Southwestern Region Research Articles

Spatial Accessibility of Community Elderly Care Services for the Elderly in Beijing, China

Since China entered an aging society in 2000, the population has been gradually becoming older and aging faster. The accelerating and deepening of population aging poses a severe challenge to elderly care resources. This study addresses the challenges of an aging population and the uneven distribution of elderly care resources in Beijing by integrating data on the city's road network, elderly population, and care centers, Utilized QGIS software and the 2SFCA method to assess spatial accessibility and social equity of elderly care centers in Beijing at the township and street levels. There is a roughly consistent spatial density layout between the elderly care centers in Beijing and the elderly population. A spatial distribution pattern of elderly care centers in Beijing shows an uneven spatial accessibility level, A small number of northeastern and southwestern regions and the central urban area have high accessibility. In general, the spatial equity of spatial accessibility to elderly care centers in Beijing is very good, and the Gini coefficient of spatial accessibility is only 0.17. The results can provide theoretical support for the Beijing government to further improve the layout of elderly care resources in the future.

Proxy- and Model-Estimated Coupled Megadroughts in the Southwestern Regions of North and South America

Abstract The North American Southwest (NASW) and South American Southwest (SASW) are regions susceptible to prolonged and intense droughts that can span a decade or more (i.e., megadroughts). Although the drivers and impacts of megadroughts in each region and their co-occurrence have been examined in paleoclimate reconstructions, it is not known whether climate models simulate co-occurring megadroughts in these regions with characteristics and drivers that are similar to the real world. We compare the temporal characteristics of concurrent megadroughts and the Pacific Ocean conditions associated with these events in the Paleo Hydrodynamics Data Assimilation (PHYDA) product and the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble (CESM-LME). We find that concurrent megadroughts in PHYDA and CESM-LME have similar temporal characteristics, but the relationship between hydroclimate conditions in the NASW and SASW is different between proxy-based estimates and the climate model. Further analyses reveal that changes in the tropical Pacific Ocean are weaker during concurrent megadroughts in the CESM-LME compared to those in PHYDA and that their teleconnection patterns and strengths are different. Reconstruction methodology is also found to be a factor in how the relationship between the tropical Pacific and each region is characterized. These results together indicate that while the CESM-LME simulates concurrent megadroughts with temporal characteristics similar to PHYDA, it does so for different reasons; this result leaves open the question of whether climate models used for future projections can accurately capture the risk of concurrent megadroughts in future projections.

The Phonological Adaptation of English Loanwords in Jizani Arabic: An OT Analysis

This paper presents a phonological analysis of English loanwords within Jizani Arabic (JA). JA is a Saudi dialect spoken in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, specifically in Jizan City, the capital of Jazan province. This study investigates the phonological adaptation of loanwords at both the segmental and suprasegmental levels using optimality theory (OT) constraints (Prince & Smolensky, 1993, 2004). A corpus consisting of 114 English loanwords that have been integrated into JA was analysed using the data elicitation technique. The study’s 15 participants are monolingual native speakers of JA. The results of the segmental adaptation show that JA speakers tend to use a process of nativisation to replace the sounds of both consonants and vowels in English loanwords that do not exist in JA with phonemes that are available in JA’s phonemic inventory. At the suprasegmental level, the stress of the loanwords falls on the heaviest syllable, following the stress pattern that governs words that are original to JA.

Integration of tissue distribution, PK-PD modeling and metabolomics reveals inflammatory-immune response alterations in Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis alleviating rheumatoid arthritis.

Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis, a distinguished member of the Gaultheria Kalm ex L. in the Ericaceae family, has been traditionally employed in the southwestern regions of China for the efficacious treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The anti-RA fraction (ARF) derived from Gaultheria leucocarpa var. yunnanensis has been previously demonstrated to effectively alleviate RA in vivo and in vitro. This research endeavor is dedicated to surveying the pharmacokinetic (PK) processes of ARF within plasma and tissues, profiling its metabolites in vivo, discerning the material foundation of its therapeutic efficacy, and delineating its anti-RA mechanisms. The prototype components and metabolites of ARF in plasma and seven tissues of RA rats were analyzed by LC-MSn. Advanced LC-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD methodologies were developed to investigate the plasma PK profiles and tissue distribution characteristics of MSTG-A, MSTG-B, and Gaultherin in both RA model rats and healthy controls. A panel of four cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-2) was selected as pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers and quantified using ELISA. The PK, PD, and PK-PD modeling of ARF were skillfully constructed by combining WinNonlin with Matlab software, enabling a comprehensive analysis of the interrelationships between components and effect markers. A non-targeted plasma metabolomics approach employing LC-QE-MS was utilized to insight into the underlying mechanisms of ARF alleviating RA. The quantity and diversity of identified prototypical components and metabolites of ARF in model rat plasma increased over time. The spleen exhibited the highest number of metabolites and prototypical compounds of ARF. The UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD method were developed and validated for the quantification of three chemical markers in rat plasma and tissues, respectively. Three effective components (MSTG-B, MSTG-A, and Gautherin) demonstrated linear dynamics in plasma and tissues at an oral dosage of 3 g/kg ARF. The PK-PD models involving three components and four inflammatory cytokines aligned with the one company model, demonstrating a linear correlation through compartmental modeling and curve fitting analysis. Significant variations were identified in the concentrations of various amino acids and lipid metabolites among the CON, ARF, and MTX groups in comparison to the MOD group, which are intricately linked to the inflammation-immunity response. The three components displayed favorable bioavailability and were rapidly eliminated in RA rats, collectively exerting an anti-RA effect. The mechanism by which ARF mitigates RA is associated with the modulation of inflammation-immunity related metabolic pathways. The spleen may serve as the target tissue for ARF attenuating RA. These findings provide a robust foundation for rationalizing intervention strategies, elucidating biological mechanisms, and advancing the clinical application of ARF in the amelioration of RA.

Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Porcine Parvovirus 2 in Southwest China During 2020–2023

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded linear DNA virus that induces reproductive disorders in sows, particularly abortions in primiparous sows. This study investigated the prevalence of PPV in the southwestern region and conducted molecular characterization of PPV strains. An epidemiological survey was conducted on 1534 aborted fetuses from the southwestern region between 2020 and 2023, revealing an abortion rate of 3.00% due to PPV2, with the highest rate of 3.77% in Sichuan. Additionally, 2973 blood samples from sows were tested using ELISA, showing a PPV2 antibody positivity rate of 73.03% to 90%. Through shotgun metagenomics, PPV2 SC2020 was identified in aborted fetal samples from a pig farm in Pengzhou, Sichuan. PCR sequencing analysis yielded seven PPV2 genomic sequences, and the phylogenetic analysis of eight PPV2 strains with thirty reference strains showed distinct evolutionary branches. The virus was successfully isolated from PPV2-positive samples, and the phylogenetic analysis of PPV2 SC2020 revealed ORF1 gene homology of 94.9% to 99.3% and the ORF2 gene homology of 93.1% to 98.0%, with 34 reference strains. Homologous recombination analysis indicated that SC2020 is a recombinant strain of HeB03 and S1.

Assessment of surface water quality in mining area: A case study of the southwest region of Burkina Faso

Mining activities, whether industrial or artisanal, are often responsible for the pollution of water resources, leading to significant degradation of water quality. This study aims to assess the quality of surface waters in three out of the four provinces of the South-Western region of Burkina Faso, an area known for its numerous mining sites. To evaluate the water quality in the study area and to assess the importance of each parameter in influencing this quality, we applied Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Indices (WAWQI) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. These analyses were based on data obtained from the measurement of various physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, phosphate) and heavy metals (total iron, manganese, lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, zinc, arsenic) collected at the end of 2020. Samples were taken from a variety of sources: four rivers and five reservoirs. This approach provided a comprehensive assessment of the surface water quality in the study area. The results indicated that, of the twenty parameters analysed, only total iron consistently exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standards across all samples, while bicarbonate exceeded the standard in three instances and calcium-phosphate in one. The water quality index values ranged from 8.18 to 165.85, with an average of 46.84. Only one river sampling point, situated at the Poni province (SW4 at Poniro River), exhibited "poor" water quality, while all other water bodies exhibited water quality ranging from "good" to "excellent." The dendrogram analysis confirmed this finding by showing that total iron is separated from the other parameters, highlighting its negative role in the deterioration of water quality, whereas the other parameters play a positive role.

Root and aerial growth of corn subjected to different biological managements in seed treatment with Bacillus aryabhattai

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be an option to mitigate the impact of abiotic constraints in different cropping systems in the tropical semi-arid region. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the biometric growth parameters and root system of corn plants subjected to the use of Bacillus aryabhattai via seed treatment and furrow application. The trial was conducted in a commercial area in the southwestern region of Goiás, Brazil. The experiment was set up in a randomized block design with four treatments (T1 – Control; T2 – B. aryabhattai (4 mL kg-1 of seed) via seed treatment; T3 – B. aryabhattai (200 mL ha-1) via furrow application; T4 – B. aryabhattai (300 mL ha-1) via furrow application) and five replications, totaling 20 experimental plots. Root parameters (maximum root length (cm); root dry mass (g); root volume (cm3)) and biometric parameters (plant height (cm); ear insertion height (cm); stem diameter (mm); prolificacy (number of ears per plant); number of leaves) were evaluated. The application of Bacillus aryabhattai led to increases in root system volume and stem diameter in corn plants.

Geological Significance for the Lateral Migration of the Late Triassic Black Shales in the Sichuan Basin, the Western Yangtze Block (South China)

ABSTRACTThe Upper Triassic black shales in the Sichuan Basin are formed in three stages and are predominantly situated at the forefront of the Longmenshan (LMS) thrust belt. These formations are a result of three rapid subsidence events in the foredeep and the development of an underfilled foreland basin, triggered by three intense thrust nappe movements of the LMS orogenic wedge during the Late Triassic. The lateral migration of black shales in the LMS foreland basin, from the northeast to the southwest, suggests that thrust nappe movements of the LMS orogenic wedge predominantly occurred in the northeastern region during the early Late Triassic and gradually shifted toward the southwestern region in the later Late Triassic. The ongoing convergence between the North China Craton and the Yangtze Block at this time likely influenced this migration process.

Assessing Geothermal Energy Production Potential of Devonian Geothermal Complexes in Lithuania

Lithuania is a Baltic European country which shares borders with Poland, Belarus, Latvia, and Russia and has a geothermal anomaly in the southwestern region. It consists of two main geothermal complexed, i.e., Devonian and Cambrian with a temperature of up to 40 °C (at a depth of 1000 m) and 96 °C (at a depth of 2000 m), respectively. The Devonian complex is composed of an unconsolidated sandstone formation with porosity and permeability in the range of 4–31% and 200 mD–6000 mD, respectively, and these make it a favorable candidate for a low enthalpy geothermal complex because of the high water production rates. This study evaluates the geothermal potential in the Devonian complex of the selected sites for commercial development. The study utilizes the mechanistic modelling approach including uncertainty management to forecast the water production rates and estimate the power generation capacity. Lastly, the study reveals that it is feasible to produce 6 MW to 60 MW of power from the existing vertical wells for a period of 25 years. Furthermore, reactive transport modelling also proves that there is dissolution and precipitation of the minerals near and away from the wellbore, respectively, which impairs the reservoir quality and further concludes that there is an effect of time on re-injection which should be considered to enhance the reservoir quality for future operations. In addition to that, no effect of the re-injection temperature of the produced water is observed.

Groundwater Contamination: Study on the Distribution and Mobility of Metals and Metalloids in Soil and Rocks

This study investigates the distribution and mobility of metals and metalloids (M&Ms) in soils, rocks, and groundwater within the geologically complex southwestern region of Sicily. The study aims to highlight how natural sources, like rocks and soils, can release elements potentially harmful to human health. It underlines their dual role as both natural reservoirs and active sources of M&M release, driven by leaching processes influenced by physicochemical factors such as pH and redox potential (Eh). Lithological characteristics significantly influence the retention and release of elements, with clay-rich formations exhibiting higher immobilization capacity. However, environmental parameter variations can enhance element mobilization, increasing bioavailability and the risk of groundwater contamination. Water quality analyses reveal regulatory exceedances for As, B, Ni, and Be, underscoring potential health and ecological risks. Concurrently, microbiological investigations identify diverse microbial communities capable of altering the oxidative states of specific elements through oxidation and reduction processes, further influencing their mobility. This study underscores the importance of understanding natural sources of M&Ms and their interactions with geochemical and microbiological processes for effective environmental risk assessment. The findings provide a foundation for developing integrated and sustainable water resource management strategies to mitigate contamination risks and safeguard ecosystems and public health.

Microbial analysis and quantitative assessment of aflatoxins from edible dried insects (Palm Weevil, Cricket and Shea Tree Caterpillar) consumed in southwestern and southeastern regions of Nigeria

Currently in Nigeria, a large number of edible insects are known, and they are globally consumed. The aim of this research was to investigate the microbial load and aflatoxin levels in palm weevil, cricket, and shea butter caterpillars. Six different dried edible insect samples were obtained from different States in the country, (5 palm weevils from Ibadan and Owerri State, 5 shea tree caterpillars from Owerri, 10 palm weevils from Ogun, and 10 crickets from Ibadan and Ondo state). All the samples were packaged in sterile zip lock bags, microbial load analysis was carried out using Standard Microbial Technique, and aflatoxin quantification was done using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version. Microbial analysis of cricket from Ibadan and Ondo showed high counts of total aerobic bacterial load (104.0 ×107 cfu/g and 91.0 ×10 7 cfu/g respectively), the highest aflatoxin quantification of fungi present had values of (17.00 μg/kg and 12.00 μg/kg) in cricket from Ondo and Ibadan respectively. The aflatoxin level was above the permissible limits for ready-to-eat edible dried insects (AFB1; 2μg/kg, Total aflatoxins; 4 μg/kg). Microbial Identification of bacteria and fungi colonies isolated from the palm weevils, crickets, and shea tree caterpillar revealed 3 dominant species of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis), three mycotoxin-producing fungi were isolated which includes; Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus flavus. The presence of E. coli signifies a potential risk to food safety. Also, the presence of Aspergillus flavus in most of the edible insect sample suggests a potential risk for aflatoxin production. The findings of this study indicate an urgent need for strict quality control measures to ensure the safety of edible insects consumed in Nigeria. Additionally, research into effective processing methods to reduce contamination is recommended.

Developing Strategies for Carbon Neutrality Through Restoration of Ecological Spatial Networks in the Thal Desert, Punjab

Carbon neutrality is an important goal for addressing global warming. It can be achieved by increasing carbon storage and reducing carbon emissions. Vegetation plays a key role in storing carbon, but it is often lost or damaged, especially in areas affected by desertification. Therefore, restoring vegetation in these areas is crucial. Using advanced techniques to improve ecosystem structure can support ecological processes, and enhance soil and environmental conditions, encourage vegetation growth, and boost carbon storage effectively. This study focuses on optimizing Ecological Spatial Networks (ESNs) for revitalization and regional development, employing advanced techniques such as the MCR model for corridor construction, spatial analysis, and Gephi for mapping topological attributes. Various ecological and topological metrics were used to evaluate network performance, while the EFCT model was applied to optimize the ESN and maximize carbon sinks. In the Thal Desert, ecological source patches (ESPs) were divided into four modularity levels (15.6% to 49.54%) and five communities. The northeastern and southwestern regions showed higher ecological functionality but lower connectivity, while the central region exhibited the reverse. To enhance the ESN structure, 27 patches and 51 corridors were added to 76 existing patches, including 56 forest and 20 water/wetland patches, using the EFCT model. The optimized ESN resulted in a 14.97% improvement in carbon sink capacity compared to the unoptimized structure, primarily due to better functioning of forest and wetland areas. Enhanced connectivity between components contributed to a more resilient and stable ESN, supporting both ecological sustainability and carbon sequestration.

Pangenomics Links Boll Weevil Divergence With Ancient Mesoamerican Cotton Cultivation.

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, and thurberia weevil, Anthonomus grandis thurberiae Pierce, together comprise a species complex that ranges throughout Mexico, the southwestern regions of the United States and parts of South America. The boll weevil is a historically damaging and contemporaneously threatening pest to commercial upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae), whereas the thurberia weevil is regarded as an innocuous non-pest subspecies that is mostly found on non-cultivated Thurber's or Arizona cotton, Gossypium thurberi L., throughout its native range in western Mexico and the southwestern United States. Recent independent analyses, using mitochondrial and whole-genome markers, have suggested the independent evolution of these lineages is more attributable to geographic isolation than biotic factors. We suggest a combination of drivers after employing comparative genomic, population genetic and pangenome methodologies to identify large and small polymorphisms. By leveraging genetic differences, we determined 39,310 diagnostic loci between the subspecies, find genes under selection, and model the subspecies' shared and unique evolutionary history. Interestingly, structural variations capture a large proportion of genes at the population level and demographic reconstruction suggests a split between approximately 3,320-16,300 before present (YBP), which coincides with cotton cultivation in Mesoamerica, approximately 3,000-5,000 YBP. Observed polymorphisms are enriched for reproductive, regulatory, and metabolic genes, which may be attributed to the subspecies split and coevolution with cultivated cotton. Our results demonstrate the utility of a holistic, comparative framework utilising small and large polymorphisms to reconstruct demography and identify genetic novelty via pangenomics.

First record of the subgenus Megachelonus Baker, 1926 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Cheloninae, genus Chelonus Panzer, 1806) for the Afrotropical region (southwestern region of Saudi Arabia), with the description of a new species

The subgenus Megachelonus Baker, 1926 of the cosmopolitan genus Chelonus Panzer, 1806 is recorded for the first time in the Afrotropical region, in a coffee orchard in Jazan (southwestern Saudi Arabia). A new species, Chelonus (Megachelonus) arabicus Soliman & Gadallah, is described and illustrated.

Impact of climate change on the distribution of the citrus longhorned beetle Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and its host plants, Castanea mollissima and Castanea seguinii: a predictive analysis using optimized MaxEnt models.

The Anoplophora chinensis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (Forster), a serious phytophagous pest threatening Castanea mollissima Blume and Castanea seguinii Dode, poses risks of ecological imbalance, significant economic loss, and increased management difficulties if not properly controlled. This study employs optimized MaxEnt models to analyze the potential distribution areas of A. chinensis and its host plants under current and future climate conditions, identifying their movement pathways and relative dynamics. Results indicate that all models achieved an average AUC value exceeding 0.86, demonstrating low complexity and high predictive accuracy. The key climatic variables influencing the geographic distribution of A. chinensis and its host plants include temperature and moisture-related bioclimatic variables such as mean diurnal range, minimum temp of coldest month, mean temp of wettest quarter, annual precipitation, precipitation of driest month, and precipitation seasonality. Under both current and future conditions, these 3 species are primarily distributed in the southwestern regions of China. Notably, the suitable growth area for all 3 species shows varying degrees of increase. Additionally, C. mollissima and C. seguinii exhibit a trend of eastward displacement in response to climate change. Overall, the findings provide significant practical value for the monitoring, early warning, and targeted control strategies for A. chinensis. Furthermore, these results offer a basis for timely conservation strategies to mitigate the potential impacts of climate change.

Strategic Dam Locations for Enhanced Management of Water Resources, Cost Savings and Carbon Emission Reduction in the Southwestern Region of Saudi Arabia

Strategic Dam Locations for Enhanced Management of Water Resources, Cost Savings and Carbon Emission Reduction in the Southwestern Region of Saudi Arabia

Spatiotemporal Analysis of B-Value at Mount Slamet (2014–2023)

This study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of b-values at Mount Slamet, one of Indonesia’s most active volcanoes, during its eruption activities from 2014 to 2023. The primary objective is to explore how variations in b-values correlate with stress conditions and volcanic activity, providing insights into eruption forecasting. Seismic data were sourced from USGS, BMKG, and local networks and analyzed using ZMAP and MATLAB to calculate b-values, assess magnitude completeness, and perform spatial and temporal analyses. Results reveal notable spatial variability: higher b-values in the northern and northeastern regions indicate lower stress levels, while lower b-values in the southwestern region suggest elevated stress concentrations. These spatial patterns align with geological features, highlighting zones of intense tectonic and magmatic interactions. Temporally, b-values consistently declined before major eruptions in 2017 and 2020, reflecting increased stress and larger seismic events. Post-eruption, b-values rose, indicating stress reduction and stabilization of the volcanic system. These findings underscore the value of b-value monitoring as an effective tool for eruption forecasting. The observed spatial and temporal trends offer critical insights into Mount Slamet’s evolving stress conditions, aiding disaster preparedness and risk mitigation strategies for local communities. The study highlights the importance of continuous seismic monitoring combined with advanced analytical techniques to enhance the predictive capabilities of volcanic hazard assessments. Future research should integrate additional geophysical parameters, refine predictive models, and extend analyses to similar volcanic settings to improve global understanding of volcanic processes and enhance early warning systems.

Wheat Stripe Rust Inoculum from the Southwest Dispersed to the East Huang-Huai-Hai Region Through Southern Anhui in China.

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a continuous threat to global wheat production. In 2021, the epidemic of wheat stripe rust in China affected approximately 4.5 million hectares, resulting in severe yield losses. When confronted with the epidemic, tracing the sources of the pathogen can offer valuable insights for disease prevention and control. This study was conducted to analyze the genetic structure, aerodynamics, geographical features, and cultivation practices of the pathogen population in various wheat-producing regions and to further reveal the spread patterns of the stripe rust pathogens in China. The findings indicated an overall trend of the pathogen dissemination from the west to the east. The pathogen was primarily spread from the northwestern region to the Huang-Huai-Hai region through the Guanzhong Plain and the NanXiang Plain. Meanwhile, the pathogen also spread eastward from the southwestern region to the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, using the Jianghan Plain as a bridge and the Yangtze River Valley in southwestern Anhui as the main pathway. Furthermore, the pathogen spread northward into Shandong under the driving force of the southeast winds. The findings of this study may provide valuable insights for the integrated management of wheat stripe rust in China.

A Review of Air Pollution Research in Panzhihua City from 2018 to 2023

Air pollution is a critical issue of concern to society, and researches on this topic has notably increased in recent years. Panzhihua City, a key resource-consuming and heavy industrial city in the southwestern region of China, places air pollution prevention and control at the top of its priorities. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive reviews on air pollution studies specific to Panzhihua. This paper reviews the research conducted on air pollution and its control methods in Panzhihua City between 2018 and 2023. Ten relevant studies were included, the pollution levels of heavy metals and mineral particles in atmospheric dustfall, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, and O3 were summarized. The paper also outlined the trends, potential causes of air pollution in Panzhihua, and suggested control measures, aiming to provide a reference for future research and offer a scientific basis for local government policy-making regarding air pollution control

Moderating effect of leisure satisfaction on the relationship between work-life conflict and life satisfaction

ABSTRACT This study explores the role of leisure satisfaction as a potential moderator in the relationship between work-life conflict and life satisfaction. Data were drawn from a survey of a stratified random sample of residents living in urban areas of a southwestern region of Ontario, Canada, during the fall of 2022, and focused just on individuals who worked for pay (n = 2,473). After controlling for selected demographic factors, results of hierarchical regression analyses suggest that leisure satisfaction significantly mitigates the negative influence of the conflicts between work and personal life on life satisfaction. The findings advance our understanding of the perceived benefits of leisure in the theoretical framework concerning work-life interference and overall wellbeing. Implications and future study directions are discussed accordingly.