Regular Exercise Habits Research Articles

A study on the effects of health behavior and sports participation on female college students' body mass index and healthy promoting lifestyle.

Life form and body composition may affect the health of college students. This study will explore the relationship between the demographic variables of female college students and their body composition and health promoting lifestyle, so as to provide useful reference for the future design and planning of college students' physical and mental health courses and improving their physical activity level. Using the method of questionnaire and bioelectrical resistance measurement, a questionnaire on healthy lifestyle of college students was constructed on the basis of consulting a large number of relevant research literature. Relevant survey samples were obtained through random sampling, and their body composition was measured; use SPSS21.0 statistical analysis software to conduct statistical analysis on relevant indicators. (1) at present, female college students generally lack leisure activities and sleep, the proportion of regular fitness habits is low, and the number of snacks and average daily online time are generally too high; The overweight rate and body fat rate of female college students are generally too high, while the standard rate of muscle weight is generally too low. (2) Female college students' health promoting lifestyle has the highest score of self-realization, followed by interpersonal support and the worst behavior of sports participation; The older the college students, the worse their sports participation and overall health promotion behavior; The better the Conscious health status, the better the self-realization, exercise participation and nutritional behavior; The more exercise time per day, the higher their participation in sports and the stronger their health responsibility; The more time spent on the Internet every day, the worse the health responsibility and sports participation. (3) The more time female college students spend on the Internet every day, the higher the probability of overweight. Those with regular exercise habits have a lower proportion of overweight and high body fat rate, while the better their sleep and night snack behavior, the lower their body fat rate. The older college students are, the larger their visceral fat area is, the better their exercise habits and sleep behavior are, the smaller their visceral fat area is, and the lower their visceral fat level is.

Physical activity levels and nutritional habits of physical education teachers during the covid-19 pandemic process

Background: While previous studies investigated the impact of the covid pandemic on society, no study findings were found on physical activity and nutrition habits of physical education teachers in this period. Therefore, this study was planned. For this purpose, a total of 238 Physical Education Teachers with an average age of 32.5±6.8 years, working in Çanakkale Province, participated voluntarily. Result: Physical Activity score (MET) in women was 1586.1±1646.1 MET; in males, it was found to be 1952.9.1±1558.6 MET. The frequency of daily meal consumption of the participants is mostly 3 meals (51.2%), the meals are mostly morning, noon and evening, respectively; It was determined that egg (17%), rice (20.2%) and meat dish (16.7%) were consumed. It was determined that fast food consumption was consumed 1 day a week with a rate of 53.7%, and the frequency of liquid consumption was mostly 1-2 lt (53.3%) per day. It was determined that tea-coffee type beverages were generally (50%) 1-2 glasses a day, and most of the participants (65.9%) did not consume cigarettes and alcohol (82.2%). When the results were evaluated, it was found that the frequency of exercise and physical activity levels of the participants were low, the fast-food style eating habits were high and their daily fluid consumption was low. Conclusion; It can be said that in order to prevent the health problems that may be caused by sedentary life during the pandemic process, it can be beneficial to gain regular exercise habits and to give seminars on healthy nutrition.

“I EAT TO NOT DIE”: DIET AND EXERCISE EXPERIENCES OF OLDER ADULTS LIVING ALONE

Abstract Living alone is a critical health risk factor among older adults. Regular exercise and a balanced diet are important for maintaining an independent and healthy life. However, it can be more difficult for older adults living alone to maintain healthy exercise and dietary habits due to the lack of social support. This was a qualitative descriptive study to explore the life changes that accompany living alone, focusing on exercise and diet and the need to improve the nutrition and physical activity of older adults living alone. Thematic analyses were applied to analyze the qualitative data collected from semistructured in-depth interviews. Fifteen subjects, including 5 men and 10 women, participated in the interviews. The mean age was 77.73 ± 7.37 years, and the mean duration of living alone was 17.73 ± 12.89 years. Six main themes were developed: unavoidable difficulties of living alone (lack of someone to depend on and loneliness), just eating “to not die”, exercise that is good for health but hard to do alone, conflict between maintaining independence and dependence on others, coping with available resources, and resources needed for regular exercise and a balanced diet. Living alone led to poor dietary habits, such as skipping meals or insufficient food intake. Food security should be ensured through the reinforcement of social support, financial assistance, and the operation of public cafeterias. In addition, a tailored group exercise program that can meet the need for social interaction and improve self-efficacy would help older adults living alone maintain regular exercise habits.

'I eat to not die': Diet and exercise experiences of older adults living alone.

Living alone is a critical health risk factor among older adults. Regular exercise and a balanced diet are important for maintaining an independent and healthy life. However, it can be more difficult for older adults living alone to maintain healthy exercise and dietary habits due to their lack of social support. This study aimed to explore the life changes that accompany living alone and their needs, focussing on exercise and diet. This was a qualitative descriptive study. Purposeful sampling was conducted to recruit community-dwelling older adults living alone. Thematic analyses were applied to analyse the qualitative data collected from semistructured interviews. Fifteen subjects, including 5 men and 10 women, participated in the interviews. The median age was 77 years, ranging from 66 to 88, and the median duration of living alone was 16 years, ranging from 3 to 35. Six main themes were developed, namely unavoidable difficulties of living alone: lack of someone to depend on and loneliness, just eating 'to not die', exercise that is good for health but hard to do consistently, conflict between maintaining independence and dependence on others, coping with available resources, and resources needed for regular exercise and a balanced diet. Living alone leads to poor dietary habits, such as skipping meals or insufficient food intake. Food security should be ensured through the reinforcement of social support, financial assistance and the operation of public cafeterias. In addition, an individually tailored group exercise programme that can meet the need for social interaction and improve self-efficacy would help older adults living alone maintain regular exercise habits.

The Relationship of Sleep Duration, Excersise Habits, Physical Activity and Eating Frequency to Nutritional Status of Students of SMAN 22 Surabaya During The Pandemic Covid-19

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic that has spread throughout the country has caused changes in behavior patterns due to social restrictions. This has resulted in activities outside the home and in open spaces being limited and even abolished and replaced with online activities (in the network). Students who usually take part in teaching and learning activities and do sports and extracurricular activities that they like at school turn into online activities at home. Teenagers cannot socialize with their friends and their space becomes limited during the Covid-19 pandemic so they tend to play social media and get a lot of sleep disorders and experience depression. In addition to changing activities, adolescents' eating patterns and sleep duration also change due to changes in daily routines. This condition affects the nutritional status of adolescents.Objectives: This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between sleep duration, exercise habits, physical activity and eating frequency with the nutritional status of the students of SMAN 22 Surabaya.Method: This research is an analytical observational study conducted at SMA Negeri 22 Surabaya with 170 respondents aged 15-17 years. The measurements taken included the respondent's nutritional status, anthropometry, sleep duration, exercise habits, physical activity and adolescent eating frequency during the pandemic. Statistical analysis used to test the hypothesis of this study using the chi-square test.Result: The nutritional status of non-obese as many as 94 students, and nutritional status of obesity as many as 76 students. Respondents with short sleep duration were 53 students, adequate sleep duration was 105 students, and long sleep duration was 12. Respondents with regular exercise habits were 45 students, and non-routine exercise habits were 125 students. Respondents with light physical activity were 75 students, moderate physical activity was 49 students, and high physical activity was 45 students. Respondents with low eating frequency were 113 students, 37 students had moderate eating frequency and 20 students had high meal frequency.Conclution: nutritional status is related to sleep duration, exercise habits, and eating frequency during the pandemic.

A Study on Experiential Motivation Customer Satisfaction and Re-rent Intention of the Sharing Economy Users

From the experience and opinions of YouBike users, this study aims to investigate their experiential motivation, customer satisfaction and re-rent intention. The purposes of the study includes: (a) explore the actual use situation of YouBike in Taiwan colleges; (b) understand the correlation between experiential motivation, customer satisfaction and re-rent intention of YouBike users in Taiwan colleges; (c) understand whether there is a significant influence on experiential motivation, customer satisfaction and re-rent intention of YouBike users in Taiwan colleges. In this study, the questionnaire survey was conducted. The objects were YouBike users on campus in Taiwan. Descriptive analysis, Independent-Sample t test, and Regression Analysis were used as the statistical analysis. All the results were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. The results show that: The majority of YouBike users are the students with regular exercise habits (around one to two times a week); most college students rent YouBike less than 4 times a month and they usually spend less than 4 hours riding YouBike as short-distance transportation. At last, the regression analysis was implemented and revealed that there is a significant correlation between experiential motivation, customer satisfaction, and re-rent intention. Therefore, the better the degree of satisfaction after riding the bike, the more re-rent intention is. At the end, recommendations were made for future improvements.

Plasma Metabolomics Reveals β-Glucan Improves Muscle Strength and Exercise Capacity in Athletes.

The present study aimed to assess the changes in muscle strength and plasma metabolites in athletes with β-glucan supplementation. A total of 29 athletes who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for this study (ChiCTR2200058091) and were randomly divided into a placebo group (n = 14) and β-glucan group (n = 15). During the trial, the experimental group received β-glucan supplementation (2 g/d β-glucan) for 4 weeks and the control group received an equal dose of placebo supplementation (0 g/d β-glucan), with both groups maintaining their regular diet and exercise habits during the trial. The athletes’ exercise performance, muscle strength, and plasma metabolome changes were analyzed after 4 weeks of β-glucan supplementation. The results showed a significant increase in mean grip strength (kg), right hand grip strength (kg), left triceps strength (kg), and upper limb muscle mass (kg) in the experimental group after the 4-week intervention compared to the preintervention period (p < 0.05). A comparison of the difference between the two groups after the intervention showed that there were significant differences between the control group and the experimental group in mean grip strength (kg) and right-hand grip strength (kg) (p < 0.05). Athletes in the experimental group showed significant improvements in 1 min double rocking jump (pcs), VO2max (ml/kg-min) (p < 0.05). The β-glucan intake increased the creatine-related pathway metabolites in plasma. Overall, these results suggest that 4 weeks of β-glucan supplementation can improve muscle strength in athletes, with the potential to increase aerobic endurance and enhance immune function, possibly by affecting creatine-related pathways.

Prevalence and determinants of smoking behavior among physicians in emergency department: A national cross-sectional study in China.

To understand the current status of smoking behavior among emergency physicians in China and to explore its determinants. The emergency department is considered a more appropriate setting for tobacco interventions. However, the smoking behavior of emergency physicians can reduce the effectiveness of interventions for patient smoking behavior. From July to August 2018, we conducted a structured online questionnaire among Chinese emergency medicine physicians. We used descriptive analysis with binary logistic regression to analyze the current smoking status of Chinese emergency physicians and its determinants. A total of 10,457 emergency physicians were included in this study. The prevalence of smoking among physicians was 25.35% (with 34.15 and 1.59% among male and female physicians, respectively). Results of logistic regression showed that postgraduate education (OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.41-0.66), chief-level title (OR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65-0.97), and regular exercise habits (OR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.76-0.92) were associated with a lower risk of smoking behavior. However, being over 50 years old (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.29-2.27), being fixed-term (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10-1.42), and having depressive symptoms (OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.28-1.61) were associated with a higher risk of smoking. The prevalence of smoking behavior among emergency physicians in China is high. Hospital management could reduce the incidence of smoking behavior among emergency physicians by strengthening smoking cessation training, paying attention to physicians' psychological health, reducing pressure on physicians in fixed-term positions, and encouraging physicians to develop regular exercise habits.

Yaşlı Bireylerin Sosyodemografik Özelliklerinin Mobilite Düzeyleri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on the level of mobility in the elderly with good cognitive levels. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 521 participants (mean age: 71.81 ± 6.29) over the age of 65 living in 2 Family Health Center regions of Merkezefendi district in Denizli. The sociodemographic information form and the Elderly Mobility Scale (EMS) were used to collect data. Results: In the elderly with good cognitive level, it was determined that the mobility score decreased (p &lt; 0.001) as the age increased, and the mobility score increased as the education level increased (p &lt; 0.001) significantly. It was determined that the mobility score of the female elderly was lower than the male (p=0.043), and the mobility score of the married elderly participants was higher than the singles (p &lt; 0.001). While Body Mass Index smoking and alcohol consumption had no effect on mobility level (p ˃ 0.05), mobility levels of the elderly with regular exercise habits were higher than those without (p &lt; 0,001). The mobility scores of the elderly, who had a high history of falls (p &lt; 0,001) and who had a high daily amount of medication (p=0,001), were lower. Conclussion: Being 80 years of age and above, female gender, single marital status, having low education level, and not having an exercise habit are the factors that negatively affect the mobility levels in elderly.

Relationship between Swimming Ability of College Students and Their Regular Exercise Habits.

Background: This study examined the relationship between the five-level swimming ability of college students and their regular exercise habits. Methods: This study applied to Academia Sinica for permission to use the raw data from the Survey on the Sports Participation Situations of Students in All Levels of Education, which was conducted by the Sports Administration, Ministry of Education, Taiwan; a secondary data analysis of the obtained data was then conducted. Results: Overall, 18,515 pieces of data were selected for analysis, and the results revealed that 85.9% of the surveyed students had learned to swim; those who had regular exercise habits exhibited a higher level of swimming ability than those without such habits. A logistic regression analysis showed that progressing to a higher level of swimming ability increased the likelihood of having regular exercise habits by 20%. Conclusions: The present study showed that level of swimming ability was significantly correlated with regular exercise habits. In the future, exercise self-efficacy theories can be applied to explore the relationship between exercise skill proficiency and regular exercise habits.

A Study on the Effect of a Regular Exercise Habit on Health-Related Quality of Life in Adults with Cerebral Palsy

This study aimed to investigate the effects of exercise habits and types on the HRQOL of adults with CP, based on the fact that regular exercise habits, such as exercise, physical activity, etc., during leisure time have a positive effect on the improvement of HRQOL. A total of 215 adults (164 Men and 51 Women; 50 Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) Level I, 116 Level II, 24 Level III, and 25 Level IV) with CP but ambulant were recruited for this study. The mean (± SD) age of the subjects was 35.74 ± 9.65 years. They were evaluated using Medical Outcomes Study Short Form–36 (SF-36), the world’s most popular questionnaire for measuring health status, which is used widely in research targeting all healthy and elderly individuals with disabilities and is also used for the evaluation of HRQOL. SF-36 includes 8 subscales with 36 questions. In addition, in order to investigate further into exercise habits and types, four more detailed questions were asked: presence of exercise habits at least once a week; duration of exercise in adults who have exercise habits with CP; weekly exercise frequency; time of a single exercise session. The following are the results of the analysis of variance to confirm the difference in HRQOL depending on the presence of exercise habits in adults with CP. A significant difference was found in all items, except for the BP item, among the subscales of the HRQOL (p &lt; 0.01), with higher values observed for those with exercise habits compared with those with no exercise habits. A significant difference was found in all items, except for BP, among the subscales of HRQOL (p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, a positive (+) correlation was found in RP, VT, RE, MH, and MCS (p &lt; 0.05) in terms of exercise duration in adults who have exercise habits with CP. In addition, a negative (−) correlation was found in SF, RE, and MCS (p &lt; 0.05) in terms of the weekly exercise frequency. However, no significant correlation was found in all subscales of HRQOL in terms of the time of a single exercise session. In conclusion, it has become clear from adults with CP that engaging in regular exercise at least once a week has a positive effect on improving all subscales of HRQOL except for BP. Efforts by individuals, groups, and families all need to be made in order for adults with CP to have regular exercise habits to improve their HRQOL.

The Influence Of Different Intensity Acute Exercises On The Blood Pressure Of Male College Students

PURPOSE: To examine the changes in blood pressure (BP) before and after different intensities-based exercise interventions in healthy university students. METHODS: Eight healthy college students without regular exercise habits were recruited. Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) was used to screen participants’ healthy statuses and to exclude those who were with hypertension or cardiovascular diseases. Based on the Astrand procedure of bicycle ergometer, 70%, 80% and 90% of the VO2max were determined. And then they engaged in acute exercise for 30 min with one week interval with each intensity exercise. Their BP was measured at seven times (before exercise, and instant, 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after exercise). Repeated measure was applied to examine the intervention effect. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed the first increase and then decrease trend, after different exercise intensities. Compared with quite SBP, instant SBP after exercise increased significantly to 136.75 mmHg for exercise at 70% VO2max (p < 0.05). SB after 5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min declined gradually from 118.9 mmHg to 112.5 mmHg, with no significant differences compared to quite SBP (p > 0.05).For exercise intensity at 80% VO2max Similar trend was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Change trends of SBP were similar after different exercise intensities, being first increase and then decrease. While, DBP declined after exercise. No significant difference existed at the same time point with different exercise intensities.

Analysis Of The Effect Of Different Exercise Intensities On Blood Glucose

PURPOSE: To examine the changes in blood glucose(GLu) before and after different intensities-based exercise interventions in healthy university students, and provide a reference for the development of precise exercise prescriptions. METHODS: Nine healthy male college students without regular exercise habits were recruited. using a power bike (Monark 839E) with built-in Astrand to test VO2max and then to formulate 70%, 80%, and 90% VO2max intensities. Before each experiment, a high degree of consistency in each subject's meal was ensured. Exercise intervention was performed at 40 min postprandial (one week interval between each exercise intervention). First, fasting Plasma Glucose(FPG)was tested, then GLu was tested before exercise, and instant, 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min after exercise. RESULTS: (1) 40 min postprandial, instant after exercise and 60 min after exercise compared with FPG for the three intensities (P < 0.05), but not significant for 60 min after exercise at 80% VO2max intensity (p > 0.05). (2) 30 min and 60 min after exercise compared with immediate after exercise GLu (P < 0.01); 120 min after exercise (P < 0.05), but not significant at 70% VO2max intensity 120 min after exercise(p > 0.05). (3) There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the time points of the three intensities and the interaction measurements of exercise intensity, which proved that the changes in GLu under the three intensity exercise interventions were basically in the same direction. GLu changes within 120 min after different intensity exercise were consistent, i.e. GLu decreased instant after exercise, increased 30 min after exercise, and then decreased with time. But, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) among the various time points of the changes in GLu for 70%, 80% and 90% VO2max exercise. CONCLUSIONS: (1) GLu changes in a similar trend, first decreased, increased and then decreased after different exercise intensities. (2) There is a certain trend of GLu changing with exercise intensity after exercise, that is, the greater the intensity of exercise, the more obvious the GLu drop after exercise, but there is no statistical significance, but there is a trend that the greater the intensity of intervention exercise, the more obvious the GLu drop.

운동습관 유·무에 따른 20대 여성의 신체조성 및 척추만곡 비교 연구

As a result of conducting a comparative study on body composition and spinal curvature between groups according to the presence or absence of regular exercise habits for women in their 20s in this study, skeletal muscle mass (kg) and body fat mass (kg) were found in the exercise habit group and the non-exercise habit group. was 0.61kg and 0.54kg higher than that of the exercise habit group, and the amount of lean body mass (kg) was about 0.92kg higher than that of the non-exercise habit group, and the body fat percentage (%) was about 0.23% higher in the exercise habit group than the non-exercise habit group. As for the lateral deviation, the exercise habit group was closer to 0 mm numerically than the non-exercise habit group, so the curvature of the spine was less occurred. As for Thoracic Angle, the non-exercise habit group had a larger angle than the exercise habit group, and the alignment of the thoracic vertebrae was more deviated from the vertical line. As for Lumbar Angle, the non-exercise habit group had a larger angle than the exercise habit group, indicating that the alignment of the lumbar spine was more deviating from the vertical line. The kyphotic angle did not fall within the normal angle range in both groups. Lordotic Angle was included in the normal angle of lordotic curvature in the exercise habit group.BR Through these results, it can be seen that exercise is a factor that has a positive effect on body composition and curvature of the spine. However, in this study, the type, intensity, frequency, and time of exercise were not considered, and the nutritional aspect was not considered. In the future, it is thought that follow-up studies considering all of the above factors should be continued, and it is considered that it is necessary to develop an appropriate exercise program based on meaningful basic data for the prevention and improvement of spinal diseases in women.

Editors' Note: Long-term Effect of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Habits in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease

In “Long-term Effect of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Habits in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease,” Tsukita et al. reported that regular physical activity, measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire, was associated with slower deterioration of postural and gait stability, activities of daily living, and processing speed in patients with early Parkinson disease. Grippe et al. noted that the PASE questionnaire is based on 1-week recall, so it is less reliable than other questionnaires or clinical evaluations of physical activity. They also pointed out that causality in this relationship is unclear because it is possible that postural and gait instability reduces exercise rather than vice versa. Tsukita et al. agreed with these limitations. Both authors emphasized the need for future studies that use other means to evaluate exercise through internet-based applications or other clinical measures. In “Long-term Effect of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Habits in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease,” Tsukita et al. reported that regular physical activity, measured by the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire, was associated with slower deterioration of postural and gait stability, activities of daily living, and processing speed in patients with early Parkinson disease. Grippe et al. noted that the PASE questionnaire is based on 1-week recall, so it is less reliable than other questionnaires or clinical evaluations of physical activity. They also pointed out that causality in this relationship is unclear because it is possible that postural and gait instability reduces exercise rather than vice versa. Tsukita et al. agreed with these limitations. Both authors emphasized the need for future studies that use other means to evaluate exercise through internet-based applications or other clinical measures.

Author Response: Long-term Effect of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Habits in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease.

We thank Dr. Grippe et al.1 for the constructive comment on our article. Along with highlighting important references,2,3 they reasonably urged caution in the interpretation of our results based on the inherent limitation of observational studies that “reverse causation” cannot be ruled out. These authors also note concern for the use of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly questionnaire to quantify regular physical activity and exercise habits. We fully agree with these points.

Reader Response: Long-term Effect of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Habits in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease.

PPMI database analysis by Dr. Tsukita et al. reports the effects of physical activity on the progression of Parkinson disease (PD) clinical parameters, measured using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). It confirms previous studies showing that regular exercise is associated with improved outcomes.2 Although the study uses rigorous statistical methods, the reported association between maintained physical activity and concurrent slower deterioration of postural and gait stability should be interpreted carefully.

Sports Participation and Anti-Epidemic: Empirical Evidence on the Influence of Regular Physical Activity on the COVID-19 Pandemic in Mainland China.

This study aims to investigate the effects and influencing mechanisms of regular physical activity (RPA) on the COVID-19 pandemic. Daily data from 279 prefecture-level cities in mainland China were collected from 1 January to 17 March 2020. A two-way fixed-effects model was used to identify the causal relationship between physical activity and COVID-19, while also considering factors such as patterns of human behavior and socioeconomic conditions. The instrumental variable (IV) approach was applied to address potential endogeneity issues for a more accurate causal identification, and the mediating effect model was applied to examine the mechanisms of the influence of physical activity on the epidemic. We found that regular physical activity significantly improves individual immunity, which, in turn, leads to a reduction in the probability of being infected with COVID-19. Furthermore, we investigated the heterogeneity of the influence, finding that the negative impact of physical activity on the pandemic is more pronounced in the absence of adequate medical resources, strong awareness of prevention among residents, and fully implemented public health measures. Our results provide empirical evidence for the mechanisms of influence of physical activity on the pandemic. We would suggest that not only should physical activity be actively practiced during the pandemic, but also long-term regular exercise habits should be consciously cultivated to improve the ability of the individual immune system to better cope with sudden outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases.

Specific cognitive domains and frailty trajectories among older Taiwanese adults

Objective: To investigate the associations of specific cognitive functions and with the frailty trajectory among older Taiwanese adults. Methods: At baseline, 730 community-dwelling older adults were recruited from outpatient clinics of a general hospital. Frailty status was defined using phenotype criteria. Global cognition was assessed using the modified Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) and Digit Symbol Substitution Test were used to evaluate 6 cognitive domains: attention, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization, memory, and processing speed. The group-based trajectory model was used to identify latent frailty trajectory groups and the multinomial logistic regression was to examine the relationships of specific cognitive functions with frailty trajectory. Results: Among 485 participants (168 men, 317 women, and mean age: 71.1 ± 5.5 years) completed 2 annual follow-up assessments, three frailty trajectory groups of improvement, no-change, and progression were identified. After adjusting for baseline frailty status, age, sex, global cognition, regular exercise habit, and number of comorbidities, higher scores on MDRS’s initiation/perseveration (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.75-0.95) and attention (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.38-1.00), respectively, were significantly associated with lower risk of frailty progression. Conversely, no significant association was detected between MMSE or TICSM scores and frailty improvement or progression. Conclusion: Specific cognitive functions of initiation/perseveration and attention, rather than global cognition, may be more useful to predict frailty progression, thus allowing the identification of at-risk older adults.

Editors' Note: Long-term Effect of Regular Physical Activity and Exercise Habits in Patients With Early Parkinson Disease

In “Long-term effect of regular physical activity and exercise habits in patients with early Parkinson disease,” Tsukita et al. reported that average regular physical activity levels over time were associated with slower deterioration of gait stability, activities of daily living, and processing speed in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Darweesh et al. contextualized these findings by noting they are consistent with the results of other studies, suggesting that regular exercise may slow progression of PD. They further proposed that vigorous exercise may reduce the risk of PD, implying that the findings of Tsukita et al. may also be attributed to reverse causality. Tsukita et al. agreed that reverse causality is feasible, although other data suggest that exercise may change the brain, modifying the course of PD. However, Gupta questioned the pathophysiologic mechanism by which exercise changes the brain and affects disease progression in PD, commenting that perhaps motivation to exercise may be relevant to disease progression in PD. In light of these comments, Tsukita et al. reinforced the need for the following types of future research: (1) international, multicenter randomized controlled trials on the effect of exercise on disease progression (for patients with PD) and development of clinical symptoms of PD (for patients with prodromal PD) which include neuroimaging; (2) evaluation of the motivation for patients with PD to exercise; and (3) animal studies on the effect of exercise on the brain, which include neuropathology assessment of α-synuclein. In “Long-term effect of regular physical activity and exercise habits in patients with early Parkinson disease,” Tsukita et al. reported that average regular physical activity levels over time were associated with slower deterioration of gait stability, activities of daily living, and processing speed in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Darweesh et al. contextualized these findings by noting they are consistent with the results of other studies, suggesting that regular exercise may slow progression of PD. They further proposed that vigorous exercise may reduce the risk of PD, implying that the findings of Tsukita et al. may also be attributed to reverse causality. Tsukita et al. agreed that reverse causality is feasible, although other data suggest that exercise may change the brain, modifying the course of PD. However, Gupta questioned the pathophysiologic mechanism by which exercise changes the brain and affects disease progression in PD, commenting that perhaps motivation to exercise may be relevant to disease progression in PD. In light of these comments, Tsukita et al. reinforced the need for the following types of future research: (1) international, multicenter randomized controlled trials on the effect of exercise on disease progression (for patients with PD) and development of clinical symptoms of PD (for patients with prodromal PD) which include neuroimaging; (2) evaluation of the motivation for patients with PD to exercise; and (3) animal studies on the effect of exercise on the brain, which include neuropathology assessment of α-synuclein.