Regions Of Tehran Research Articles

A Survey of the Knowledge and Attitudes of First-Time Pregnant Women Regarding Infant Hearing Loss.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the knowledge and attitudes of first-time pregnant women regarding hearing loss in infants, and to identify the key factors that influence their perceptions. After validating and ensuring the reliability of a well-structured questionnaire consisting of 15 items, it was distributed to a total of 400 pregnant women who were experiencing their first pregnancies. Utilizing a cluster sampling method, participants were selected from both public hospitals and private gynecologist offices across diverse geographic regions in Tehran, Iran. Participants were asked to respond on a three-point scale (No, Not Sure, Yes). The results were analyzed using both descriptive and analytic statistics. The translated questionnaire exhibited suitable face validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency. Findings revealed the highest maternal knowledge for "newborns can be born with hearing loss "(77.5%) and the lowest knowledge score was observed for "delayed birth cry can lead to hearing loss" (23.8%). Regarding attitudes, 72.5% of mothers scored above the mean of 5.65 out of 6, indicating a preference for early diagnosis and intervention. Several factors, such as education level and the mother's city of residence, showed a significant correlation with certain knowledge and attitude-related questions. Notably, individuals receiving care at public hospitals showed greater knowledge compared to those visiting private clinics. Mothers play a crucial role in child health and need to have a thorough understanding of pediatric diseases in order to make informed decisions. One particular condition that mothers should be well-informed about is hearing loss, as it has a significant impact on language development. However, this study reveals that there are gaps in maternal knowledge when it comes to the specific causes of hearing loss.

Mediating role of alexithymia in relationship between cyberbullying and psychotic experiences in adolescents

BackgroundToday, addressing issues related to the use of virtual space is of paramount importance due to its significant impact on mental well-being. This is especially crucial when the research community consists of teenagers who are cyber bullies or their victims who have higher vulnerability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between cyberbullying and psychotic experiences in adolescents.MethodsThe research method employed in this study was correlational, and the study population consisted of all male and female middle school students in Tehran during the 2022–2023 academic years. As for data collection, the Cyber-Bullying/Victimization Experiences questionnaire, Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences, and the Toronto Alexithymia scale were applied. A total of 602 samples were gathered by using multi-stage cluster sampling from Tehran in Iran. Four selection of the sample, the regions in Tehran were selected randomly according to the geographical directions of them and then some schools and classes were chosen randomly. Sample was included in the analysis after data entry into SPSS software and subsequent structural equation modeling using AMOS software.ResultsAccording to the findings, cyberbullying (β = 0.11,p < 0.05) and cyber victimization(β = 0.41, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of psychotic experiences. Alexithymia partially mediated the relationship between cyberbullying and psychotic experiences with the mediation effect of 0.28 and cyber victimization and psychotic experiences with the mediation effect of 0.18.ConclusionsThese findings underscore the importance of identifying cyber victims or cyberbullies in order to prevent alexithymia and psychotic experiences in future, in order to prevent more serious problems and becoming psychotic.Trial registrationThe goals and conditions of this research were investigated and approved by the Ethics Committee of Alzahra University in Tehran (code: ALZAHRA.REC.1402.055) on 13th September 2023.

Fresh Leafy Vegetables and Parasitic Contamination: Practical Solutions.

This study aimed at investigating the parasitic contamination of fresh leafy vegetables in Tehran, Iran, during 2020-2021. A cross-sectional study was conducted and 180 fresh leafy vegetables (including leek, watercress, mint, spring onion, radish, basil, parsley, lettuce, and spinach) were collected randomly in the five regions of Tehran, Iran. Each 200-g sample was soaked with tap water containing detergent, and the obtained sediment was centrifuged and examined for parasitic stages using a light microscope. The overall rate of parasitic contamination was 19.4%, with Trichostrongylus and Toxocara eggs being the most prevalent parasites (3.9%) and the highest rate of parasitic contamination was observed in spinach (40%), whereas no contamination was found in spring onions. Except for radish, other vegetable samples had multiple parasitic infections. Due to the contamination of vegetables, it is necessary to have a suitable method to reduce the parasites. Consequently, policymakers should safeguard public health by consistently monitoring contaminants in food and prioritizing education and research on methods to mitigate their presence in the food chain.

How urban shopping malls in Tehran have changed in the post‐COVID era

In many major cities, significant financial and physical capital has been spent constructing shopping centers. The high profitability of commercial construction has led many developers to build large luxury shopping malls. Adding amenities, such as cinemas, cafes, restaurants, food courts, amusement parks, galleries, and exhibitions, to these malls has increased their attractiveness. The COVID‐19 pandemic—which began in China in December 2019 before spreading worldwide—affected many areas of life, including people's shopping habits, especially in metropolitan areas. At the start of the pandemic, people were exhorted to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters and avoid crowded environments as much as ppossible. These health guidelines resulted in the relatively long closure of shopping malls in cities. This study aims to investigate changes to people's shopping habits. It focuses on malls in Tehran and how the COVID‐19 pandemic impacted different groups of people's habits, as a way of understanding future use and development of urban areas. The required data were collected via a survey conducted in 2021 wherein 1,071 responses from different regions in Tehran were gathered and analyzed using descriptive analysis methods.

Investigating the Prevalence of COVID-19-Related Sleep Disorders Among Individuals Recovering from COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study

Background: Sleep disorders, as psychological manifestations of COVID-19, have been correlated with a decreased quality of all aspects of individuals' well-being, even after COVID-19 recovery. Objectives: Due to the persistence of sleep disorders even after the recovery from COVID-19, along with their significant consequences on the quality of life of individuals suffering from these disorders, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence and predictive power of sleep disorders and their correlation with socio-demographic and health disparities among COVID-19 recovered individuals in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional analytical investigation, a total of 300 individuals participated from 3 hospitals in different regions of Tehran. Participants were selected based on inclusion criteria and simple random sampling. They were then evaluated using the "Questionnaire of Clinical and Demographic Information" and the "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)." Additionally, the "Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 (DASS21)," "The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R)," and "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)" were used to assess other related disorders in the prevalence and predictive power of sleep disorders among the participants. Statistical tests, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square, and Bayesian linear regression, were implemented using SPSS v. 26 to analyze the obtained data. Results: Among the total of 300 participants, 198 individuals (66%) demonstrated sleep disorders. The majority were female (54.54%), married (88.38%), employed (56.56%), from Tehran (96.96%), and covered by hospital C (36.86%). Ultimately, depression (BF = 0.01 and P-value = 0.0001), anxiety (BF = 0.02 and P-value = 0.0001), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (BF = 0.02 and P-value = 0.001), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (BF = 0.0001 and P-value = 0.001) were the most powerful predictors of the presence of sleep disorders among individuals recovered from COVID-19. Conclusions: COVID-19-related sleep disorders were found in more than half of the COVID-19-recovered individuals, with mild severity. Furthermore, the reported prevalence, severity, and significance varied among the participants in accordance with sociodemographic and health disparities.

Examining the Mediating Role of Body Esteem in the Relationship Between Social Body Anxiety and Health-Oriented Lifestyle in Women with Obesity

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of body esteem in the relationship between social body anxiety and a health-oriented lifestyle in women with obesity. Methods and Materials: The present study is applied in nature and belongs to the category of correlational designs, specifically structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of all women with obesity who visited obesity and beauty clinics in various regions of Tehran in 2023. The sample size was determined using Stevens' (1996) sample estimation method, with a total of 250 participants considered. Data were collected using the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) by Walker et al. (1987), the Social Physique Anxiety Scale by Hart et al. (1989), and the Body Esteem Scale by Mendelson et al. (2001). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24. Findings: Pearson correlation results showed a significant relationship between social body anxiety, body esteem, and a health-oriented lifestyle. The results also indicated that social anxiety (β = -0.202, P = 0.033) had a significant negative effect on a health-oriented lifestyle, and body esteem (β = 0.285, P = 0.011) had a significant positive effect on a health-oriented lifestyle. Social anxiety (β = -0.379, P &lt; 0.001) had a significant negative effect on body esteem. Additionally, the results showed that body esteem plays a mediating role in the relationship between social body anxiety and a health-oriented lifestyle in women with obesity, with an indirect effect of -0.1102. Conclusion: Overall, the results indicate that body esteem significantly mediates this relationship. Specifically, social anxiety can impact a health-oriented lifestyle through its effect on body esteem. This suggests that changes in body esteem can alter the way social anxiety affects a health-oriented lifestyle. The negative indirect effect suggests that the relationship between social anxiety and a health-oriented lifestyle is inversely influenced by body esteem.

Vertical Distribution of Air Particulate Matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) in Different Regions of Tehran

Vertical Distribution of Air Particulate Matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) in Different Regions of Tehran

Determination of Heavy Metals in Municipal Water Network of Tehran, Iran: A Health Risk Assessment with a Focus on Carcinogenicity

Background: Several contaminants such as trace elements can pollute drinking water sources with subsequent toxic effects on humans. These compounds may also accumulate in target organs and result in carcinogenic reactions. Objectives: The concentrations of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), copper (1), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Cd), tin (2), antimony (Sb), chromium (3), and mercury (Hg) were aimed to determine in the drinking water of Tehran, Iran and to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk for consumers. Methods: A total of 66 tap water samples were collected from 22 regions of Tehran and their heavy metal contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were calculated, using hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), respectively. Results: The findings revealed that the mean concentrations of measured elements were lower than the maximum permissible limits established by Iranian National Standards, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and the World Health Organization (WHO). HQ was less than 1 for all metals except Cr and ILCR was higher than 1× 10-4 for Cr and Cd, which may cause human health risk. Conclusions: No carcinogenic effects were posed by heavy metals contamination in the drinking water of Tehran; however, the content of Cr and Cd may cause human health risks because of the high daily intake of tap water throughout the lifetime and the tendency of these metals to accumulate in the human body organs. Therefore, implementing ongoing programs to monitor heavy metals in municipal drinking water and applying appropriate corrective actions to prevent the transfer of these pollutants to drinking water is crucial.

Investigating the Relationship between Cultural Capital and the Tendency for Cosmetic Surgery

Background: Cultural capital is a special type of high society values ​​and norms. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between cultural capital and the tendency for plastic surgery in women living in self-governing hostels in Tehran in 2023.&#x0D; Methods: The current study was cross-sectional and correlational. The population of the current research included all the women living in self-governing hostels in Tehran in 2023. The sample of the current research was determined based on similar studies on 325 people selected based on stratified sampling and available samples from the hostels of 5 geographical regions of Tehran. The research tool consisted of 2 questionnaires: Bourdieu's cultural questionnaire and Etamadi Far's cosmetic surgery tendency questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS-15&#x0D; Results: 214 of the respondents had cosmetic surgery and 111 did not. Between cultural capital and the tendency to perform cosmetic surgery in women living in self-governing hostels, r = -0.652 was obtained. The tendency of women living in self-governing hostels towards cosmetic surgery was calculated to be 93.14 ± 11.2, which was relatively high. The average cultural capital was 44.45 ± 6.45 (medium) in the surgical group and 77.15 ± 11.34 (high) in non-surgical group.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is necessary to promote cultural capital in intervention programs to adjust and correct the desire and pathological behavior of women towards cosmetic surgery.

A novel approach for optimized design of low-E windows and visual comfort for residential spaces

Double low-E glasses are effective and well-established choices for residential buildings in temperate climatic regions of Sydney, Australia, and Tehran, Iran. The current study's measurements and field experiments have shown that using a double low-E windowpane can improve window total transmitted radiation energy (TSRE) and daylight glare factor. Nevertheless, spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) and daylight illuminance are the shortcomings of using double-low-E glasses. These implications demonstrated that using double low-E glazing is a double-edged sword. Despite its efficiency in improving energy consumption, it cannot satisfy daylight comfort requirements. Therefore, this research intends to find the most suitable solution to exploit double-low-E glasses' benefits and avoid their drawbacks. Subsequently, the genetic algorithm has been used to find the optimum window size through a multi-objective simulation by Climate Studio. The findings suggest that the optimum WWR of 10.35%–10.99% in Tehran brings the daylight comfort metrics above the threshold while the energy consumption metrics are kept at a minimum. Similarly, for Sydney, these measures are 20%–24% room length for the horizontal dimension of a window and 33%–40% room height for the vertical penetration dimension. In this way, using a double low-E window pane is justifiable for both examined regions.

Health Risk Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Leafy Vegetables in Tehran, Iran: the Concentration Data Study.

Absorption of heavy and toxic metals causes their accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables. Pollutants such as heavy metals have directly affected the health of society and contributed to emerging diseases in recent years. The current study aimed to detect heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) in highly consumed leafy vegetables provided from the Tehran market. Four types of vegetables, including dill, parsley, cress, and coriander were selected and 64 samples were randomly collected from fruit and vegetable markets in different regions of Tehran in August and September 2022. Then, samples were analyzed by the ICP-OES system, and health risk assessment was conducted using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic approach. The range of Pb concentration was 54-314, < LOQ-289, < LOQ-230, and < LOQ-183μg/kg for dill, cress, parsley, and coriander, respectively. The high mean concentrations of Pb belong to the dill (161.43 ± 77.3μg/kg) and cress (154.75 ± 72.9μg/kg). In some samples of dill (37.5% of samples), cress (18.75% of samples), and parsley (12.5% of samples), the Pb content was above the national allowable limit (200μg/kg). The range of Cd concentration was < LOQ-42, < LOQ-41, < LOQ-30, and < LOQ-38μg/kg for dill, cress, parsley, and coriander, respectively. In none of the samples, the concentration of Cd was higher than the Iranian national limit (50μg/kg). The As occurrence was observed in all cress samples with a mean of 165.19 ± 64.83μg/kg. The range of As concentration was < LOQ-71, < LOQ-256, 58-273, and < LOQ-75μg/kg for parsley, dill, cress, and coriander, respectively. The THQ and HI values were higher than 1, and either ILCR value was higher than 10-4 for all tested heavy metals, it can be concluded that higher levels of heavy metals than the standard limits in some samples may raise the warning alarm and should come to the attention of the authorities.

Analysis of the spatial inequality in residential quality indicators: the 22 urban regions of Tehran Metropolis

Research objective: the present study seeks to assess and analyze the status of residential quality indicators in the 22 urban regions of the Tehran metropolis.&#x0D; Methodology: 79 residential quality variables are classified into the four indicators of physical, economic, ecological, and socio-cultural indices. Shannon entropy model, the coefficient of variation, TOPSIS, hotspot analysis, and Moran spatial autocorrelation were used for data analysis.&#x0D; Results: Results of the present study indicated a TOPSIS score of 0.58 for the integrated indicators which revealed region 1 had the best and region 15 had the worst status. In fact, a sort of divergence and heterogeneity rules residential quality indicators in Tehran urban regions, so that among the 22 urban regions of the city, around 4.5% were advantaged while 13.6% were relatively advantaged, 77.3% were semi- advantaged, and 4.5% were less advantaged. Results of statistical spatial analysis also indicate that the advantaged clusters were located in northern and northeastern parts of the city while the less advantaged and extremely less advantaged clusters were more focused in the southern and southeastern parts of the city, and residential quality indicators followed a cluster pattern.&#x0D; Conclusion: A spatial difference and inequality in residential quality index distribution were observed in the 22 urban regions of Tehran so that the regions located in the southern and southeastern parts of the city had an unfavorable status in terms of residential quality indicators while the northern and northeastern regions were more advantaged in this regard.

Hub and Distribution Center Location for a Third-Party Logistics service Provider: A Case Study at Tehran

The rapid growth of the transportation industry and the advance of the e-commerce have opened opportunities for boom delivery services companies. Although, intense competition between shipping companies has obliged many to amend their shipment networks. In this setting, we aim to provide high-quality shipping services for a third-party logistics company in Iran. Currently, in the selected company, one hub is in the west part of Tehran that gives services to all customers. There are some difficulties in shipping services to the eastern part of Tehran city. Therefore, in this paper, we find the location of another hub center to streamline the shipping process. Moreover, to promote our service levels, some Distribution Centers (DCs) are going to be set up. Due to the lack of shipment data like pick up and delivery data, we tried to find the locations of the hub and the DCs based on Tehran population's data. We clustered 122 regions of Tehran based on population, economic index, accessibility to the internet, and the number of business units. Since some remote regions (which are not in the same vicinity) belong to the same cluster, we defined a relative distance criterion to avoid making remote regions in the same cluster. In each cluster, a fixed or movable DC can be set up to service the regions of its cluster. Moreover, to find the best candidate locations for the hub, each zone of Tehran was assessed based on some criteria like land cost, accessibility to the highways, and distance to its nearest bus terminal. Based on these criteria, some zones have been dominated by others, and the remains were considered as candidate locations in a hub location model. By considering the DCs as spokes in a hub and spoke model, the optimal location for the eastern hub establishment was determined.

Lung Cancer and Pleural Mesothelioma Risk Assessment for the General Population Exposed to Asbestos in Different Regions of Tehran, Iran.

Asbestos is a natural fiber leading to health risks like chronic lung diseases. The current study aimed to estimate pleural mesothelioma and lung cancer risk for population exposure to asbestos in Tehran, Iran. A cross-sectional study. According to the annual report of Air Quality Control Company (AQCC), from 2011-2020, carcinogenic risk and mesothelioma were assessed based on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method using the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The relative risk (RR) of mortality cancer was calculated based on Camus and colleagues' model. Moreover, mesothelioma risk was estimated by Bourgault and colleagues' model. The mean concentration and health risk of asbestos in ambient air generally reduced from 2011 to 2020. The highest mortality risk for lung cancer was 8.4 per 100000 persons in 2011 and reduced to 1.8 in 2017. For mesothelioma, the corresponding values were 8.96 per 100000 persons in 2011 and reduced to 1.92 in 2017. The findings of this study could be helpful to health policymakers in the management of asbestos risk.

Applying the Sustainability Barometer Approach to Assess Urban Sustainability

Sustainability is a multidisciplinary developing science, and sustainable urban development focuses on socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental dimensions. Sustainable urban development is considered as a form of development covering urban spaces. Therefore, sustainability is regarded as one of the most important issues in urban planning. The present study aims to evaluate urban sustainability in nine regions of Tehran’s District 4 using the barometer of sustainability. The study area, covering twenty populous areas with various socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental problems, is located in the northeast of Tehran. The results obtained from overall sustainability and Prescott-Allen ranking indicate that regions 7, 6, 2, 3, and 8 are in medium sustainability level with the scores of 0.492, 0.484, 0.471, 0.411, and 0.457 respectively. However, other regions including regions 9, 1, 4 and 5 with the scores of 0.370, 0.330, 0.281 and 0.274, respectively, were found to be potentially unsustainable. In terms of human and ecosystem well-being, regions 2 and 3 gained the highest score, and regions 9 and 5 had the lowest scores. Based on the results, some practical solutions were provided to improve the sustainability in the area.

Air Quality and Environmental Effects Due to COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran: Lessons for Sustainability

The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) global pandemic spread can be considered a disastrous crisis that, in a given geographical area, significantly affects the increase in mortality rate with direct and indirect impacts on different scales and social, economic, political, and ecological factors. The effects of this crisis can be more intense in urban areas with high population density. Due to the more significant presence of vulnerable groups, the risk of death increases significantly. This research describes the environmental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the city of Tehran, the 37th most populated city in the world. The concentration of six air pollutants (carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter with a diameter of fewer than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) and the Air Quality Index (AQI) were measured in 22 urban regions of Tehran before (20 March) and from (21 March to 10 February) the lockdown, in air pollution evaluation stations. In order to conduct this research, first, the values of the air pollutant indices of the 22 districts of Tehran in the two previous periods (before 20 March) and during quarantine (21 March to 10 February) were obtained from the air pollution measurement stations of the 22 districts of Tehran, together with the results. After the operationalization and quantification of the indicators according to the research objectives, they were entered into the ArcGIS environment, and the spatial analysis of each pollutant was performed, before and during the quarantine. Finally, it was found that the AQI was reduced from 74.95 to 54.15.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution monitoring with sentinel-5P satellite imagery over during the coronavirus pandemic (case study: Tehran)

ABSTRACT One of the economic challenges facing developing countries is the cost of tackling air pollution and improving its quality. In this study, we propose a comparative analysis of the tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) column spatial configuration over Tehran between pandemic conditions and normal conditions, based on the European Space Agency (ESA) Copernicus Sentinel-5P products. Comparison of the time series of nitrogen dioxide obtained from Sentinel-5P data showed that NO2 levels in 2020 were between 4 × 10−5 and 6 × 10−5 mol/m2, while in 2019 the amount of nitrogen dioxide many times exceeded 6 × 10−5 mol/m2. Based on the data obtained from Sentinel-5P, the northern, north-eastern, and central regions of Tehran were registered as the most polluted areas in terms of nitrogen dioxide. The results showed that due to the change of normal conditions in 2019 to quarantine conditions due to coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in 2020, the density of tropospheric NO2 columns decreased, which is due to the temporary restriction of industrial activities, traffic, and population density. The correlation analysis between ground dataand data from Sentinel-5P provided encouraging values with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.58 (2019) and 0.61 (2020), and the amount of nitrogen dioxide in 2020 decreased by 6% compared to 2019.

Achieving sustainable development goals through the study of urban heat island changes and its effective factors using spatio‐temporal techniques: The case study (Tehran city)

AbstractThe present study is aimed at investigating the spatio‐temporal structure of land surface temperature (LST) and its interrelationship with physical and biophysical land surface properties, such as land use, vegetation, the indicators of climate changes and air pollution, and the density of buildings in Tehran city of Iran, using Landsat 5, 7 and 8 thermal bands of satellite images in cold and hot seasons during the 1984–2020 period. The results indicate that the mean LST of Tehran city has gradually increased over time. LST results in a hot season, such as May showed that the changes in 1990 were between 6 and 44°C, in 2000, between 20 and 44°C, in 2013 between 14 and 42°C and in 2020 the changes were between 15 and 51°C. Also, the formation of hot spots in the west and south demonstrated the direct connection pattern of the distribution of space. According to the results, a strong negative LST‐NDVI and positive LST‐NDBI correlation are observed throughout the period. In addition, as to the other indices, the results indicate a positive correlation among LST, and air pollution indicators (NO2, SO2, CO, CO2, PM2.5, and PM10 ppm), a negative correlation with precipitation and a positive correlation with temperature in climatic indices and negative LST‐ Humidity, NDWI, and NDMI. These show the regions where water can weaken the UHI effect in the city. LST also has a positive correlation with buildings density and population centers, as well as industries concentrated in the western regions of Tehran that are subjected to rising LST. The mixed urban landscape of the city is closely related to the changes of the LST and the indicators, including NDVI, different land covers, and urban industrial and commercial activities. Finally, the regional vulnerability of Tehran as a metropolis was determined by using geographic information systems and spatio‐temporal methods. Based upon the results, the western regions of Tehran had more urban vulnerabilities in terms of thermal phenomena and the northern regions remain with the least vulnerability.

Sociological Explanation of Bread Usage (Investigated to Citizens Residing in 3.7 and 19 Regions of Tehran)

Sociological Explanation of Bread Usage (Investigated to Citizens Residing in 3.7 and 19 Regions of Tehran)

Factors Related To The Loneliness Of Older Women With Hypertension In Tehran

Older women have longevity and face with common chronic diseases such as hypertension longer than men. In addition the refusal to accept older women into the mainstream of society can affect the loneliness of older women particularly in developing countries such as Iran. This study was conducted to describe factors related to loneliness of older women with hypertension in Tehran. This descriptive, correlational study was conducted on a sample of 300 older women above age 60 in five regions of Tehran in 2020. A socio-demographic questionnaire and the Russell Loneliness Scale were used for data collection. Content validity and Cronbach’s alpha were used for evaluating the validity and reliability of questionnaires. 61% of older women were widowed and 37.3% lived alone with a mean age of 72.16(± 8.5) year. The mean score for loneliness was 66.26 (±13.44) on a 20 to 80-point scale. The scores of loneliness were influenced significantly by not having an income source, no living companion, chronic diseases, hospitalization in last year, family history of hypertension, and duration of hypertension. The best predictors of loneliness were hospitalization in last year, duration of hypertension, family history of hypertension, and chronic diseases. The findings of this study showed that loneliness is very common in older women with hypertension and is related to a number of factors. Monitoring modifiable factors such as hospitalization in the last year and non-modifiable factors such as duration of hypertension will help us to prevent or reduce loneliness in older women with hypertension.