Registration System Research Articles

Mixed reality guided advancement osteotomies in congenital craniofacial malformations

We describe the use of mixed reality intra-operative guides, in patients with congenital craniofacial malformations. Our experience shows the potential MR has as an adjunct and possible replacement for conventional cutting guides and intra-operative navigation. SummaryThis paper describes our experience with mixed reality (MR) intra-operative guides, in patients with congenital craniofacial malformations.The first case was a patient with bilateral hemifacial microsomia. He underwent bilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Pre-operative virtual planning determined the sites of osteotomy. Standard Tessellation Language (STL) files of mandibular 3D models with osteotomy sites were uploaded onto the HoloLens 2® MR glasses (Microsoft®, Washington, USA). The superimposed hologram denoted the osteotomy line. This was validated with a physical cutting guide.The second case was a patient with Crouzon’s syndrome. A modified Lefort 2 advancement was performed to correct his midfacial deficiency. Pre-operative virtual planning was performed to determine the sites of osteotomies. Superimposed hologram using the Hololens 2® denoted the osteotomy sites. These were validated with a conventional intra-operative navigation system.The advantages of using MR include its immediate availability for use; saving time and costs. MR allows surgeons to maintain continuous line-of-sight within the operative field. A robust registration system is required to anchor the hologram onto the patient’s skull, without variations in hologram position from different angles of gaze. MR has the potential to function as an adjunct and possible replacement for conventional cutting guides and intra-operative navigation.

Suicide in China: The Trends and Differentials From 2002 to 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe objective of this study was to provide an updated analysis of suicide characteristics in China from 2002 to 2021, with the aim of informing the development of evidence‐based suicide prevention strategies.MethodsThe Ministry of Health‐Vital Registration System (MOH‐VR) provided the data on suicide mortality, which enabled us to examine the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in suicide rates using a Poisson regression model.ResultsNotably, there has been a significant decline in suicide rates observed in both urban and rural areas. In the early years of the study period, higher suicide rates were observed among females compared to males; however, a shift occurred after 2005, with male suicide rates surpassing those of females. Except for 2005, rural areas consistently exhibited higher suicide rates than urban areas. Furthermore, suicide rates exhibited an increasing trend with age, irrespective of gender or region.ConclusionThese findings highlight a decreasing trend in suicide rates in China over the past two decades, although gender and regional disparities persist. Going forward, sustained efforts in suicide prevention, with a specific focus on mental health, are warranted.

Impact of Registration System Reform on the Quality of Public Companies in China

As the reform of the registration system continues to advance, it's been a year since China fully implemented its Registration System Reforms. Whether the registration system reform has promoted the high-quality development of China's public companies has become a hot concern. This article systematically analyzes the impact of the registration system reform on the quality of public companies. It is divided into two parts: the impact on the quality of corporate governance and the quality of company operations. Additionally, it examines the impact of the registration system reform on the quality of information disclosure and accounting information. It also considers the positive and negative impacts on company finances and their ability to innovate. The article starts from the impact of the registration system reform on the quality of public companies, and targets the relevant recommendations of the registration system reform, to promote the high-quality development of the capital market and deepen the registration system reform.

On the Use of SuperDARN Ground Backscatter Measurements for Ionospheric Propagation Model Validation

AbstractPrior to use in operational systems, it is essential to validate ionospheric models in a manner relevant to their intended application to ensure satisfactory performance. For Over‐the‐Horizon radars (OTHR) operating in the high‐frequency (HF) band (3–30 MHz), the problem of model validation is severe when used in Coordinate Registration (CR) and Frequency Management Systems (FMS). It is imperative that the full error characteristics of models is well understood in these applications due to the critical relationship they impose on system performance. To better understand model performance in the context of OTHR, we introduce an ionospheric model validation technique using the oblique ground backscatter measurements in soundings from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). Analysis is performed in terms of the F‐region leading edge (LE) errors and assessment of range‐elevation distributions using calibrated interferometer data. This technique is demonstrated by validating the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) 2016 for January and June in both 2014 and 2018. LE RMS errors of 100–400 km and 400–800 km are observed for winter and summer months, respectively. Evening errors regularly exceeding 1,000 km across all months are identified. Ionosonde driven corrections to the IRI‐2016 peak parameters provide improvements of 200–800 km to the LE, with the greatest improvements observed during the nighttime. Diagnostics of echo distributions indicate consistent underestimates in model NmF2 during the daytime hours of June 2014 due to offsets of −8° being observed in modeled elevation angles at 18:00 and 21:00 UT.

Chest X-Ray Comparison Between Drug-Resistant and Drug-Sensitive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children.

Chest X-ray (CXR) remains one of the tools used in diagnosing tuberculosis (TB). However, few studies about such tools exist, specifically in children in Indonesia. We aim to investigate and compare the CXR findings of children with pulmonary drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) and drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB) that could help in the evaluation and management of TB cases in children. Retrospective analysis with cross-sectional approach was conducted in children (<18 years old) diagnosed with pulmonary DR-TB and DS-TB from January 2018 to December 2021. Documented data were collected from the Paediatric Respirology Registry and Tuberculosis Information System at Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Characteristics of children, CXR findings, and TB severity were assessed and compared using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests with significance levels set at p value <0.05. Sixty-nine children (DR-TB 31 children vs. DS-TB 38 children) were assessed. Of the 31 children with DR-TB, 65% were classified as multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), followed by rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB), pre-extensively drug-resistant TB (pre-XDR-TB), and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). The most common CXR findings in DR-TB are consolidation (68%), fibrosis (42%), and cavity (29%), whereas in DS-TB, it is pleura effusion (37%). Severe TB accounts for 50% of DR-TB (p = 0.008). Consolidation, fibrosis, cavities, and findings of severe TB are most common in DR-TB. Pleural effusion is the most common in DS-TB. These findings have the potential to be considered in further examination of children with pulmonary DR-TB and DS-TB; hence, more extensive studies are needed to confirm these results.

The reliability of multi‐source data linkage for population‐based cancer survival estimates: A study in a metropolitan cancer registry of China

AbstractBackgroundPopulation‐based cancer survival is a key metric in evaluating the overall effectiveness of health services and cancer control activities. Advancement in information technology enables accurate vital status tracking through multi‐source data linkage. However, its reliability for survival estimates in China is unclear.MethodsWe analyzed data from Dalian Cancer Registry to evaluate the reliability of multi‐source data linkage for population‐based cancer survival estimates in China. Newly diagnosed cancer patients in 2015 were included and followed until June 2021. We conducted single‐source data linkage by linking patients to Dalian Vital Statistics System, and multi‐source data linkage by further linking to Dalian Household Registration System and the hospital medical records. Patient vital status was subsequently determined through active follow‐up via telephone calls, referred to as comprehensive follow‐up, which served as the gold standard. Using the cohort method, we calculated 5‐year observed survival and age‐standardized relative survival for 20 cancer types and all cancers combined.ResultsCompared to comprehensive follow‐up, single‐source data linkage overestimated 5‐year observed survival by 3.2% for all cancers combined, ranging from 0.1% to 8.6% across 20 cancer types. Multi‐source data linkage provided a relatively complete patient vital status, with an observed survival estimate of only 0.3% higher for all cancers, ranging from 0% to 1.5% across 20 cancer types.ConclusionMulti‐source data linkage contributes to reliable population‐based cancer survival estimates in China. Linkage of multiple databases might be of great value in improving the efficiency of follow‐up and the quality of survival data for cancer patients in developing countries.

COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in fragile and conflict-affected settings, Somalia.

By 31 December 2021, only 5.5% (861 879/15 670 530) of the Somali population had been fully vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To rapidly increase COVID-19 vaccine coverage in 2022, the health ministry and its partners (World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund) adopted a more responsive strategy. This strategy included careful microplanning, better targeting of populations and providing people-centred vaccination services close to their homes. These services were combined with childhood vaccination and basic health-care provision using the existing polio network and community health workers. Additionally, a digital tool for recording COVID-19 vaccination data and a mobile phone-based electronic registration system were introduced. Somalia, a fragile and conflict-affected state, faced challenges when implementing COVID-19 vaccination, including inexperience in managing mass adult vaccination, inadequate infrastructure and health workforce. Furthermore, insecurity in some areas and severe drought resulted in large-scale displacement of people. The implementation of a more context-specific strategy helped Somalia reach substantially more people with COVID-19 vaccination and 42.1% coverage by 31 December 2022. Additionally, 84 600 zero-dose children received their first childhood vaccine during the integrated campaigns. The increased coverage has led to public health benefits that outweigh the investment in the COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. Successful roll-out of adult vaccination is achievable even in a fragile and conflict-affected setting through implementation of a tailored contextualized approach. Key factors include good microplanning, use of digital tools, better population-targeting, bundling vaccines together and delivering vaccination services close to people's homes.

Mortality Rate and Years of Life Lost Due to Ischemic Heart Disease in Southern Iran between 2004 and 2019: A Population-Based Study.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for one-third of all deaths worldwide. In this cross-sectional study, we extracted all death records from the Electronic Death Registration System categorized as ischemic heart disease (IHD) based on age, gender, and the year of death according to ICD-10 for this cross-sectional analysis. The Fars province is situated in southern Iran with a population of about 4 million. An analysis of years of life lost (YLL) resulting from premature death from IHD was conducted using the World Health Organization's 2015 YLL framework. The trend of the YLL rates was investigated using joinpoint regression. In the Fars province, IHD was the cause of 46969 deaths throughout a 16-year study period, (2004 to 2019). Among these, 26,503 (56.4%) were men. The crude death rates per 100000 population for men and women were 84.2 and 66.5, respectively. The total YLL due to premature death due to IHD, during the 16-year study period, was 287625 in male, 209665 in female. The joinpoint regression showed a declining trend in the YLL rate associated with premature death. Annual Percent Change (APC) was -0.6% (95% CI -6.9 to 6.1, P=0.851) for males and -1.5% (95% CI -5.2 to 2.2, P=0.418) for females. The trends of the standardized mortality rate, YLL, and crude mortality rate held steady throughout a 16-year period. Planning for comprehensive primary and secondary prevention and increasing public knowledge of IHD are necessary.

Harmonizing Health and Fitness with Healthcare Through the U.S. Registry of Exercise Professionals

Apply It! By reading this article, the reader will learn: • The importance of collaboration for the national registration system • How to access the USREPS at https://USREPS.org to see the registry • How to check their credentials or those of employees on the registry • How human resource departments can check multiple employees at one time

Gastroschisis Prevalence and Co-occurring Malformations Among Danish Live Births During 1994–2021: A Nationwide Register-based Study

BackgroundGastroschisis prevalence has increased for decades with corresponding increases in the need for immediate and follow-up care. Such care can be complicated by presence of co-occurring malformations. This study explores prevalence of gastroschisis and co-occurring malformations among a 28-year cohort of Danish live-born infants. MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used data from 1,695,992 infants born in Denmark during 1994–2021 and registered in the neonatal screening program. Infants were identified from the Danish Civil Registration System and Danish National Patient Register accessed through the Danish Biobank Register. Data on co-occurring malformations were ascertained to classify infants as syndromic or non-syndromic (either isolated or with co-occurring major malformations) and on selected infant and parental characteristics. Poisson regression models were used to estimate prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). ResultsPrevalence (per 10,000 live births) of gastroschisis was 1.64 (CI: 1.45–1.84). Temporal trend analyses showed a statistically significant annual increase of 2.8% (CI: 1.4–3.3). Infants with gastroschisis most often presented as isolated (77.7%; CI: 72.3–82.5), followed by those with co-occurring malformations (21.9%; CI: 17.2–27.3) or a diagnosed syndrome (0.4%, CI: <0.1–2.0). Among infants with co-occurring malformations, cardiovascular (10.9%; CI: 6.8; 12.2) and intestinal (9.0%; CI: 5.9–12.2) malformations were most frequently recorded. Prevalence was higher among infants classified as premature but not influenced by infant sex or parental nativity. ConclusionGastroschisis prevalence in Denmark increased during 1994–2021, similar to international reports, without increase in co-occurring malformations. Future work with this cohort will characterize healthcare received, comorbidities, and outcomes across the lifespan. Levels of EvidenceLevel III (High-quality prospective cohort study).

Conduction system pacing associated with reduced heart failure hospitalizations and all-cause mortality compared with traditional right ventricular pacing in the Medicare population

BackgroundConduction system pacing (CSP) has emerged as an alternative therapy to traditional right ventricular (RV) pacing. However, most CSP studies reflect small cohorts or single-center experience. ObjectiveThis analysis compared CSP with dual-chamber (DC) RV pacing in a large, population-based cohort using data from the Micra Coverage with Evidence Development study. MethodsMedicare administrative claims data were used to identify patients implanted with a DC RV pacemaker. Lead placement data from Medtronic’s device registration system identified patients treated with CSP (n = 6197) using a 3830 catheter–delivered lead or DC RV (non–3830 lead, non–CSP placement; n = 16,989) at the same centers. CSP patients were stratified into left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP; n = 4738) and His bundle pacing (HBP; n = 1459). Incident heart failure hospitalizations, all-cause mortality, complication rates, and reinterventions at 6 months were analyzed. ResultsCSP patients with a 3830 catheter–delivered lead experienced significantly lower rates of incident heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR], 0.70; P = .02) and all-cause mortality at 6 months compared with DC RV patients (HR, 0.66; P < .0001). There was no difference in chronic complications (HR, 0.97; P = .62) or need for reintervention (HR, 0.95; P = .63) with CSP compared with DC RV, although LBBAP patients experienced significantly lower rates of complications (HR, 0.71; P = .001) compared with HBP. ConclusionDC pacemaker patients treated with CSP using a 3830 catheter–delivered lead experienced significant all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalization benefits compared with DC RV pacing. LBBAP had lower complications compared with HBP. These real-world results align with findings in small clinical studies demonstrating the benefits of CSP.

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes and factors associated with cirrhosis, fatty liver, and viral load: A registry-based cross-sectional cohort study in Western Iran during 1999-2023.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important infectious disease that imposes a significant burden on healthcare systems. Determining the prevalence of HCV genotypes in a area is essential for the successful implementation of HCV elimination programs and allocation of financial resources to direct-acting antiviral direct-acting antivirals (DAA) treatments against prevalent HCV genotypes. Accordingly, we conducted a registry-based cross-sectional cohort study to investigate the prevalence of HCV genotypes and factors associated with cirrhosis, fatty liver, and viral load in Kermanshah Province, Western Iran. Patients presenting to the Hepatitis Clinic of the Research Center for Infectious Diseases affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences between 1999 and 2023 were enrolled in this study. Serum samples were collected to assess HCV genotypes and viral load. Additionally, demographic data and the status of cirrhosis and fatty liver were extracted from the registry system records throughout the study period. Records of 828 patients with an average age of 40.38 ± 11.72 years (range: 11-80 years) were included in the study that 721 individuals were male, and 107 were female. The prevalence of fatty liver and cirrhosis was 30.3% and 12.9%, respectively. Four genotypes (1, 2, 3, and 4) and four subtypes (1a, 1b, 3a, and 3b) were identified, with subtype 3a (55.7%) being the most prevalent, followed by subtype 1a (34.3%). None of the variables including age, gender, viral load level, and genotypes 1 and 3 were associated with fatty liver or cirrhosis. However, age, gender, and genotype were correlated with the viral load (p ≤ 0.05). The most common HCV subtypes in Kermanshah were 3a and 1a. Genotypes 2 and 4 were identified in one case each. Further studies on identifying HCV subtypes in different regions of the country are recommended to manage HCV infection and predict the prognosis.

Frequency and outcome of cerebral venous thrombosis attributed to oral contraceptive pills

Background: Oral contraceptive (OCP) use is a significant risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). There is limited research on its association with CVT development in Islamic countries. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the risk of different OCPs in developing CVT and their prognosis. Methods: This is an observational retrospective single-center cohort study that included CVT patients between March 2018 and March 2021. All CVT participants were registered in the organized registry system (CVT registry code: 9001013381) at the Neurology Research Center of Shiraz University of Medical Science. Univariate analysis and multivariable binary logistic regression modeling were applied to determine the associated factors leading to poor outcome. Results: A total of 204 patients (139 women, 65 men) were enrolled in the study. Seventy-four females (53.25% of total female patients) used OCPs, with second-generation OCPs being the most commonly used type (70%). OCP consumption was associated with a lower mortality rate (P=0.004, aOR=11.732) and a better 3-month follow-up outcome (p=0.001, aOR=9.882) than their female counterparts who did not use OCPs. The duration and generation of OCPs did not affect the follow-up outcome (P=0.148, P=0.428, respectively) or mortality (P=0.555, P=0.569, respectively). In multivariable analysis, the use of OCPs was a predictor of a favorable 3-month follow-up outcome in females (aOR =4.423, 95% CI: 0.423-46.248). Conclusion: These results suggest that OCPs may have a positive impact on the prognosis of CVT in women. However, further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms and validate these findings.

The Impact of the Implementation of Complete Systematic Land Registration on Legal Certainty in the Registration of Land Ownership Rights in Indonesia

The establishment of legal certainty is one of the goals of land registration. Both Article 19 of the UUPA and Article 3 of Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 on Land Registration support this. Both methodical and haphazard land registration may lead to legal certainty in the form of certificates. Initiated in 2016, the Complete Systematic Land Registration Program is still running. The Impact of Complete Systematic Land Registration Implementation on Legal Certainty in the Registration of Property Rights in Indonesia is the title of this study. The purpose of this study is to look at how Complete Systematic Land Registration could affect Indonesia's property rights registration system's legal certainty. Normative legal research employing secondary data is what this work does. According to a 2024 study, the National Land Agency, the government, saw both good and negative effects from the implementation of Complete Systematic Land Registration, in addition to benefits for participating landowners.

Estimating causes of maternal death in data-sparse contexts.

Understanding the underlying causes of maternal death across all regions of the world is essential to inform policies and resource allocation to reduce the mortality burden. However, in many countries there exists very little data on the causes of maternal death, and data that do exist do not capture the entire population at risk. In this article, we present a Bayesian hierarchical multinomial model to estimate maternal cause of death distributions globally, regionally, and for all countries worldwide. The framework combines data from various sources to inform estimates, including data from civil registration and vital systems, smaller-scale surveys and studies, and high-quality data from confidential enquiries and surveillance systems. The framework accounts for varying data quality and coverage, and allows for situations where one or more causes of death are missing. We illustrate the results of the model on three case-study countries that have different data availability situations.

Towards the 4th population census in Ethiopia: Some insights into the feasibility of the Post-Enumeration Survey

While national registry systems are evolving worldwide and, in some cases, replacing reliance on censuses, in countries where well-established population registers are lacking, the population and housing census remains the primary source of detailed data on the number of people, their spatial distribution, age and gender structure, living conditions, and other key socio-economic characteristics. The quality of the census findings is crucial for several reasons, including building public trust in the national statistical system. In many developing countries, conducting a Post-Enumeration Survey appears to be the only feasible way to evaluate the census results. Indeed, the lack or incompleteness of reliable demographic data from alternative sources precludes the use of other methods. This paper discusses some aspects of the feasibility of a Post-Enumeration Survey in Ethiopia. In particular, the paper reports on the main critical issues that emerged from the pilot surveys carried out in the framework of a cooperation project – funded by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation – aimed at providing methodological support and technical assistance for the preparation of the 4th Ethiopian Population and Housing Census.

Lwreg: A Lightweight System for Chemical Registration and Data Storage.

Here, we present lwreg, a lightweight, yet flexible chemical registration system supporting the capture of both two-dimensional molecular structures (topologies) and three-dimensional conformers. lwreg is open source, with a simple Python API, and is designed to be easily integrated into computational workflows. In addition to lwreg itself, we also introduce a straightforward schema for storing experimental data and metadata in the registration database. This direct connection between compound structural information and data generated using those structures creates a powerful tool for data analysis and experimental reproducibility. The software is available at and installable directly from https://github.com/rinikerlab/lightweight-registration.

Analysis of conditions related to diabetic foot in the pre and post COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

With the COVID-19 pandemic, an exacerbation of hospitalizations due to diabetic foot was noted in Brazil, which was due to the loss of access to primary health care by the population, especially the most economically disadvantaged in a country with a vast continental extension and very unequal, economically. We carried out an observational, retrospective and descriptive analysis of hospital data on hospitalization for diabetic foot treatment, using SIH/SUS and DataSUS between 2015 and 2023. Mortality, length of stay, costs, nature of care and demographic distribution of procedures were analyzed. During the period, 196,523 hospitalizations were recorded for the treatment of complicated diabetic foot. In addition, 5,711 cases of deaths were associated with a fatality rate of 0.54%. In relation to financial expenditure, the Northeast Region stood out with the highest expenditure rate. The most socially vulnerable regions had higher hospitalization and mortality rates, although there was little change in financial resources during the pre- and post-pandemic period. This situation highlights the need to promote greater regional equity in indicators and access to health to minimize preventable problems such as UPD. Situations such as the one experienced in the COVID-19 pandemic served to highlight the shortcomings of the country's health system and how the health-disease process is strongly linked to local socioeconomic conditions, making it necessary to promote collective health measures aimed at minimizing disparities regions in Brazilian territory. The lack of data collected by the health event registration system in the country constitutes a limitation in the present study, which makes us suggest greater rigor and diversity in the collection of information in order to better translate the reality of the data presented here.

Cohort Study in Outcome and One-Year Mortality of Acute Stroke Patient in Academic Hospital Universitas Gadjah Mada

Background: Stroke is still becoming one of the most common non-communicable diseases in Indonesia. Sample Registration System survey in 2016 showed that in Indonesia stroke has become the most common cause of death at all age, about 19.9%. 4 Research conducted by Novbakht found that age, sex, BMI, type of stroke, family history of stroke, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, and severity of stroke was related and increased the mortality rate. 6 Academic Hospital Universitas Gadjah Mada had not conducted this type of research, so that researcher wanted to know the one-year mortality rate after stroke, factors that related to mortality, and to improve the quality of stroke treatment at Academic Hospital Universitas Gadjah Mada.Objective: To know one-year mortality rate in acute stroke patients in Academic Hospital Universitas Gadjah Mada by looking for the acute stroke characteristic, outcome of stroke patients, and risk factors that cause mortality in stroke patients.Method: This is an analytic research using retrospective cohort study through data collection of acute stroke patients (patients with &lt;5 days stroke onset) during July 2019 until June 2022 then we followed up the condition in the first year after stroke by using medical records, direct examination, or via telephone or video call. Mortality rates were assessed one year after stroke and the predictors of death were evaluated using the cox proportional hazard model.Result: One-year mortality after stroke in our study were related to age (&gt;67 years old) (OR=2,29; 95% CI 1,18-4,46; p=0,015) and the severity of stroke was related to higher NIHSS score (NIHSS score during admission 16-42, (OR=38,49; 95% CI 8,92-166,0; p&lt;0,001)) and ICU admission ((OR=8,01; 95% CI 4,03-15,90; p&lt;0,001)). Conclusion: An association was found between stroke severity and one-year outcomes of acute stroke patients with old age (&gt;67 years), high NIHSS scores, and ICU admissions

Life expectancy at birth and life disparity: an assessment of sex differentials in mortality in India

This study aims to examine the sex differentials in life expectancy at birth and life disparity, and to estimate the age-specific contribution of the differences for India and its major states. Life dispari-ty measures the variation in the distribution of deaths, and life expectancy at birth measures the average length of life. Complete life tables generated from death rates and abridged life tables of the Sample Reg-istration System in India from 1970&amp;ndash;1975 to 2006&amp;ndash;2010 were used to fulfill the research goals. Stepwise replacement algorithm was used for the decomposition of sex differences in life expectancy at birth and in life disparity. The results indicate that the increase in life expectancy at birth and decline in life disparity was higher for females. The sex differential was more prominent in urban areas than in rural areas. A ma-jority of the states in India experienced changes in the direction and magnitude of sex differentials in life expectancy at birth and life disparity from 1970&amp;ndash;1975 to 2006&amp;ndash;2010. The sex differentials in life expec-tancy at birth and life disparity in 1970&amp;ndash;1975 were primarily attributed to child mortality, whereas the sex differentials in recent decades were attributed to adult mortality.&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;