thus developing cybersecurity games that will be suitable for specific user groups. Interestingly, though females were not regular game players, however they were highly interested in playing a cybersecurity game, as majority of cyber-users (males inclusive), believed that a cybersecurity knowledge gamification approach can help enhance their cybersecurity knowledge and awareness. Conclusively, it is obvious that both the young and old still lack basic cybersecurity knowledge, thereby making them easy prey for cyberattacks. Gamification if applied properly into cybersecurity, could be an interactive learning platform that is both enjoyable, produces a high spirit of learning as well as help serve as a strong awareness tool that can boost cybersecurity user’s knowledge.

On sustainable equilibria

Following the ideas laid out in Myerson (1996), Hofbauer (2003) defined a Nash equilibrium of a finite game as sustainable if it can be made the unique Nash equilibrium of a game obtained by deleting/adding a subset of the strategies that are inferior replies to it. This paper proves a result about sustainable equilibria and uses it to provide a refinement as well. Our result concerns the Hofbauer-Myerson conjecture about the relationship between the sustainability of an equilibrium and its index: for a generic class of games, an equilibrium is sustainable iff its index is +1. von Schemde and von Stengel (2008) proved this conjecture for bimatrix games; we show that the conjecture is true for all finite games. More precisely, we prove that an equilibrium is isolated and has index +1 if and only if it can be made unique in a larger game obtained by adding finitely many strategies that are inferior replies to that equilibrium. It follows in a straightforward way from our result that sustainable equilibria fail the Decomposition Axiom for games as formulated by Mertens (1989a). In order to rectify this problem we propose a refinement, called strongly sustainable equilibria, which is shown to exist for all regular games.

Subjective experience, self-efficacy, and motivation of professional football referees during the COVID-19 pandemic

The present multi-study article investigates the subjective experience of professional football (a.k.a. soccer) referees and players during the COVID-19 pandemic and the so-called ghost games (i.e., games without supporters). Referees from the Austrian Football Association completed questionnaires inquiring about self-efficacy, motivation, and general personal observations and perceptions (e.g., arousal or confidence). In addition, two players and one referee in the Austrian Football Bundesliga were interviewed retrospectively regarding their subjective experience during ghost games and the effects of emotions on behavior and performance using semi-structured, video-taped interviews. Results of the referee survey indicate that the most profound differences between regular games and ghost games lie in the domain of intrinsic motivation and multiple aspects of subjective experience. Specifically, the experience in ghost games compared with regular games was reported by referees as being significantly less motivating, less excited/tense, less emotional, less focused, and overall, more negative, despite being easier to referee and the players behaving more positively. Qualitative analyses of the video-taped interview footage indicated (i) substantial inter-individual variability regarding the extent of the effect of the empty stadiums on the subjective experience of emotions, (ii) consequently, different strategies to regulate emotions and arousal from suboptimal to optimal levels, both before and during competition, and (iii) interactions between reported emotions, arousal, motivation, self-confidence, behavior and performance on the pitch. In addition, non-verbal expressions of emotion were captured using fully automated AI-software that coded facial movements during interviews. The results of this exploratory facial expression analysis revealed varying degrees of arousal and valence in relation to the content of the statements during the interviews, demonstrating the convergent validity of our findings. Our findings contribute to the growing literature on the effects of football games without fans during the COVID-19 pandemic and provide insights into the subjective experience of professional football referees. Concerning referees and players alike, emotions are investigated as potential processes related to home-field advantage and performance in professional football by means of a multi-methods approach. Further, the combination of qualitative and quantitative measures—as well as verbal and non-verbal communication channels—can deepen our understanding of the emotional influence of (missing) spectators on the subjective experience and the behavior of sports professionals is discussed.

The seven phases of match status differentiate the running performance of soccer players in UEFA Champions League

The purpose of this research was to investigate the running performance of professional soccer players in relation to seven phases which resulted in the changing or maintaining the match status in the UEFA Champion League games during season 2020/2021. Moreover, we aimed to define which match status phases occur at the earliest stage of regular game time. This study involved professional soccer players from 24 teams participating in the group stage of UEFA Champions League in season 2020/21. The match status was divided into seven phases that result in changing or maintaining the match outcome: DW (Drawing to Winning); LD (Losing to Drawing); WW (Winning to Winning); DD (Drawing to Drawing); LL (Losing to Losing); DL (Drawing to Losing); WD (Winning to Drawing). Such running performance variables as: total distance covered (TDC) and distance covered in high-intensity running (HIR) were analyzed. Players participating in the UEFA Champions League matches cover the longest TDC in DW, DL and DD phases. TDC in these stages was between 111 and 123 m min−1. The highest HIR was recorded during phases: DW, DL and LL (range between 9.91 and 10.82 m min−1). In contrast, the lowest total distance and distance in HIR is covered during WD phase (only 105.57 ± 1.89 m min−1 and 7.34 m min−1 respectively). On average, phases resulting in the change of the match status occur during the first half, while all phases maintaining the result in the second half. Coaching staffs should consider registering and analysing the physical match performance in relation to described seven match status phases. Such information allows to prepare team-specific training drills, that players should perform more often in order to change or maintain the status of the game.

Game-Day Pitch and Throw Count Feasibility Using a Single Sensor to Quantify Workload in Youth Baseball Players.

Pitch count recommendations are used to reduce injury risk in youth baseball pitchers and are based chiefly on expert opinion, with limited scientific support. Furthermore, they only account for pitches thrown against a hitter and do not include the total number of throws on the day a player pitched. Currently, counts are recorded manually. To provide a method using a wearable sensor to quantify total throws per game that is compliant with Little League Baseball rules and regulations. Descriptive laboratory study. Eleven male baseball players (age, 10-11 years) from an 11U (players 11 years and younger) competitive travel team were evaluated over a single summer season. An inertial sensor was placed above the midhumerus of the throwing arm and was worn during baseball games across the season. A throw identification algorithm capturing all throws and reporting linear acceleration and peak linear acceleration was used to quantify throwing intensity. Pitching charts were collected and used to verify actual pitches thrown against a hitter in a game versus all other throws identified. A total of 2748 pitches and 13,429 throws were captured. On the day a player pitched, he averaged 36 ± 18 pitches (23%) and 158 ± 106 total throws (pitches in game as well as all warm-up pitches and other throws during game). In comparison, on a day a player did not pitch, he averaged 119 ± 102 throws. Across all pitchers, 32% of all throws were low intensity, 54% were medium intensity, and 15% were high intensity. The player with one of the highest percentages of high-intensity throws did not pitch as their primary position, while the 2 players who pitched most often had the lowest percentages. Total throw count can be successfully quantified using a single inertial sensor. Total throws tended to be higher on days a player pitched compared with regular game days without pitching. This study provides a fast, feasible, and reliable method to obtain pitch and throw counts so that more rigorous research on contributing factors to arm injury in the youth athlete can be achieved.

Fast Symbolic Algorithms for Omega-Regular Games under Strong Transition Fairness

We consider fixpoint algorithms for two-player games on graphs with $\omega$-regular winning conditions, where the environment is constrained by a strong transition fairness assumption. Strong transition fairness is a widely occurring special case of strong fairness, which requires that any execution is strongly fair with respect to a specified set of live edges: whenever the source vertex of a live edge is visited infinitely often along a play, the edge itself is traversed infinitely often along the play as well. We show that, surprisingly, strong transition fairness retains the algorithmic characteristics of the fixpoint algorithms for $\omega$-regular games -- the new algorithms have the same alternation depth as the classical algorithms but invoke a new type of predecessor operator. For Rabin games with $k$ pairs, the complexity of the new algorithm is $O(n^{k+2}k!)$ symbolic steps, which is independent of the number of live edges in the strong transition fairness assumption. Further, we show that GR(1) specifications with strong transition fairness assumptions can be solved with a 3-nested fixpoint algorithm, same as the usual algorithm. In contrast, strong fairness necessarily requires increasing the alternation depth depending on the number of fairness assumptions. We get symbolic algorithms for (generalized) Rabin, parity and GR(1) objectives under strong transition fairness assumptions as well as a direct symbolic algorithm for qualitative winning in stochastic $\omega$-regular games that runs in $O(n^{k+2}k!)$ symbolic steps, improving the state of the art. Finally, we have implemented a BDD-based synthesis engine based on our algorithm. We show on a set of synthetic and real benchmarks that our algorithm is scalable, parallelizable, and outperforms previous algorithms by orders of magnitude.

Physiological responses of small-sided vs. regular games in youth volleyball players

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two different formats of small-sided games (SSGs; 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3) on physiological parameters in youth volleyball players. Twelve youth volleyball players (17.2 ± 7.44 years, 1.89 ± 0.6 m, 72.83 ± 8.57 kg) completed three different games formats (regular game (RG): 6 vs. 6, SSG3: 3 vs. 3 and SSG2: 2 vs. 2). associated with two pitch dimensions (i.e., 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3 on 18 × 4.5 m; 6 vs. 6 on 18 × 9 m). Each player performed 4 × 5 min SSG with a recovery period of 1 min between bouts. All players were members of the same youth team and played in a professional league. They had at least 6 years of volleyball training and no current injuries. This study was carried out during the competitive period. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate ([La-]), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Compared to RG, physiological (i.e., HR and [La-]) and RPE responses were significantly higher during SSG3 and SSG2 (all p < 0.05; ƞp 2 = 0.77, ƞp 2 = 0.65, ƞp 2 = 0.30, respectively). Moreover, HR and RPE were significantly higher in SSG2 compared to SSG3. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in [La-] between SSG2 and SSG3. These results suggest that the number of players influences the exercise intensity in small-sided volleyball games in youth players. Therefore, coaches could benefit from incorporating SSGs to manipulate the exercise intensity in youth volleyball players.

Compare Heart Rate Recovery and Cardiopulmonary Endurance of Badminton and Squash Player

Background: Cardiopulmonary endurance is the ability to pump blood rich with oxygen to working muscles and this oxygen during exercise works and enhance period of activity. Regular aerobic exercises and sports can enhance cardiovascular endurance. Previous work in the field of physical science reveals that physical activity manage to advance and sustain higher levels of physical as well as cardiovascular fitness. Objectives: The main objectives of study were to compare heart rate recovery in badminton and squash healthy young adult players and to compare cardiopulmonary endurance among badminton and squash players. Methodology: 20 players with the age of 20-40 years playing badminton and squash for more than a yearfrom Liaquat Bagh Sports Complex, Rawalpindi were selected for this study. Subjects performed two tests for cardiopulmonary fitness testing i.e. Rockport walk test and 3 minutes step test. Subjects then played their regular game for 10 minutes. Heart rate, blood pressure, SpO2 were measured before the start of game, immediately after play and 5 minutes after cessation of game and heart rate recovery was calculated. Independent T test and Chi square test were applied to analyze the data. Results: When comparing heart rate recovery, results showed that people who were playing regular badminton showed faster heart rate recovery as compared to those individuals who were playing squash regularly. According to results of cardiopulmonary fitness test badminton players showed better result than squash players. Conclusion: Playing regular badminton for fitness purposes showed better results in cardiovascular health and heart rate recovery than playing squash Keywords: Badminton, Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, Cardiopulmonary, Endurance, Heart Rate, Heart Rate Recovery, RatePerceived Exertion.

No Home Bias in Ghost Games

Because of the COVID-19-pandemic the men’s first German football league (Bundesliga) had to take a break before it was permitted to finish the season 2019/20. However, only ghost games without spectators in the stadiums were allowed in this finishing phase. Comparing these 83 games without spectators with the corresponding 83 regular games between the same teams with spectators before, we find that the normal advantage for the home team disappears. There were 48.2% home wins with spectators and only 32.5% without. This decrease is statistically significant. There were 32.5% away wins before the break and 44.6% thereafter, while the draws increased from 19.3% to 22.9%. However, these increases are not statistically significant. One reason for the lost home advantage is the disappearance of a home bias by the referees, who gave significantly less extra time and also less yellow and red cards to the away team. Keywords: Bundesliga, COVID-19, football, ghost games, home bias

МАРКЕТИНГОВІ ТРЕНДИ РИНКУ ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ ТОРГІВЛІ КОМП’ЮТЕРНИМИ ІГРАМИ В ПОСТПАНДЕМІЧНИЙ ПЕРІОД

The article considers the phenomenon of the video game industry growth as the latest trend in the development of the e-commerce market for digital products in the post-pandemic period. The latest technologies and the active promotion of the Internet usage have contributed to the emergence of a new type of games – video games. Video games are gradually replacing regular games and have a direct impact on how Internet users fill their free time, as they offer an expanded range of products and services, both gaming and non-gaming. Features of incomes volumes change in various directions of the entertainment industry for understanding of a share of video games in the general volume of its growth are outlined. The increase in interest in video games has been found to be due to a structural shift in the entertainment industry caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the forced self-isolation of most people around the world. The global costs of video games by types of devices were analyzed, which allowed to form an understanding of the increased interest of users in games presented in a format available for use on smartphones. In 2019, consumers spent $149 billion (excluding equipment) on video games, compared to $35 billion in 2004. The distinctive features of the demographics of gamers in the United States are listed, which can be taken as a basis for marketing research of e-commerce of computer games in other countries. The peculiarities of the marketing campaign of the company "CD Project RED" – a well-known giant on the market of development and implementation of computer games are researched. The key problem of "CD Project RED" management has been extremely high ambitions and the scale of statements that cannot be fulfilled on practice. As a result of marketing activities, gamers' expectations were so high that it was impossible to create a game that would satisfy the excitement that the company's marketers have been creating for eight years. Understanding the mistakes in marketing activities has already allowed the management of "CD Project RED" to smooth out the financial consequences of the previous failure. Unlike most sectors of the economy that suffered from the effects of forced downtime during the COVID-19 pandemic, the gaming sector "went against the flow" and found opportunities where other sectors suffered losses.

Joint continuity of separately continuous mappings

In this paper, we will introduce a topological game to show that every separately continuous function f:X×Y→Z, where X is a β-unfavorable space for our game and Z is a regular space, is strongly quasi-continuous at each point of X×{y} provided that y is a q-point. We also show that the set of points of subcontinuity of quasi-continuous mappings from a Baire space X into a regular game determined space Y contains a dense Gδ subset of X. Our results generalize some theorems in Bouziad (1996) [6] and Kenderov et al. (2001) [18].

Infinite horizon multiobjective optimal control of stochastic cooperative linear-quadratic dynamic difference games

This article is concerned with the infinite horizon stochastic cooperative linear-quadratic (LQ) dynamic difference game in both the regular and the indefinite cases. Firstly, due to the constraints imposed on the weighting matrices and the linearity of the dynamic system, the costs are shown to be convex spontaneously for the regular stochastic cooperative LQ difference game, which yields the equivalence between the minimization of the weighted sum of costs and the Pareto optimal control. Secondly, the Pareto optimal control is derived for the regular game on the ground of the solution to the weighted algebraic Riccati equation (WARE) under exact observability, and then Pareto solutions are identified via the optimal feedback gain matrices and the solution to the weighted algebraic Lyapunov equation (WALE). Moreover, a new criterion which is also necessary and sufficient is developed to guarantee the costs to be convex for the indefinite case, and the Pareto optimality is investigated based on the solutions to the weighted generalized algebraic Riccati equation (WGARE) and the weighted generalized algebraic Lyapunov equation (WGALE) combining with the semidefinite programming (SDP). Finally, the fishery management game in the economy is presented to illustrate the obtained results.

PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY CHILDREN WITH A SIBLING WITH DOWN SYNDROME

&lt;p&gt;This research aims to identify the problems of normally developing siblings of children with Down syndrome. The participants of the study consisted of 11 typically developing siblings between the ages of 8-19 who had a sibling with Down syndrome. This study was designed according to a qualitative research methods. A semi-structured interview technique was used to gather research data. Descriptive analysis was used in the analysis of the data. Considering the problems experienced by children with typical development who have a sibling with Down syndrome; in the home environment, that they have problems in the common use of their products, that their siblings with Down's syndrome do not violate them, and that their parents - especially their mothers - are more interested in siblings with Down's syndrome; that in the school environment your siblings are deterred from studying and that they mock the other children's brothers; in social life, the siblings with Down's syndrome had problems in the regular games, so they said that they had no friends and that the other children were ridiculing their siblings with Down's syndrome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0771/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Nash Equilibrium Sequence in a Singular Two-Person Linear-Quadratic Differential Game

A finite-horizon two-person non-zero-sum differential game is considered. The dynamics of the game is linear. Each of the players has a quadratic functional on its own disposal, which should be minimized. The case where weight matrices in control costs of one player are singular in both functionals is studied. Hence, the game under the consideration is singular. A novel definition of the Nash equilibrium in this game (a Nash equilibrium sequence) is proposed. The game is solved by application of the regularization method. This method yields a new differential game, which is a regular Nash equilibrium game. Moreover, the new game is a partial cheap control game. An asymptotic analysis of this game is carried out. Based on this analysis, the Nash equilibrium sequence of the pairs of the players’ state-feedback controls in the singular game is constructed. The expressions for the optimal values of the functionals in the singular game are obtained. Illustrative examples are presented.

The novelty effect and on-field team performance in new sports facilities: the case of the Canadian Football League

ABSTRACT When advocating for public funding assistance for new stadiums, franchise owners often employ the rationale of higher attendance and enhanced on-field team performance among other arguments. The Canadian Football League (CFL) has seen a number of large publicly funded facilities open over the last decade. In the present study, we empirically analyze seasonal attendance and on-field performance data from 1996 to 2019 to see whether these assertations can be supported. Results from a Tobit estimation (n = 203) reveal an increase in teams’ regular season home game attendance attributed to a 5-year long novelty effect. The results of Stochastic Frontier Model analysis (n = 136) indicate playing in new stadiums does not significantly affect team production efficiency. The findings of this study further contribute to our understanding of direct stadium impact for fans along with furthering our evidence in relation to owner behavior after moving into a new facility.

Jump performance during a season in elite volleyball players.

The aim of this study was to measure and compare jump load and dynamic performance in elite volleyball athletes under varied conditions over an entire season of practices and games. Jump load and dynamic performance were compared among best jump height, mean jump height, as well as according to the number of jumps per game or practice session and the proportion of jumps higher than 50 cm relative to the total number of jumps in a practice or game. Every jump performed by each of 12 players, in all practices and regular games (813 player-sessions in total), was measured by a particle accelerometer in accordance with a validated protocol (Vert, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA). Data were collected and analyzed using STATA (SataCorp, College Station, TX, USA); the significance level for definition of confidence intervals was set to 95%, unless otherwise specified. Statistical analysis and comparison of means and proportions between groups was based on standard t-tests. Among player positions, the middle blocker consistently presented the greatest jump loads during the season; by comparison, the smallest jump loads were observed in the setter. Monitoring players' jump loads and performance using a simple accelerometer provides evidence which can be used to plan individual player activity, roster composition, the season calendar and furthermore increase knowledge to reduce over-training and recurrence of injuries.

Differences in Head Impact Exposures Between Youth Tackle and Flag Football Games and Practices: Potential Implications for Prevention Strategies

Background: Interventions designed to reduce the risk for head impacts and concussion in youth football have increased over the past decade; however, understanding of the role of regular game play on head impact exposure among youth tackle and flag football athletes is currently limited. Purpose: To explore head impact exposure among youth tackle and flag football athletes (age range, 6-14 years) during both practices and games. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Using the Vector MouthGuard sensor, the authors collected head impact data from 524 tackle and flag youth football athletes over the course of a football season. Quantities of interest were estimated from regression models using Bayesian methods. Results: For impacts ≥10g, a tackle football athlete had an estimated 17.55 (95% CI, 10.78-28.96) times more head impacts per practice compared with a flag football athlete (6.85 [95% CI, 6.05-7.76] and 0.39 [95% CI, 0.24-0.62] head impacts, respectively). Additionally, a tackle football athlete had an estimated 19.48 (95% CI, 12.74-29.98) times more head impacts per game compared with a flag football athlete (13.59 [95% CI, 11.97-15.41] and 0.70 [95% CI, 0.46-1.05] head impacts, respectively). Among tackle football athletes, the estimated average impact rate was 6.51 (95% CI, 5.75-7.37) head impacts during a practice and 12.97 (95% CI, 11.36-14.73) impacts during a game, resulting in 2.00 (95% CI, 1.74-2.29) times more ≥10g head impacts in games versus practices. Tackle football athletes had 2.06 (95% CI, 1.80-2.34) times more high-magnitude head impacts (≥40g) during a game than during a practice. On average, flag football athletes experienced an estimated 0.37 (95% CI, 0.20-0.60) head impacts during a practice and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.53-1.06) impacts during a game, resulting in 2.06 (95% CI, 1.29-3.58) times more ≥10g head impacts in games versus practices. Because of model instability caused by a large number of zero impacts for flag football athletes, a comparison of high-magnitude head impacts is not reported for practices or games. Conclusion: This study provides a characterization of the head impact exposure of practices and games among a large population of youth tackle and flag football athletes aged 6 to 14 years. These findings suggest that a greater focus on game-based interventions, such as fair play interventions and strict officiating, may be beneficial to reduce head impact exposures for youth football athletes.