Regular Flooding Research Articles

Effect of Cooperative Membership on Alleviating Problems of Flood Victims in Anambra State (A Study of Selected Cooperative in Ogbaru Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria)

The regular annual flooding that destroys farmer’s crops in the studied area necessitated this study to examine the effect of cooperative membership on alleviating problems of flood victims in Anambra state, Nigeria. The work is anchored on the theory of vulnerability as derived from the ideas of Martha Albertson Fineman (2008). The study adopted a survey research design and the study area was Ogbaru local government Area of Anambra state. A sample of 100 members of agricultural cooperatives were selected through random sampling. Questionnaire was employed to obtain data for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance, signifying a 95% level of confidence. Findings revealed that the significant factor accounting for differences in their alleviation of problems were proved by being member of cooperative. The rate of alleviation of problems of cooperative members was extremely higher than that of non-cooperative; cooperative had more stable measures of mitigating problems for the development of rural farmers. The hypotheses revealed that of 0.793 shows that 79.3% of variations in income is caused by severity of flooding. The T-value of 0.000 is significant at 5% level showing the strength of the model. Severity of flooding have coefficient of -0.892 and was very significant. It shows that when flooding increase by one unit, income will fall by 0.892. in the studied area. Sequel to this, it was concluded that Being member of a cooperative society was discovered to be a better alternative for alleviation of the problems of flood victims in the area. It was recommended among others that important to give flood victims important needed information and enlightenment as regards flood events and insurance (of crops, livestock, farmlands and properties

Tidal River Siltation and its Impact in the Coastal Parts of Bangladesh

The study area is located in the south-western coastal part of Bangladesh and belongs to the lower deltaic plain of the Ganges delta system, which lies in the Rampal upazila of Bagherhat district. The area is more or less flat with elevation ranges from 1.0 to 2.0 m above mean sea level (MSL) and is blanketed with fluvio-tidal deposits of sandy silt, clayey silt and clay. Right now, water logging is one of the major problems in the area. The present paper is an attempt to expose the causes of water logging as well as its consequences. The satellite images of the last few decades, existing statistical records and simultaneous field checking were employed in this study, which reveals that natural as well as anthropogenic factors are responsible for water logging problem. The rivers and their link channels in the areas are influenced by tidal water regularly. The Water Development Board (WDB) was built embankments along the river courses as well as constructed sluice gates on the head of the tidal creeks to protect the area from regular tidal flooding and sea water intrusion. During monsoon, when rivers carry huge amount of water and sediments due to torrential rain, and these rising waters overtop the natural levees which were artificially modified and raised by coastal embankments. Consequently, the sediments drop down inside the channel and near channel bank rather in the nearby tidal plain. As a result, channels are gradually congested due to siltation, whereas tidal plain areas gradually lower due to subsidence and lack of sedimentation. Moreover, many sluice gates were constructed on the river courses in the coastal areas which also aggravate the situation. Daudkhali river is one of the main rivers in the study area. Image interpretation depicts that in 1977 the width of this river was nearly about 200 m all through its course and the river maintained this width up to 1990. But due to embankments the river starts to squeeze and the width of the river reached about 100 m in 2000. But in 2014, the river was nearly abandoned. A sluice gate was constructed on the course of the river about 30 years ago near Foila Bazar. The sediments carried by the river started to deposit in the mouth of the sluice gate which gradually choked the opening of the gate and now the gate is nearly blocked. During the rainy season, the river cannot carry excess water resulting flooding and water logging for long time. The presence of thick finer sediments in the subsurface as well as climate change further prolongates the situations. Finally, for sustainable development of the area,it is necessary to carry out different development activities with consideration of delta building processes.

Urban Climate Justice, Human Health, and Citizen Science in Nairobi’s Informal Settlements

Urban informal settlements or slums are among the most vulnerable places to climate-change-related health risks. Yet, little data exist documenting environmental and human health vulnerabilities in slums or how to move research to action. Citizen science, where residents co-define research objectives with professionals, collect and analyze data, and help translate findings into ameliorative actions, can help fill data gaps and contribute to more locally relevant climate justice interventions. This paper highlights a citizen-science, climate justice planning process in the Mukuru informal settlement of Nairobi, Kenya. We describe how residents, non-governmental organizations and academics partnered to co-create data-gathering processes and generated evidence to inform an integrated, climate justice strategy called the Mukuru Special Planning Area, Integrated Development Plan. The citizen science processes revealed that <1% of residents had access to a private in-home toilet, and 37% lacked regular access to safe and affordable drinking water. We found that 42% of households were subject to regular flooding, 39% reported fair or poor health, and 40% reported a child in the household was stunted. These and other data were used in a community planning process where thousands of residents co-designed improvement and climate change adaptation strategies, such as flood mitigation, formalizing roads and pathways with drainage, and a water and sanitation infrastructure plan for all. We describe the participatory processes used by citizen scientists to generate data and move evidence into immediate actions to protect human health and a draft a long-range, climate justice strategy. The processes used to create the Mukuru Special Planning Area redevelopment plan suggest that participatory, citizen-led urban science can inform local efforts for health equity and global goals of climate justice.

The effect of river regulation on groundwater flow patterns and the hydrological conditions of an aapa mire in northern Finland

Study regionNorthern Finland. Study focusThis study examined long-term (decade-scale) hydrological and ecological consequences of dam construction and subsequent river regulation on the environmentally protected Viiankiaapa mire. Pre-regulation floods affected the hydrology of the riverbanks and the Viiankiaapa mire, which contain habitats of flood-dependent or groundwater-influenced ecosystems. Groundwater discharge and flow patterns and pre-regulation flood coverage were simulated to investigate the impact of river regulation on the mire area. New hydrological insights for the regionThe flood models indicate that regular flooding covered the westernmost part of the mire before the regulation. Groundwater modelling suggests that the regulation has raised the locations of springs in the river shore, reduced the hydraulic gradient towards the river, raised the groundwater table in the river banks and the western part of the Viiankiaapa mire, and increased groundwater discharge in the mire. The groundwater flow models and the stable isotopic composition of water indicate that the constructed dam changed the groundwater flow directions close to dam. The ecological effects of regulation were mixed: the studied flood-dependent plant species declined due to the reduction in floods after regulation. Conversely, the occurrence of Hamatocaulis vernicosus and Hamatocaulis lapponicus appears to be related to the high water table and groundwater discharge areas in the mire, suggesting suitable habitat for these species may have expanded after the regulation.

The other side of tropical forest drought: do shallow water table regions of Amazonia act as large-scale hydrological refugia from drought?

Tropical forest function is of global significance to climate change responses, and critically determined by water availability patterns. Groundwater is tightly related to soil water through the water table depth (WT), but historically neglected in ecological studies. Shallow WT forests (WT < 5 m) are underrepresented in forest research networks and absent in eddy flux measurements, although they represent c. 50% of the Amazon and are expected to respond differently to global-change-related droughts. We review WT patterns and consequences for plants, emerging results, and advance a conceptual model integrating environment and trait distributions to predict climate change effects. Shallow WT forests have a distinct species composition, with more resource-acquisitive and hydrologically vulnerable trees, shorter canopies and lower biomass than deep WT forests. During 'normal' climatic years, shallow WT forests have higher mortality and lower productivity than deep WT forests, but during moderate droughts mortality is buffered and productivity increases. However, during severe drought, shallow WT forests may be more sensitive due to shallow roots and drought-intolerant traits. Our evidence supports the hypothesis of neglected shallow WT forests being resilient to moderate drought, challenging the prevailing view of widespread negative effects of climate change on Amazonian forests that ignores WT gradients, but predicts they could collapse under very strong droughts.

How Does Water Behave? Unstable Milieu and Stable Agencements in Dakar’s Flooded Suburbs

In the suburbs of Dakar, matter as a flux is not a metaphor anymore, but a concrete process of city fluidification, disintegration, or solidification. Indeed, the city has been concerned for more than 30 years by regular floods that were established permanently in some districts. Drawing from an assemblage perspective, this article aims to understand how people deal with untamed waters in flooded neighbourhoods and at the city scale. It also raises questions about how we can capture the processes of production, maintenance, and disintegration of cities by identifying stable forms of assemblages and by comparing them according to the specific action that they support.

Новые ассоциации и высшие синтаксоны ивняков в восточноевропейском секторе Арктики

Новые ассоциации и высшие синтаксоны ивняков в восточноевропейском секторе Арктики

Climate adaptation to Multi-Hazard climate related risks in ten Indonesian Cities: Ambitions and challenges

Indonesian coastal cities are faced with a double imperative to urbanize quickly and to adapt to climate-related disasters. These disasters include droughts, storms, regular floods, tidal waves, and water pollution. This article investigates how ten small- and medium-sized coastal cities in Indonesia are developing resilience strategies to cope with disaster risks. It approaches their level of exposure, the current impacts of climate change, and the existing, local resilience strategies or response. It identifies key discussion points related to the implementation and the feasibility of these strategies. We argue in this article that the priorities are severalfold, and that local governments are increasingly faced with trade-offs when selecting specific interventions and neighborhoods or districts to prioritize to the detriment of others. The current coping strategies seem insufficient to reduce, respond to, and recover from climate-related impacts as well as address the question of vulnerabilities. The population in the coastal areas and in informal settlements, mainly the poor population, is more directly exposed to these climate-related hazards. The local research highlights the difficulties of multi-stakeholder cooperation, the inevitable trade-offs or difficult choices, and the lack of adequate instruments in climate adaptation. Finally, this article calls for more specific timely research on climate adaptation in cities.

The potential of Ojo de Valjunquera cave (NE of Iberia) sediments for paleoflood reconstructions

Speleothems and detrital deposits in caves are excellent archives of cave flood events but are still poorly exploited. In this study we evaluate, the potential of the Ojo de Valjunquera (Zaragoza, NE Spain) for the study of past floods based on geomorphological, topographical, hydrological, and chronological data. The cave comprises two subhorizontal levels. The lower level consists of a main horizontal conduit including six siphons. This level is connected to the upper one by shafts and ramps. That situation, together with the constrictions of the gallery in the lower level, favours the water rise during rainfall events. The upper level is characterized by a larger presence of speleothems and detrital sequences compared to the lower level. Current observations indicate that water can rise by ~9 m in some cave sectors during rainfall episodes &gt;60 mm, although the hydraulic head rise is not homogeneous along the cave, depending on the section's morphology. The stalagmites and detrital sequences hosted in the upper gallery most likely contain evidence of extreme events of rainfall. However, geomorphological and sedimentological evidences also suggest that the cave outlet could have been blocked in the past by sediments, favouring the water rise to high places usually not affected by regular floods. The detrital sequences located in lower positions with respect to the cave entrance show a higher proportion of sandy sediments than those located in the higher sectors related to the water energy during the flood. Stalagmites show clean carbonate alternating with well-defined detrital layers. These detrital layers vary in thickness: the thinner ones are related to small floods, whereas the thicker ones are connected to large floods. Two important historical floods (1709 and 1755 CE) occurred in the area that coincide with distinct detrital layers recorded in the stalagmites. All these observations suggest that Ojo de Valjunquera cave contains an important paleoflood archive based on speleothems and detrital deposits during the Holocene.

Do we prioritize floodplains for development and farming? Mapping global dependence and exposure to inundation

Global wetlands and floodplains offer benefits and perils alike for human society. For example, humans rely on natural flood cycles for fisheries and agriculture, yet flooding also caused nearly one trillion USD in damage in the past 30 years and impacts millions of people every year. Looking forward, altered flow regimes or increased drought conditions are expected to affect the natural inundation cycle and its ecosystem services. The current and potential future impacts of flooding and drying events warrant increasing efforts to quantify our dependence and exposure within flooded areas, since any change from current inundation patterns is expected to have consequences for those who rely on regular flood occurrences. This paper provides a baseline global assessment of the dependence and exposure of human populations, urban areas, roads, and agriculture on current inundation patterns. The analysis uses a spatially explicit inundation map at ∼500 m resolution (GIEMS-D15) derived from satellite remote sensing to represent flooding extents and overlays it with current population and land use maps. We find that 35% of the analyzed population, or 2.0 billion people, live inside areas that are prone to inland flooding, which comprise only 12% of the land surface area (excluding marine coastal areas), confirming that population densities within inundation zones are about three-times above global average. Likewise, 35% of urban areas potentially experience regular, seasonal, or infrequent flooding. Agriculture shows a similar pattern with 24% of the world’s cropland in areas of recurring inundation. Finally, we estimate that 18% of the global road network is exposed to inundation during high water periods. These global estimates demonstrate a preferential tendency of human populations, infrastructure, and agriculture to be co-located within inundation areas, making related anthropogenic activities highly susceptible to future changes in flood regimes. The results are intended to offer a suite of first-order estimates as partial input to more holistic risk and vulnerability assessments and to ultimately improve environmental planning and policy at large scales.

Micro-analytical study of the distribution of iron phases in ferromanganese nodules

The differentiation of Fe and Mn within the nodules and its relation to the fabric is a well-known phenomenon. However, the relationship of this differentiation to the nodules mineralogy was not studied yet. This study aimed to fill this gap through the micro-mineralogical and geochemical investigation of nodules from soils with different hydromorphic conditions by electron probe microanalysis and micro-X-Ray diffractometry.Different conditions of hydromorphism resulted in the same nodule types and their similar vertical distribution in soils. In soils with shallow groundwater table, nodules exhibited more developed fabric, and crystalline hydrous Fe oxides (goethite) prevailed in them. Contrarily, nodules showed smaller size, lower Fe enrichment, and a higher frequency of non-crystalline hydrous Fe oxides in soils with regular flooding and stagnant surface water. The difference could be related to the lower intensity of water oscillation and the shorter redox periods in the latter soils. The formation of the nodules’ fabric may have been followed by the slow crystallization of Fe-oxyhydroxides when favorable redox oscillation conditions occur allowing subsequent recrystallization. The association of hydrous Fe oxides to clay minerals may have also affected the crystallization process within the nodules.Although the observation of assumed differentiation of hydrous Fe oxides failed within the nodules, soils with different conditions of hydromorphism could be characterized by different Fe-oxyhydroxide mineralogy, at least in the progression of their crystallization process.

History of Mid- and Late Holocene Palaeofloods in the Yangtze Coastal Lowlands, East China: Evaluation of Non-Pollen Palynomorph Evidence, Review and Synthesis

The surface of the lowland deltaic plain around Taihu (Lake Tai), south of the Yangtze river mouth in eastern China, lies near sea level and until recent drainage and development by human societies was mostly covered by wetlands of various types. It was created by regular overbank flooding, mainly from the Yangtze, and the deposition of mostly mineral sediments over the several millennia since sea level regained its current altitude in the early mid-Holocene and progradation of the Yangtze delta began. Fluvial activity has therefore been the dominant influence on sedimentation in the Taihu lowlands, and in the lower Yangtze valley generally, and has determined the character of the mainly inorganic sediment sequences that have accumulated there, with autochthonous deposition of organic sediments within the local wetland plant communities playing a minor role. The presence of both clastic flood horizons and peat layers within the deposits of the Taihu plain attests to great variability in the magnitude of fluvial input from the Yangtze, with repeated extreme floods occurring at some periods, but with periods when the growth of peat layers shows low water tables, little exogenic sediment input and so little fluvial influence. We have examined the published evidence for these different depositional environments in the lower Yangtze and the Taihu plain during the Holocene, comparing the flood history with the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze catchment. Discrete phases of high or low flooding influence are recognised, and these correspond with large-scale Holocene climate history. Intensified human land use in recent millennia has complicated this relationship, amplifying the flooding signal. Our palynological research shows that algal microfossil type and abundance is a useful proxy for changing water depth and quality in the aquatic environments of the Holocene Taihu wetlands, and can recognise flooding events that are not registered in the floodplain lithological sequences.

Flood impacts on urban transit and accessibility—A case study of Kinshasa

• Transit system was surveyed under dry & flooded conditions to document transport disruptions. • Floods impact public transit headways, itineraries and vehicle travel speeds in Kinshasa. • Commuting delays vary spatially and impact some economically disadvantaged households more. • Criticality analyses based on observed travel paths show priorities for resilience upgrades. • Estimated daily commuting delays due to floods cause daily city-wide losses over US$ 1.2 M. Transportation networks underpin socioeconomic development by enabling the movement of goods and people. However, despite their frequency, little is known about how floods disrupt transportation systems in developing country cities. We collect an innovative dual-condition transit feed specification dataset, and combine it with a travel survey and high-resolution flood maps to examine how regular floods in Kinshasa impact transport services, job accessibility, and the associated economic opportunity costs from travel delays. Our results show that flood disruptions cause increases in public transit headways, transit rerouting, decreases in travel speeds, which translate into travel delays and loss of job accessibility. This induces substantial economic costs to local commuters – about $1.2 million daily – and hinders the establishment of an integrated citywide labor market. In addition, we reveal sizeable socio-spatial heterogeneities, with clusters of low-income residents incurring a large share of the travel delays and identify critical network segments that should be prioritized for resilience interventions.

The Challenges and Opportunities of Dar es - Salaam City Bus Rapid Transit on Implementation and Operations

Urban traffic congestion is primarily prevalent in large cities caused by city population growth and inefficiency of transportation infrastructure. To minimize the problem, in year 2016, Dar es Salaam city implemented the Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) transportation mode. This study introduced to describe the challenges and opportunities of the BRT project to the livelihoods of the city inhabitant. According to the finding, management concerns and regular floods in the main station area are among the project challenges, furthermore, the adoption of the BRT system has typically contributed to the improvement of the urban economy by attracting street seller’s around the buses stops, lowering travel times and enhancing access to fundamental society services. The study used a mixed methods approach, which includes both quantitative and qualitative data Keywords: Bus Rapid Transit; transportation; infrastructure DOI: 10.7176/DCS/11-7-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

PAVEMENT TYPE SELECTION FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES APPLYING LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS

Road network acts as a vein for the socio-economicdevelopment of a country. To maintain sustainable development,countries all over the world are investing heavily in road network infrastructure development. Bangladesh, an essential partner of the Asian Highway, is alsoinvesting heavily in road network development. But due to poorplanning, inefficient implementing agencies, inadequate pavementdesign, low-quality construction practices, lack of pavementmaintenance, rampant overloading &amp; tropical climaticconditions, the investment is not yielding the desired result. In Bangladesh, the current trend of pavement construction is 95% flexible pavement [16]. Due to tropical climatic conditions &amp; regular flash floods during the rainy season, water stagnation damages the flexible pavements severely. The rigid pavement has a high potential of survivability against the damage due to water stagnation. In Bangladesh, the transportation agencies emphasize on least initial construction cost rather thanthe least Life Cycle Costas the only tool for pavement type selection. Due to low initial construction cost, the flexible pavement always gets priority over the rigid pavement. In this research, Life Cycle Cost Analysisof flexible and rigid pavement had been done for Sylhet-Bholagajroad comprising of both rigid &amp; flexible portions. The pavement design data &amp; different Schedule of Rates collected from the Roads and Highways Departmenthad been used for this analysis. 12% discount rate was used to convert all estimated future costs to Net Present Value. After performing a life cycle cost analysis, it can be concluded that rigid pavement is the optimal choice of pavementfor developing countries like Bangladesh.

Cumulative Impacts of Land Cover Change and Dams on the Land–Water Interface of the Tocantins River

Riparian vegetation performs important ecosystems services, improving water quality, mitigating erosion, and maintaining regional plant and animal biodiversity. Regular annual flooding maintains riparian forests through an intermediate disturbance regime. In response, seasonally flooded vegetation has developed adaptations for seed dispersal and gas transfer to survive and reproduce while undergoing periods of flooding. In the Amazon, a dam building boom threatens the integrity of riparian vegetation by moving riparian corridors into dry-adapted ecosystems and reducing downstream flooding of riparian areas. Additionally, the region is undergoing intense development pressure resulting in the conversion of native riparian vegetation into agriculture. In this study, we measure how the installation of six large dams on the Tocantins River, coupled with land cover change from native forest and savanna to cattle pasture, has changed the land–water interface of this region. Using land cover data provided by MapBiomas, we quantified land cover change from 1985 to 2018 and measured changes in the riparian areas of the still free-flowing areas of the Tocantins River, riparian areas surrounding reservoirs, and in-stream vegetation dynamics. We found that deforestation in the riparian areas of the Tocantins River downstream of the dams is occurring at a higher rate than deforestation in the watershed. Additionally, reservoir filling resulted in creating hundreds of square kilometers of new riparian areas, pushing the riparian zone away from forest-dominated ecosystems into savanna-dominated areas. The quantity of in-stream vegetation throughout the study was dynamic and initially increased after damming before declining for the last decade of the study. Changes to native land cover in riparian areas of the Tocantins River threaten the integrity of ecosystem services provided by riparian vegetation and are likely to lead to further degradation of these areas.

Minimum energy transmission forest‐based geocast in software‐defined wireless sensor networks

AbstractWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)‐based geographic addressing and routing have many potential applications. Geocast protocols should be made energy efficient to increase the lifetime of nodes and packet delivery ratio. This technique will increase the number of live nodes, reduce message costs, and enhance network throughput. All geocast protocols in the literature of WSN apply mostly restricted flooding and perimeter flooding, which is why still the redundancy they produce significantly high message transmission costs and unnecessarily eats up immense energy of the nodes. Moreover, perimeter flooding cannot succeed in the presence of holes. The present article models WSN with software‐defined (SD) constructs where the network area is divided into some zones. Energy‐efficient transmission tree(s) are constructed in the geocast area to organize the flow of data packets and their links. Therefore, redundancy in the transmission is eliminated while maintaining network throughput as good as regular flooding. Besides, this study introduces a fuzzy controllers named SELECT‐STARTER and GEOCAST‐PROPAGATOR for intellgent energy tansmission control‐making. The proposed technique significantly reduces energy cost and improves nodes' lifetime to function for higher time duration and produce a higher data packet delivery ratio. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first work on geocast in SD‐WSNs.

An Analysis of Total Water Storage Changes Obtained from GRACE FO Observations over the Venezia Islands Area Supported with Additional Data

The Venezia Islands are a very special area from the hydrological point of view due to its water mass changes. Regular floods results in the need for the regular monitoring of water mass changes. For this purpose, a Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment mission (GRACE) can be used as a source of data. The aim of the paper is to compare the latest results of the new GRACE FO observations. The comparisons were carried out all over Venezia Island using the L3 level, RL06 release data obtained with spherical harmonics degree and order extension of up to 120, by the three most important computational centres: JPL, GFZ, CSR. Results are compared to an average month values of precipitation and evapotranspiration and tide gauge data in the nearby area. Based on the research, no dependence between TWS and evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration change were found.

An Evaluation of Risk-Based Agricultural Land-Use Adjustments under a Flood Management Strategy in a Floodplain

Agricultural damage due to floods in the Indus basin’s fertile land has been the most damaging natural disaster in Pakistan so far. Earthen dikes are protecting the vast areas of the floodplain from regular flooding. However, the floodplain is attractive to farmers due to its fertility and experiences regular crop production within and out of the dike area. This paper evaluates the flood risk in a floodplain of the Chenab river in Pakistan and recommends land-use changes to reduce the flood risk for crops and associated settlements within the study area. The objective of the land-use change is not just to reduce flood losses but also to increase the overall benefits of the floodplain in terms of its Economic Rent (ER). This preliminary study analyses the economic impacts of the risk-based land-use improvements on existing floodplain land uses. Expected Annual Damage (EAD) maps were developed using hydrodynamic models and GIS data. The developed model identified the areas where maize can be economically more productive compared to rice under flood conditions. Promising results were obtained for the settlement relocations. It was also observed that the infra-structure, running parallel to the river, plays a significant role in curtailing the extent of floods. The results show that a combination of structural and non-structural measures proves more effective. The study also recommends the inclusion of social and environmental damages as well as other types of non-structural measures to develop the most effective flood management strategy.

Leaf anatomical traits and their ecological significance for Acrostichum aureum (Pteridaceae), a remarkable fern species growing in mangroves

Mangroves are naturally stressful habitats, with high salinity, regular flooding, strong winds, high temperatures, and muddy, hypoxic soils, requiring adaptations in plant anatomy. In this sense, we present a description of the leaf anatomy of Acrostichum aureum, a remarkable fern species growing in mangroves, focusing on novelties and the significance of the traits for adaptation to mangrove conditions. The leaves were amphistomatic with anomocytic stomata at the same level as the other epidemic cells, and there was a uniseriate hypodermis on both surfaces of the lamina. A dense spongy parenchyma was present in the lamina with limited number of intercellular spaces. We observed sclerenchyma fibers in the costae (3–5 layers) immediately below the epidermis and surrounding the vascular bundles, which were amphicrival (1) and bicollateral (4) in the costae, and collateral and bicollateral in the mesophyll (4–6). In the costae, the endodermis was uniseriate with Casparian strip. The pericycle was interrupted, uniseriate, with varied cell sizes, indicating activity. Idioblasts containing isolated calcium oxalate crystals with a prismatic shape occurred in the epidermis, hypodermis, and sclerenchyma. Some anatomical traits of A. aureum are similar to those reported to angiosperms in mangroves, such as the presence of a thick cuticle, amphistomaty, hypodermis, CaOx crystals, and intercellular spaces, indicative of ecological convergence. These traits are potentially involved in promoting resistance to water loss, enhanced photosynthesis, avoidance of photoinhibition, mechanical resistance, resistance to herbivory, homeostasis, and detoxification.