Root Region Research Articles

CT evaluation of mesenteric avulsion after abdominal blunt trauma in a dog

A 10‐month‐old German shepherd dog was presented following blunt abdominal trauma with evidence of circulatory shock. Abdominal ultrasonography and abdominocentesis confirmed a haemoabdomen. CT findings were consistent with active arterial abdominal bleeding secondary to mesenteric or splenic vessel rupture with a large haematoma visible in the region of the mesenteric root. The dog was stabilised prior to exploratory coeliotomy. This confirmed active haemorrhage of the cranial mesenteric artery and devitalisation of a large section of jejunum and ilium. The affected mesenteric vessels were ligated, and the affected intestinal segment was resected. While recovering from anaesthesia, the dog developed ventricular fibrillation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was unsuccessfully attempted. With the increasing use of CT in veterinary trauma patients, the recognition of the features of blunt bowel and mesenteric injury is crucial for a successful diagnosis and management of these conditions.

Effect of natural collagen cross-linker concentration and application time on collagen biomodification and bond strengths of fiber posts to root dentin

Proanthocyanidin-rich plant-derived agents have been shown to increase dentin biomechanical properties and resistance of dentinal collagen to degradation. This study investigated the effects of proanthocyanidin-rich extract (grape seed extract, GSE; Vitis vinifera) on the mechanical properties of demineralized dentin matrix, and the bond strength and stability of the adhesion of fiber posts to the root dentin. Demineralized dentin beams (n = 15) were incubated with 6.5% or 10% GSE for 30, 60, or 120 s. The modulus of elasticity (E) and the fold increase in E were determined by comparing specimens at baseline and after treatment. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (α = 0.05). For the bond strength test, single-rooted human teeth were randomly divided into seven groups: control group, no treatment; and experimental groups as described for the modulus of elasticity. Fiber posts were cemented with RelyX U200. Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups: 24 hours of water storage and 12 months of water storage. All roots were sectioned transversely in the coronal, middle, and apical regions, producing 1-mm thick slices, and the push-out test was performed. The failure modes were observed, and the bond strength means were analyzed by ANOVA (α = 0.05). For E test, no significant difference was observed among the incubation times (P > 0.05); however, high concentration of GSE (10%) resulted in a statistically higher fold increase in E compared to 6.5% (P < 0.05). For the push out test, the immediate and stored for 12 months groups showed similar bond strength values with or without pretreatment with GSE (P > 0.05), irrespective of the GSE concentration, time of treatment, and root regions (P > 0.05); however, the use of GSE contributed to a significant reduction in adhesive failure mode. The results indicate that 10% GSE exhibits a high cross-linking potential for dentin extracellular matrix. Moreover, the bond strength of fiber posts luted to root dentin with RelyX U200 remained stable after 12 months of water storage, with or without pre-treatment with GSE.

How tight is the relationship between the skeletal and soft-tissue facial profile: A geometric morphometric analysis of the facial outline

Correlations between facial bony structures and soft facial features are fundamental for facial approximation methods The purpose of this study was to assess the strength of the association between craniofacial shape and the shape of the soft-tissue profile and to determine the extent to which it might be possible to predict the latter from the former. Soft-tissue and skeletal facial profile curves were extracted from 86 lateral head cephalograms of a recent Central European population (52 males and 34 females, aged between 19 and 43 years), divided into five parts, segmented automatically and evaluated using geometric morphometrics. The magnitude of the hard–soft shape association was assessed by principal component analysis and subsequent multiple linear regression (Halazonetis, 2007), by partial least square analysis (PLS) (Rohlf and Corti, 2000) and the RV coefficient (Klingenberg, 2009). The greatest amount of association between the skeletal contour and overlying soft tissues was exhibited by the region of the forehead (predictive power: 95.1%, RV=0.91, correlation for PLS1 r=0,96), followed by the region of the nasal root (predictive power: 40.2%, RV=0.42, rPLS1=0.72) and the lower lip and chin (predictive power: 37.3%, RV=0.41, rPLS1=0.65). The smallest statistically significant covariation was displayed by the upper lip and the maxilla (predictive power: 9.6%, RV=0.14, rPLS1=0.43). The shape covariation between the nasal bridge and the tip and lateral border of the nasal aperture was found to be statistically insignificant (predictive power: 5.8%, RV=0.05, rPLS1=0.26). Shape covariation was visualized and described by thin-plate spine grids. These findings correspond with the observation that the shape of the nasal profile and the upper lip contour are difficult to reconstruct or predict reliably in facial approximations. It seems that the shape of soft tissues might not follow underlying structures as closely as expected.

Analysis of Cementum Layers in Archaeological Material

The aim of this study was to assess the utility of cementum layers for estimating age at death of remains from an archaeological site. Variability in cementum layer counts due to interobserver error and variation among dental regions were analyzed. Interobserver error was later incorporated into age ranges based on counts of cementum layers and compared with age estimates derived from the skeleton. The layers were counted, using 9 teeth from 3 individuals, and the eruption age of the tooth was summed with the average layer count to achieve an estimated age. The research indicates that the assessment of archaeological dental cementum layers has a relatively high interobserver error. The cementum layer aging method resulted in large age ranges and did not correspond with age ranges from skeletal techniques. Chemical diagenetic processes can affect the observation and count of cementum layers by obscuring bands and/or creating additional bands. The variables that affected observability of cementum layers were: high interobserver error, discrepancy of readability of root regions, and large age ranges using the cementum layer technique that exceeded age ranges derived from other, skeletal methods.

Diversity, plant growth promoting and downy mildew disease suppression potential of cultivable endophytic fungal communities associated with pearl millet

In the present study, endophytic fungi were isolated from different parts of pearl millet crop from different regions of Karnataka. Endophytes were screened for diversity in tissue types, plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and downy mildew disease suppression ability in pearl millet. A total of 202 fungal isolates were isolated from leaves, shoot and root regions. The diversity analysis revealed that the plant harbored diverse fungal groups and the dominant fungi varied according to the sampling regions. The isolates were assigned to 29 fungal species based on morphology and molecular characterization using ITS sequence. All the isolates belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. Fusarium species were the most dominant fungi. Out of 29 representative isolates tested for plant growth promoting traits in vitro and in vivo, seven isolates were observed to improve the growth of pearl millet in comparison to control. Among the seven isolates, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma asperellum and Acremonium sp. were found to suppress the downy mildew disease incidence by 36% in greenhouse conditions. The potent isolates were confirmed to behave as endophytes using pathogenicity, SEM and confocal microscopy experiments. This paper underlines the value of the endophytes as untapped suitable source of beneficial microorganisms that can be used to control pathogens in a sustainable way.

Hypercementosis Associated with Chronic Suppurative Inflammation—a Hypercementitis: an Unusual Presentation

Hypercementosis is a condition characterized by excessive formation of non-neoplastic cement along the root of the tooth, causing increased morphology in the root region, most evidently at the root apex, with an appearance related to several causes involving local and systemic factors. Hypercementosis associated with chronic suppurative inflammation is an extremely rare event. A 77-year-old man sought dental care for a gingival suppurative lesion involving the right mandibular first permanent molar (tooth #46). Radiographic examination showed a large radiopaque area involving the root of the tooth, suggesting cementoblastoma, and surrounded entirely by a radiolucent lesion, suggesting an osteolytic process. Histopathologic examination revealed extensive hypercementosis of tooth #46, associated with chronic suppurative inflammation and adjacent to localized chronic osteomyelitis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of unusual hypercementosis, with the term “hypercementitis” appropriately describing this case.

Structural characterization of vegetative organs of the endangered Brazilian native species Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling.

The aim of this study was to describe the structural characterization of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling vegetative organs. For this purpose, leaves, stems and roots of the endangered Lamiaceae were collected from a population located in Santo Antão, Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Results demonstrated that the H. ringens leaf blade presents glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as two morphs of diallelocytic stomata, which are usually found above the epidermis level. The petiole is concave on ventral face and convex on its dorsal face, containing glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as stomata in the epidermis. These types of trichomes were also detected in the stem. In addition, the presence of intercellular spaces within the organ is highlighted. Stomata above epidermis level also occurred in the stem. Phenolic idioblasts were found in the cortical region of plant root and deposit of lipophilic substance was observed in phloem cells. Great amount of apparently two different crystals were detected in all organs. Information obtained in this study provides knowledge about the characterizationof H. ringens, which may be used to distinguish characters of taxa and can help understand the species survival in its occurrence sites.

Maize lateral root developmental plasticity induced by mild water stress. I: Genotypic variation across a high-resolution series of water potentials.

Lateral root developmental plasticity induced by mild water stress was examined across a high-resolution series of growth media water potentials (Ψw ) in two genotypes of maize. The suitability of several media for imposing near-stable Ψw treatments on transpiring plants over prolonged growth periods was assessed. Genotypic differences specific to responses of lateral root growth from the primary root system occurred between cultivars FR697 and B73 over a narrow series of water stress treatments ranging in Ψw from -0.25 to -0.40MPa. In FR697, both the average length and number of first-order lateral roots were substantially enhanced at a Ψw of -0.25MPa compared with well-watered controls. These effects were separated spatially, occurring primarily in the upper and lower regions of the axial root, respectively. Furthermore, first-order lateral roots progressively increased in diameter with increasing water stress, resulting in a maximum 2.3-fold increase in root volume at a Ψw of -0.40MPa. In B73, in contrast, the length, diameter, nor number of lateral roots was increased in any of the water stress treatments. The genotype-specific responses observed over this narrow range of Ψw demonstrate the necessity of high-resolution studies at mild stress levels for characterization of lateral root developmental plasticity.

Two Genes Encoding a Bacterial-Type ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter are Implicated in Aluminum Tolerance in Buckwheat.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) shows high tolerance to aluminum (Al) toxicity, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its high Al tolerance are poorly understood. Here, we functionally characterized two genes (FeSTAR1 and FeSTAR2), which encode a nucleotide-binding domain and a membrane domain, respectively, of a bacterial-type ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. The expression of FeSTAR1 and FeSTAR2 was induced by Al in both roots and leaves with higher expression in the roots. Spatial and tissue-specific expression analysis showed that the Al-induced expression of these two genes was found in both the root tips and basal root regions with higher expression in the root outer cell layers. The expression was neither induced by other metals including Cd and La nor by low pH and phosphorus-deficiency. FeSTAR1 and FeSTAR2 were present in a single copy in the genome, but the Al-induced transcript copy number of FeSTAR1 and FeSTAR2 was much higher than their homologous genes in rice and Arabidopsis. FeSTAR1 and FeSTAR2 form a complex when co-expressed in onion epidermal cells. Introduction of FeSTAR1 and FeSTAR2 into Arabidopsis mutants atstar1 and als3/atstar2, respectively, rescued the sensitivity of the mutants to Al. Taken together, our results indicate that FeSTAR1 and FeSTAR2 are involved in Al tolerance and that their high expression level may contribute to high Al tolerance in buckwheat.

Numerical analyses and optimizations on the flow in the nacelle region of a wind turbine

Abstract. The present study investigates flow dynamics in the hub region of a wind turbine focusing on the influence of nacelle geometry on the root aerodynamics by means of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes simulations with the code FLOWer. The turbine considered is a generic version of the Enercon E44 converter incorporating blades with flat-back-profiled root sections. First, a comparison is drawn between an isolated rotor assumption and a setup including the baseline nacelle geometry in order to elaborate the basic flow features of the blade root. It was found that the nacelle reduces the trailed circulation of the root vortices and improves aerodynamic efficiency for the inner portion of the rotor; on the other hand, it induces a complex vortex system at the juncture to the blade that causes flow separation. The origin of these effects is analyzed in detail. In a second step, the effects of basic geometric parameters describing the nacelle have been analyzed with the purpose of increasing the aerodynamic efficiency in the root region. Therefore, three modification categories have been addressed: the first alters the nacelle diameter, the second varies the blade position relative to the nacelle and the third comprises modifications in the vicinity of the blade–nacelle junction. The impact of the geometrical modifications on the local flow physics are discussed and assessed with respect to aerodynamic performance in the blade root region. It was found that increasing the nacelle diameter deteriorates the root aerodynamics, since the flow separation becomes more pronounced. Possible solutions identified to reduce the flow separation are a shift of the blade in the direction of the rotation or the installation of a fairing fillet in the junction between the blade and the nacelle.

Compensation of thread profile distortion in image measuring screw thread

The thread measuring method possesses an efficient and easy to install with image measurement of axial section but results in thread profile distortion. Through the geometric analysis of the axial section projection image of the screw thread, it is confirmed that phenomenon of thread profile distortion always exist in measuring screw thread by projection image, meanwhile, the requirements of depth of focus is put forward with the method, calculation formula of thread profile distortion is deduced, and the corresponding compensation algorithm is given; through the simulation, analysis of coarse thread, it found the distortion has influence in thread angle and pitch diameter significantly, reaching 2.3% and 3.36% respectively, the unilateral shaded proportion of the thread profile in the root region is up to 7.12%, but the root diameter itself remains unaffected mostly. Take metric coarse thread gauge as measurement object, and compared the results with tool microscope, experiments show that the compensation effect is more than 85% in pitch diameter, more than 70% in thread angle.

Revisiting, in vivo, the hair regreasing process by the Sebuprint method.

BackgroundThe regreasing process of hair by sebum is daily observed by consumers. Methods to investigate this phenomenon were scarcely updated since the 1990s, despite the constant progresses in hair cleaning procedures or shampoo formulations.Our objective was first, to develop an in vivo noninvasive method for quantifying the spread of sebum along the hair shaft. Secondly, we use this new method to define the overall kinetics of the hair‐regreasing process among two cohorts of Chinese men with opposite self‐perceptions of their scalp/hair greasiness (ie, greasy or not greasy).Material and methodsOne hundred and twenty‐three Chinese men (aged 18‐35 years) participated to the study. The technique used basically adapts the Sebumeter™ technology where supple polymer films are applied onto and along the hair shaft. The sampled hair sebum is further quantified by image analysis/increased transparency.ResultsThe technique developed showed an adequate reproducibility under fixed conditions (pressure, investigators, scalp sites, etc.). In the two cohorts of subjects (eg, greasy, nongreasy), hair regreasing process was found sharing a same linear progression with time. The two cohorts of men presented significantly different values in the total amount of spread sebum by an approximately two‐fold coefficient, with however comparable average values in the sebum amount present at the root region 48 hours post shampoo. At such timing, the spread of sebum reaches much longer distances in the greasy scalp cohort.ConclusionThis technique appears promising for assessing the efficacy of cosmetic ingredients (or products) that aim at delaying a natural process that is daily and negatively perceived by consumers.

Histochemical observations and gene expression changes related to internal browning in tuberous roots of sweet potato (Ipomea batatas)

The mechanism underlying internal browning (IB), or brown discoloration, of the central region of tuberous roots of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) was examined. IB disorder begins in roots from approx. 90 days after transplanting, and the severity increases significantly with time. IB damage initially occurs in cells around the secondary vascular tissue, and the area per cell occupied by starch grains in this region was larger than in the unaffected region. High levels of reducing sugars, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, chlorogenic acid, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were detected in cells from the IB damaged regions. The content of sugar and polyphenols was higher in disks (transverse sections) with larger amounts of damaged tissues than in disks of sound root. The transcript levels of acid invertase (IbAIV) tended to be higher with greater IB severity, whereas fluctuation patterns of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (IbAGPase), granule bound starch synthase (IbGBSS), and starch branching enzyme 1 (IbSBE1) were lower with higher IB severity. These observations suggest that the incidence of IB disorder in sweet potato is largely dependent on the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells around the secondary vascular tissues due to the abundant accumulation of sugar and/or starch grains during the root maturation period.

Design and Optimization of Tandem Arranged Cascade in a Transonic Compressor

This study proposed a design and optimization strategy for a tandem arranged cascade using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) II multi-objective optimization algorithm and Back Propagation (BP) neural network technology. The NASA Stage 35 was employed as the initial bench mark in the present study and five geometric control parameters were working as the optimization parameters aiming to enhance the aerodynamic performance in terms of total pressure rise and efficiency. Results showed that the feasibility and capability of the proposed optimization strategy was successfully examined. In view of the fact that the initial tandem cascade (directly scaling down from NASA Stage 35) cannot guarantee the aerodynamic performance, first optimization trial was conducted to optimize the initial design. Results showed that the optimum can improve the flow quality whereas the separation on the blade is decayed or even eliminated particularly at the tip and root regions. However, compared with the initial tandem design, the enhancement in total pressure ratio (0.47%) and efficiency (1%) are too small to be noticed. Second investigation was particularly emphasizing on a high turning tandem compressor with an increment by 28°. The pressure rise and efficiency were augmented by 1.44% and 2.34% (compared to the initial tandem design), respectively. An important conclusion can be drawn that the optimization strategy is worthy to be used in high turning compressors with a considerable performance improvement.

Whole-field macro- and micro-deformation characteristic of unbound water-loss in dentin hard tissue.

High-resolution deformation measurements in a functionally graded hard tissue such as human dentin are essential to understand the unbound water-loss mediated changes and their role in its mechanical integrity. Yet a whole-field, 3-dimensional (3D) measurement and characterization of fully hydrated dentin in both macro- and micro-scales remain to be a challenge. This study was conducted in 2 stages. In stage-1, a stereo-digital image correlation approach was utilized to determine the water-loss and load-induced 3D deformations of teeth in a sagittal section over consecutively acquired frames, from a fully hydrated state to nonhydrated conditions for a period up to 2 hours. The macroscale analysis revealed concentrated residual deformations at the dentin-enamel-junction and the apical regions of root in the direction perpendicular to the dentinal tubules. Significant difference in the localized deformation characteristics was observed between the inner and outer aspects of the root dentin. During quasi-static loadings, further increase in the residual deformation was observed in the dentin. In stage-2, dentin microstructural variations induced by dynamic water-loss were assessed with environmental scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), showing that the dynamic water-loss induced distention of dentinal tubules with concave tubular edges, and concurrent contraction of intertubular dentin with convex profile. The findings from the current macro- and micro-scale analysis provided insight on the free-water-loss induced regional deformations and ultrastructural changes in human dentin.

Characterization of essential oil distribution in the root cross-section of Valeriana officinalis L. s.l. by using histological imaging techniques

BackgroundThe essential oil is an important compound of the root and rhizome of medicinally used valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.), with a stated minimum content in the European pharmacopoeia. The essential oil is located in droplets, of which the position and distribution in the total root cross-section of different valerian varieties, root thicknesses and root horizons are determined in this study using an adapted fluorescence-microscopy and automatic imaging analysis method. The study was initiated by the following facts:A probable negative correlation between essential oil content and root thickness in selected single plants (elites), observed during the breeding of coarsely rooted valerian with high oil content.Higher essential oil content after careful hand-harvest and processing of the roots.ResultsIn preliminary tests, the existence of oil containing droplets in the outer and inner regions of the valerian roots was confirmed by histological techniques and light-microscopy, as well as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Based on this, fluorescence-microscopy followed by image analysis of entire root cross-sections, showed that a large number of oil droplets (on average 43% of total oil droplets) are located close to the root surface. The remaining oil droplets are located in the inner regions (parenchyma) and showed varying density gradients from the inner to the outer regions depending on genotype, root thickness and harvesting depth.ConclusionsFluorescence-microscopy is suitable to evaluate prevalence and distribution of essential oil droplets of valerian in entire root cross-sections. The oil droplet density gradient varies among genotypes. Genotypes with a linear rather than an exponential increase of oil droplet density from the inner to the outer parenchyma can be chosen for better stability during post-harvest processing. The negative correlation of essential oil content and root thickness as observed in our breeding material can be counteracted through a selection towards generally high oil droplet density levels, and large oil droplet sizes independent of root thickness.

Microstructure Evolution and Selective Corrosion Resistance in Underwater Multi-pass 2101 Duplex Stainless Steel Welding Joints

A recently developed promising material, 2101 lean duplex stainless steel, represents an alternative to 304 austenite stainless steel. In this work, multi-pass 2101 weld joints were fabricated using the flux-cored arc welding method in a hyperbaric chamber. The pressure varied from 0 to 0.75 MPa. The evolution of the welding process and microstructure was investigated. γ2 formation in the reheated zones of the WM and HAZ was not uniform. The closer the reheated zone is to the subsequent heat source, the greater the γ2 formation in the reheated zone. Sufficient primary austenite transformation inhibited Cr2N precipitation and the subsequent intragranular γ2 formation in the reheated weld passes of the 0.45 MPa weld metal. The localized corrosion resistance of each zone of the 0.45 MPa DSS joint was measured using non-destructive double-loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation tests. The localized corrosion was induced by γ2 and Cr2N. The root region of the 0.45 MPa weld metal underwent two subsequent welding thermal cycles, which induced increased γ2 formation and lower resistance to corrosion because of the decreased pitting resistance value of γ2. The correlation between microstructure evolution and the distribution of selective corrosion was determined.

Callus Initiation from Root Explants Employs Different Strategies in Rice and Arabidopsis.

Callus formation in tissue culture follows the rooting pathway, and newly formed callus seems to be a group of root primordium-like cells. However, it is not clear whether there are multiple mechanisms of callus initiation in different species and in different organs. Here we show that the OsIAA11-mediated pathway is specifically and strictly required for callus initiation in the lateral root (LR) formation region of the primary root (PR) but not for callus initiation at the root tip or the stem base in rice. OsIAA11 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtIAA14 are key players in lateral rooting. However, the AtIAA14-mediated pathway is not strictly required for callus initiation in the LR formation region in Arabidopsis. LRs can be initiated through either the AtIAA14-mediated or AtWOX11-mediated pathway in the Arabidopsis PR, therefore providing optional pathways for callus initiation. In contrast, OsIAA11 is strictly required for lateral rooting in the rice PR, meaning that the OsIAA11 pathway is the only choice for callus initiation. Our study suggests that multiple pathways may converge to WOX5 activation during callus formation in different organs and different species.

Decisão lexical e rastreamento ocular na leitura de vocábulos com prefixos, raízes e sufixos com letras transpostas

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para avançar o debate entre os modelos holísticos e decomposicionais de processamento morfológico, investigando o impacto da transposição de letras no processamento de vocábulos. O foco da pesquisa foi o de avaliar se há diferenças no processamento, dependendo da posição da transposição das letras, entres os morfemas que compõem os vocábulos, i.e., no prefixo, na raiz ou no sufixo. Com esse objetivo realizou-se experimento clássico de decisão lexical e experimento de decisão lexical monitorado por rastreador ocular. Os resultados do primeiro experimento teriam indicado apenas efeito de recência do sufixo na decisão lexical, enquanto que os resultados on-line do experimento de rastreamento ocular permitiram diferenciar os tempos de fixação nas regiões de prefixos, raízes e sufixos (Raiz &gt; Sufixo &gt; Prefixo), aduzindo evidências em favor de decomposição morfológica prévia ao acesso lexical.

The influence of irrigation frequency on the occurrence of rust disease (Melampsora apocyni) and determination of the optimum irrigation regime in organic Apocynum venetum production

In the Altay Prefecture, serious rust disease develops on Apocynum venetum in the organic farming systems that apply water every two to three days using trickle irrigation. A two-year field experiment was conducted to study the influence of extending the irrigation frequency on rust development and the economic viability of A. venetum. The maximum disease index (DImax) and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) with an irrigation interval of three days (T1 treatment, control in this study) reached 48.4% and 718 in 2012 and 54.4% and 1561 in 2013. With irrigation extended out to intervals of seven (T3 treatment), nine (T4 treatment) and eleven days (T5 treatment), the DImax were 35.4% to 61.9%, and the AUDPC were 36.4% to 65.6%, lower than that of the T1 treatment. For all irrigation treatments, the AUDPC had a significant positive correlation with the soil water content of the surface (0–20 cm in depth) and the main distributing regions of roots (20.1–40 cm in depth), as well as the density of A. venetum. For the T3 treatment, the economic value of applied irrigation water was the highest and the amount of water applied was 54.8% lower than that of the T1 treatment, and thus it was determined as the optimum irrigation regime.