Regions Of Tehran Research Articles

Collection development in public libraries of Tehran

PurposeThis paper aims to determine the adequacy of the public library system with respect to the total population as well as the viable population of different regions of Tehran city, the capital of Iran, especially pertaining to book collections in accordance with the IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted through a questionnaire distributed to librarians of the public libraries under study. The other resources of data used for this study are annual reports and official records of the libraries at the provincial and national level.FindingsThe findings reveal the ratio of book collections with respect to the viable population of different regions of Tehran. Only one of 22 regions has a book collection as per IFLA/UNESCO Guidelines.Originality/valueThis paper highlights how public libraries in Tehran are providing access to information resources and whether the book collections of the libraries are adequate as per international standards. It also suggests certain improvements for the existing system.

Investigating the Impact of Human Factors (Teachers, Managers, Curriculum Developers…) on IT Development Project in Senior High schools

This research is accomplished for the purpose of IT Expansion Plan assessment from the viewpoint of Tehran high school teachers. The questionnaire of researcher is used to assess IT Expansion from the viewpoint of teachers in order to observe and evaluate readiness condition of primary substructure of Information Technology functions and data managing. The statistic population of the research is high school teachers in all Tehran's 19 areas of education office who are teaching in 1388- 1389.Stratified random sampling method is taken. In this manner, geographical regions of Tehran's education office are divided into four regions (north, south, east and west). And one area is chosen randomly from each regional division and then, two high schools (a boy's and a girl's) are chosen randomly by draw a lot from each selected area. And also inferential statistics methods (mono group-t) are used for data analysis. Results show that human factors (teachers, managers, curriculum planners…), economic factors, technologic factors (facilities) and educational factors (purposes, books, contents…) have a great impact on IT Expansion Plan in Tehran's high schools.

A Survey on the Effect of Security Car Alarm Noise Pollution among Pupils in Tehran Schools

One of the most important noise pollution sources in almost all urban areas, which is security car alarm, is surveyed in this paper. The major aims of this research are determining the real function of car alarms as theft preventing devices and noise pollution imposed on the nearby residents including students and their families. In order to achieve those aims, a survey verified questionnaire has been designed including 9 questions and distributed in 7 regions of Tehran, Karaj and Islamshahr schools, 667 of which were collected. According to the survey, 90% of the subjects have never taken action and called police in a case of possible burglary while 66% percent of people have heard car alarms more than 3 times a day, two-thirds of them don't believe in the effectiveness of car alarms in preventing robbery. 76% of subjects complained of car alarm noise interference with their ability to sleep and 84% with their working and studying capabilities. They have also rated their annoyance from this kind of noise 6.2 which is above moderate level. In 13% of cases the worst and most bothering noise the people have ever experienced, are car alarm sirens and 52% is in some way related to traffic noise.

Biological Control of Tomato Verticillium Wilt Disease by Talaromyces Flavus

In this study, Talaromyces flavus a fungal antagonist, was isolated from soil samples collected from tomato fields in Tehran and the Western Azarbayjan provinces of Iran. Antagonistic effects of T. flavus isolates against Verticillium albo-atrum (V. a.-a.), the caus- al agent of tomato wilt disease were investigated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Soil samples from tomato fields in the Varamin and Uremia regions of Tehran and the Western Azarbayjan provinces respectively, were cultured on selective medium. T. fla- vus colonies were recovered after three weeks. In the laboratory experiments, antagonistic effects of volatile and non-volatile extracts of T. flavus isolates on V. a.-a. growth were investigated. Among isolates, five that caused higher growth inhibition of V. a.-a. were selected for greenhouse experiments. In the greenhouse, first inoculum of V. a.-a. and treatments affected by T. flavus isolates were prepared. For comparison of the infection index in treatments, the greenhouse experiment was performed with a split plot arranged in a ran- domized complete block design with four replications. Result of greenhouse experiments on different types of T. flavus treatments indicated that there was no significant difference among them. However, among five T. flavus isolates, the most effective one was Tf-To-V-24 and Tf-To-U-36. In the experiment on the interaction between different T. flavus treatments and T. flavus isolates, a mini- mum infection index was observed when both soil and seed were treated with Tf-To-V-31. The overall results of this study show that it may be possible to manage tomato Verticillium wilt disease effectively by T. flavus.

Study of an unusual paratyphoid epornitic in canaries (Serinus canaria)

High mortalities in 17 canary flocks from different regions of Tehran, Iran, were reported. Necropsy and histopathologic examination revealed necrotic hepatitis and overall congestive septicaemia in carcasses. Salmonella enterica was isolated from 34 examined samples, two samples from each flock, including visceral organs of carcasses and droppings of live diseased birds. All isolates were typed as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium by conventional serotyping. Antibiotic resistance profiling using 33 antibiotics and random amplification of polymorphic DNA differentiation by three primers were performed and showed an identical clonal relationship between these isolates and S. Typhimurium isolated from a sample of feedstuffs. Changing the feed ingredients along with antibiotic therapy via the drinking water by enrofloxacin solution controlled the outbreaks, and mortalities ceased. The zoonotic nature of S. Typhimurium and close contact of bird owners with pet birds in the home environment made the case significant in relation to public health.

Evaluation of Fungal Flora in Some Important Nut Products (Pistachio, Peanut, Hazelnut and Almond) in Tehran, Iran

The natural occurrence of fungal contamination was evaluated in stored nuts including pistachio, peanut, hazelnut and almond selected randomly from different regions of Tehran. After initial preparation, the samples were cultured on Sabouraud glucose agar, Dichloran rose-bengal agar and Czapek-dox agar. A total of 60 samples were analyzed and 158 fungal isolates were identified. Mycological analyses revealed that the most frequent isolated fungi from different nuts were Aspergillus (32.2%), Penicillium (30.3%), Mucor (17.1%), Fusarium (18.2%), Paecilomyces (6.9%) and yeast (5.1%). Significant difference was observed between the frequency of fungal isolates of pistachio, peanut and hazelnut with almond (p<0.05). The results demonstrated that nut samples with a relative high incidence of diverse species of fungi to need for proper surveillance and monitoring exclusively for the prevention of fungal and mycotoxin contaminations before it reaches the consumer.

Preconcentration, Determination and Speciation of Chromium(III) Using Solid Phase Extraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A facile, reliable and reproducible method for speciation and determination of the traces amounts of chromium(III) in waste water has been developed. The method was based on complex formation on the surface of the ENVI-18 DSK TM disks followed by stripping of the retained species by minimum amounts of appropriate organic solvents. The elution was efficient and quantitative. The effects of potential interfering ions, pH, ligand amount, stripping solvent, and sample flow rate were also investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the break-through volume was found to be about 1500 mL providing a preconcentration factor of 300. The maximum capacity of the disks was found to be 225 ± 3.9 µg for Cr 3+ . A limit of detection of 0.02 ng.mL -1 was obtained, and the method was applied for determination of chromium in electroplating industries waste water located in the eastern regions of Tehran.

Bone mineral density and estimated height loss based on patients’ recalls

Height loss has been shown to be an indicator of incident vertebral fractures. However, the relationship between height loss and bone mineral density (BMD) in different skeletal regions, as well as the power of human memory in estimation of height loss across the life span, has not yet been established. Given that the variation in BMD between populations is substantially less than the variation in fracture risk, we studied the relationship between height loss based on patient's recalls and BMD in Iranian men and women of all ages. Randomized clustered sampling from all regions of Tehran was performed to recruit the study population. Participants were asked about their maximum recalled previously measured height, if they were confident. In the 457 participants included, the difference between the participants' maximum recalled and current measured height was calculated. L1-L4 lumbar BMD, femoral neck BMD, and young adjusted T-scores were significantly lower in the group of participants with estimated height reduction of greater than 5 cm. In simple linear regression analysis, height loss was a significant predictor of femoral neck T-score (standardized beta coefficient=-0.15; p0.003) and L1-L4 lumbar T-score (beta=-0.08; p0.048). After adjustment for age, gender, and weight, height loss remained a significant predictor for femoral neck T-score (beta=-0.078; p0 .043). In multivariate models for lumbar T-score, height loss was an independent predictor only in participants equal to or younger than 50 years of age (beta=-0.144; p0.033). Higher estimated height loss according to patients' recalls was an indicator of lower BMD in our sample. Especially in the femoral neck region, this factor might be considered as a substitute case-finding tool for low BMD. Considering relatively young nature of our study group and biological differences between populations, our findings need to be validated in future prospective studies.

Epidemiologic study of 284 patients with urogenital trauma in three trauma center in Tehran.

To perform an epidemiologic study of urogenital injuries in traumatic patients who were referred to three traumatic centers in Tehran during one year. This study included a part of data of National Trauma Registries, which was performed within one year. Questionnaires were completed by trained staff in three different geographical regions of Tehran: Shohada-e-Tajrish hospital (north of Tehran), Sina hospital (south of Tehran), and Shaheed Faiazbakhsh (west of Tehran). Two hundred and eighty four (5%) out of 57367 patients who were referred to the above mentioned centers had genitourinary trauma, of whom, 145 (42%) were hospitalized. Males with a frequency of 92% (258 patients) were the most injured group. Patients mean age was 25+/-14 years, mostly between 20 and 29 years (33.6%) followed by 10-19 years age group with a frequency of 25.6%. Non-penetrating trauma with a frequency of 96% was the most common type and accident was the most mechanism of trauma. One hundred and one patients out of the studied population had associated injuries. The most frequent injuries were occurred in extremities (40%) and the less in head and neck (7%). There were 22 (21.7%) intra-abdominal organ injuries. Sixty nine percent of patients developed mild injury (ISS<7), 20% developed severe injury and (ISS>12), and 4.2% of patients died. The most common injured organ was kidney (3.3%) and the least one was ureter, as no ureteral injury was reported. Although a low percentage of traumatic patients develop urogenital injuries, disregarding these injuries may lead to serious complications and it is recommended to consider these injuries while dealing with such patients. Considering the fact that these complications which could be preventable, are mostly developed in the youth, making solution for such problem is recommended.

Beliefs and behaviours of Iranian teachers toward early detection of breast cancer and breast self-examination

A descriptive study was carried out to explore the beliefs and behaviours of Iranian teachers toward breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE). A 10% random sample of 8000 teachers working in four central regions of Tehran was selected. Data on beliefs and behaviours regarding breast cancer and BSE were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. In all, 578 women participated in the study. The mean age of the respondents was 37.3 y (s.d.=8.8), and most were married (83%). The majority of the respondents believed that ‘Like every other woman I am at risk of breast cancer’ (67%) and that ‘Family history of breast cancer is a risk factor for breast cancer’ (59%). However, only 6% of them reported that they are performing BSE on a regular basis. The most common reasons for not doing BSE and not going for clinical examination were lack of knowledge and the belief that it was not necessary (34 and 36%, respectively). Doing BSE was more frequent in married (P<0.00001), and older (P<0.00001) women. Except for those with a positive family history of breast cancer, there was no association between breast cancer beliefs and almost all other variables studied. The findings suggest that although the majority of Iranian teachers seem to be quite knowledgeable about breast cancer, they need more education on breast cancer and BSE. Since teachers' beliefs and behaviours may have an impact on young females, planning training courses for this group of women is essential.

Beliefs and behaviours of Iranian teachers toward early detection of breast cancer and breast self-examination

A descriptive study was carried out to explore the beliefs and behaviours of Iranian teachers toward breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE). A 10% random sample of 8000 teachers working in four central regions of Tehran was selected. Data on beliefs and behaviours regarding breast cancer and BSE were collected by means of a structured questionnaire. In all, 578 women participated in the study. The mean age of the respondents was 37.3 y (s.d.=8.8), and most were married (83%). The majority of the respondents believed that ‘Like every other woman I am at risk of breast cancer’ (67%) and that ‘Family history of breast cancer is a risk factor for breast cancer’ (59%). However, only 6% of them reported that they are performing BSE on a regular basis. The most common reasons for not doing BSE and not going for clinical examination were lack of knowledge and the belief that it was not necessary (34 and 36%, respectively). Doing BSE was more frequent in married ( P<0.00001), and older ( P<0.00001) women. Except for those with a positive family history of breast cancer, there was no association between breast cancer beliefs and almost all other variables studied. The findings suggest that although the majority of Iranian teachers seem to be quite knowledgeable about breast cancer, they need more education on breast cancer and BSE. Since teachers' beliefs and behaviours may have an impact on young females, planning training courses for this group of women is essential.

MOLECULAR SPECTRUM OF β-THALASSEMIA IN THE IRANIAN PROVINCE OF HORMOZGAN

Prevention of β-thalassemia implies knowledge of the molecular spectrum occurring in the population at risk. This knowledge is necessary, especially when a prevention protocol is applied to a multiethnic population. For this purpose, we have recently analyzed a large population of Iranian patients living in the Province of Hormozgan in Iran, and a small group of Iranian patients living in The Netherlands. We have found a different mutation spectrum in both populations as compared to the data obtained by other authors for the Iranian regions of Tehran, Fars, Sistan Balouchestan, Bushehr, and Khouzestan. The IVS-I-5 (G → C) is the most frequent mutant in the province of Hormozgan (69%), followed by the IVS-II-1 (G → A) (9.6%), while the IVS-I-1 (G → A) was the most frequent defect found in the Iranian population sample in The Netherlands. The IVS-II-745 (C →G) mutation in cis with the 5′UTR (untranslated region) +20 (C → T) transition was observed in two unrelated, transfusion-dependent homozygotes, living in the Hormozgan Province where, in contrast with populations living in other provinces of Iran, no IVS-I-110 (G → A) or IVS-I-1 (G → A) mutations were found. We report the molecular spectra of our population samples and compare them with the mutation spectra observed in the Iranian populations by other authors. We discuss the severe phenotype of the patients homozygous for the IVS-II-745 (C → G) mutation, linked in cis to the 5′UTR +20 (C→ T) transition. Molecular analysis using commercial kits is briefly compared with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, emphasizing the value of a rapid method of detection for molecular defects in areas where many mutations occur.

Genetic studies on .ALPHA.-amylase isozymes in wheat. III. Intraspecific variation in Aegilops squarrosa and birthplace of hexaploid wheat.

Fifty seven strains of KUSE (Kyoto University Scientific Expedition to The Karakoram and Hindukush) collection and three laboratory strains of Aegilops squarrosa were examined with respect to α-amylase isozymes of germinating seed. Seven zymogram patterns were identified, each of which consisted of a few isozyme bands most probably specified by the genes on chromosome 6D and only one by the gene on chromosome 7D. Among varieties of Ae. Squarrosa, var. typica was most variable, followed by var. strangulata. Variation in α-amylase isozymes, as in the other various characters, was most concentrated in the region of Gorgan, in decreasing order being the regions of Pahlavi, Tabriz and Tehran, and no variation in the other regions. From comparison of the zymograms between tetra- and hexaploid wheat, a particular zymogram pattern of α-amylase, Ams 3 was concluded as the one expected in the D genome donor to the main line of descent of hexaploid wheat. Ams 3 located most predominantly in the region of Gorgan, extending westwards along the south coast of Caspian sea up to Derbent, Caucasus. Therefore, it is most reasonable to consider that birthplace of hexaploid wheat should be extended to the south-east coast-land of Caspian sea from the area including south-west Caspian coast region and Transcaucasus, which the previous authors have indicated. On the other hand, discussion about independent origin of ssp. macha was made in view of the variant zymogram pattern.