Regions Of Yemen Research Articles

Detection of Total Aflatoxins in Groundnut and Soybean Samples in Yemen Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, especially hepatocellular carcinoma effect. This work aimed to investigate the presence of aflatoxins in groundnuts and soybeans that are consumed in Yemen. The samples were collected from three different regions in Yemen (Sana’a, al-Hodeida, and Aden), and they were divided into two groups. The concentration of total aflatoxins was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aflatoxins were determined in 89 groundnut and 65 soybean samples. The results showed that 85.39% (76/89) of groundnut and 72.3% (45/65) of soybean samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. In addition, in 49.44% and 27.6% of the groundnut and soybean samples, total aflatoxins exceed the acceptable level of European Commission (4 μg/kg), while in only 6.2% of soybean samples and 22.47% of groundnut samples, total aflatoxins were beyond the maximum limit of FDA/Yemen standards (20 μg/kg). The results showed that the aflatoxin contamination in the groundnut and soybean samples may be considered a significant risk for public health. The present study is the first to report the data on the presence of aflatoxins in groundnut and soybean samples in Yemen.

A cholera transmission model incorporating the impact of medical resources.

We propose a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of cholera under the impact of available medical resources. The model describes the interaction between the human hosts and the pathogenic bacteria and incorporates both the environment-to-human and human-to-human transmission routes. We conduct a rigorous equilibrium analysis to the model and establish the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium when R0 ≤ 1 and that of the endemic equilibrium when R0 > 1. As a realistic case study, we apply our model to the Yemen cholera outbreak during 2017-2018. By fitting our simulation results to the epidemic data published by the World Health Organization, we find that different levels of disease prevalence and severity are linked to different geographical regions in this country and that cholera prevention and intervention efforts should be implemented strategically with respect to these regions in Yemen.

Non-Induced Traumatic Coma in Children in Northern Region of Yemen : Causes and Mortality

Non-Induced Traumatic Coma in Children in Northern Region of Yemen : Causes and Mortality

Pattern of skin cancer in north western region of Yemen

The pattern of skin cancer differs in different countries. The aim of this study is to identify the pattern of skin cancer in northwestern region in Yemen and to compare it to similar studies done in southern Yemeni governorates and in neighborhood. This is a descriptive prospective study of patients data with histologically diagnosed skin cancers carried out in the Saudi hospital in Sa'adah and Hajjah governorates in Yemen between Jan.2007 and Dec.2014. The data were collected and recorded on proforma and was analyzed according to the type of tumor, age and gender of the patients and anatomical site involved. Two histopathologists investigated the specimens. There were 324 Yemeni patients with skin malignancy, 204 were males (63%) and 120 were females (37%), the M: F ratio was 1.7:1. Most of the patients were over the age of 60 years and the mean age of all cases was 66.4 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most frequent (50%), followed by basal cell carcinoma (29%), Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (4.9%), malignant melanoma (4%), and Kaposi's sarcoma (3.7%). Other rare primary skin cancers such as basosquamous carcinoma, adnexal carcinoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, neuroendocrine carcinoma, extramammary Paget's disease and aggressive angiomyxoma were recorded. Metastatic skin lesions were seen in six patients. The patterns of skin cancer in northwestern governorates of Yemen are nearly similar to international studies with higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma. Head and neck was the most common affected site, followed by lower extremities. Community education about the risk of long exposure to sunlight is important, including coverage of the head and neck when working outdoor under sunny weather.

Identity, Nasab, and Kafaah in Marital Life: A Look into Indonesian Arab Women in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia

This research aims to reveal the identity of Indonesian Arab women in terms of nasab and kafa’ah marriage. To analyze the research finding the researchers use Social Practice theory from Bourdieu – Habitus and Doxa concept and the Communication Identity theory of Hecht. The lineage of the Arabs is patrilineal; therefore, the Arab men are more flexible in terms of choosing a mate. However, Arab women have to struggle hard if they are going to marry men from different groups. This research uses critical ethnographic methods, and the data is obtained through observations and interviews. The results show that the identity of Arab women is historically formed by Arab ethnic patriarchal culture from its home region of Yemen. The position of Solo Arab women as a subordinate group that is socially marginalized is due to the narrowness of women's space. Women are considered as a group with no extensive knowledge of the tradition of nasab and kafaah marriage.

Hierarchical cluster analysis and chemical characterisation of Myrtus communis L. essential oil from Yemen region and its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-colorectal adenocarcinoma properties

The hydrodistilled essential oil obtained from the dried leaves of Myrtus communis, collected in Yemen, was analysed by GC–MS. Forty-one compounds were identified, representing 96.3% of the total oil. The major constituents of essential oil were oxygenated monoterpenoids (87.1%), linalool (29.1%), 1,8-cineole (18.4%), α-terpineol (10.8%), geraniol (7.3%) and linalyl acetate (7.4%). The essential oil was assessed for its antimicrobial activity using a disc diffusion assay and resulted in moderate to potent antibacterial and antifungal activities targeting mainly Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The oil moderately reduced the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical (IC50 = 4.2 μL/mL or 4.1 mg/mL). In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation against HT29 (human colonic adenocarcinoma cells) showed that the essential oil exhibited a moderate antitumor effect with IC50 of 110 ± 4 μg/mL. Hierarchical cluster analysis of M. communis has been carried out based on the chemical compositions of 99 samples reported in the literature, including Yemeni sample.

Measurement of Gamma Emitting Radionuclides for Assessment, Environmental Hazards of Radiation in Rock and Soil Samples of Shabwah and Hadramout Regions, Yemen

The natural radioactivity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K and the fallout of 137Cs in soils and granite rocks of two regions in Yemen (Shabwah and Hadramout) were measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry (HPGe) detector. The average values of the radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the soil samples are 14.34, 25.78 and 566.05 Bq/kg respectively. For rock samples, the average activity concentration for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K are 45, 106 and 1235 Bq/kg respectively. Low concentration values of 137Cs in soil and rock samples under investigation, are not radiologically important. The radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and external hazard index (Hex) of all samples are less than the limits of 370 Bq·kg-1 and unity, respectively. The average values of total absorbed dose rate due to three primordial radionuclides in soil and rock samples are 46.5 nGy/h and 138.36 nGy/h, respectively, where the absorbed average value of the granite is higher than the permitted limit. So, the local people must avoid using these granite samples as the interior decorative materials of dwelling without radioactivity control.

Chemical compositions and characteristics of organic compounds in propolis from Yemen.

Propolis is a gummy material made by honeybees for protecting their hives from bacteria and fungi. The main objective of this study is to determine the chemical compositions and concentrations of organic compounds in the extractable organic matter (EOM) of propolis samples collected from four different regions in Yemen. The propolis samples were extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that the total extract yields ranged from 34% to 67% (mean = 55.5 ± 12.4%). The major compounds were triterpenoids (254 ± 188 mg g−1, mainly α-, β-amyryl and dammaradienyl acetates), n-alkenes (145 ± 89 mg g−1), n-alkanes (65 ± 29 mg g−1), n-alkanoic acids (40 ± 26 mg g−1), long chain wax esters (38 ± 25 mg g−1), n-alkanols (8 ± 3 mg g−1) and methyl n-alkanoates (6 ± 4 mg g−1). The variation in the propolis chemical compositions is apparently related to the different plant sources. The compounds of these propolis samples indicate that they are potential sources of natural bio-active compounds for biological and pharmacological applications.

Agronomical and Physiological Response of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Genotypes to Low Soil Fertility at the Southern Highland Region of Yemen

<p class="Style">Production of common bean (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em> L.) is often limited by the low soil fertility (LF). Identification of common bean genotypes adapted to LF may be a feasible strategy to overcome the poor plant growth and production in NP-deficient soils. Eight bean genotypes samples/derived from International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and three local common bean cultivars were eval­uated in low soil fertility (LF) and recommended fertilizers (RF) at three locations representing high (Mashwarah), medium (Shaban) and low (Al-Qaidah) rainy seasons at Southern Highland Region (SHR), Ibb, Yemen in 2011, 2012 and 2013 following a completely randomized block design, arranged as split plot with either (LF) or (RF) as the main plots and the genotypes as sub plots. Three replications were used. The LF plots was absolute control, it did not receive any fertilizer (LF) and in (RF) plots, it received only 34.5 kg N and 92 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> kg. The common bean genotypes varied in phenotypic, nutrient efficiency traits and low fertility tolerant indices. The genotypes G2381B, MIB-156, BFB-140, BFB-141 performed favorably under both (RF and LF) environments. These genotypes were associated with higher values of pod number/plant, seed number/plant and 100 seed weight and leaf area, root nodules mass, shoot mass and root mass, shoot mass, physiological, nutrients and recovery efficiency and geometric mean percent (GMP), mean percent (MP) and susceptible tolerant index (STI) and low values of agronomy efficiency, percent of reduction (PR), low fertility susceptible index (LFSI) and tolerant (TOL). The results also showed that high and significant positive correlation of low fertility yield (LFY) and recommended fertility yield (RFY) with seed number/plant and 100 seed weight, NP recovery and use efficiency, geometric mean percent (GMP), mean percent (MP) and susceptible tolerant index (STI) under LF or RF. These correlations indicates that direction selection for yield under LF or RF would result into improved LF tolerant genotypes. Using phenotypic, nutrient efficiency traits, low fertility tolerant indices and stability indices criteria, only G2381B, MIB-156, BFB-140, BFB-143 and BFB-144 showed high average of yields, with <em>b</em>-value of 1.00 and a very low standard deviation (s<sup>2</sup>d) approaching zero, low ecovalence value (W) and highly significant coefficient of determination (r<sup>2</sup>). However, the regression coefficients indicating stability (<em>b</em>’s) and residuals were highly correlated with slopes (r = 0.943; P < 0.001) and coefficient of determination (r = 0.711; P < 0.001) and equivalent value (r = 0.809; P < 0.001), respectively. Thus the data collected from three locations x three years can be used to select low fertility tolerant (or ‘stable’) genotypes. Such low fertility tolerant genotypes would be better suited for poor farmers in the SHR-Ibb and other similar production regions in Yemen.</p>

High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenolic acid, flavonoid, and phenol contents in various natural Yemeni honeys using multi-walled carbon nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent.

A simple method has been described for simultaneous determination of phenolic acid, flavonoid, and other phenol contents in various natural honey samples collected from various regions of Yemen. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used as a solid-phase adsorbent for extraction of the polyphenols from honey samples. The total contents of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic components of the 12 different samples were found in the range of 363-2658, 261-1646, and 224-1355 μg/100 g of honey samples, respectively. The major phenolic acid, flavonoid, and phenolic compound in these samples were found to be 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (1410 μg/100 g), chrysin (850 μg/100 g), and cinnamic acid (1336 μg/100 g), respectively. A total of 25 compounds (10 phenolic acids, 9 flavonoids, and 6 phenols) were analyzed, and a total of 24 were detected, while only 23 compounds were determined quantitatively in the honey samples. The developed method showed potential usefulness for the analysis of honey and was used for the determination of polyphenols in honey extracts.

Nouvelles inscriptions ma‘īniques de Kamna au Musée militaire de Ṣan‘ā’

This article contains the publication of six new South Arabian inscriptions in Minaic language, conserved at the Military Museum of Ṣan‘ā’. The impressive collection of inscribed objects at the Military Museum was inventoried by the Italian-Yemeni CASIS project in 2009 and 2010 and published on the DASI database of the University of Pisa. These new documents, conserved in the museum warehouse, come from the site of Kamna, the ancient kingdom of Kaminahū (Kmnhw) in the Jawf region of Yemen. About 50 documents coming from this city are known, and more than a third of them are housed at the Military Museum of Ṣan‘ā’. The six inscriptions published in this article are mostly dedicatory texts dating back to the Madhābean period (8th-6th century BC). Two of them appear on a monumental stela and on a pillar (MṢM 3634 and MṢM 3650) and three are engraved on fragments of cultic furniture such as altars or offering tables (MṢM 3647 and MṢM 4515) and on votive stelae (MṢM 4520). The only text that refers to a construction, MṢM 4573, is, despite its rough script, an important document commissioned by a king of Kaminahū that ends with the formula of alliance with the kingdom of Saba’.

The Hydrogen (δD) and Oxygen (δ18 O) Isotopic Composition of Yemen’s Rainwater

The isotope composition δ18O and δD of 214 rainwater samples collected from 2008 to 2010 from different geographic regions in Yemen was used to construct two regression lines considered as local meteoric water lines (LMWL). The two derived equations represent the first published LMWL’s based on direct precipitation for any location in the country. One line was constructed for the highland region with slope 7.1 (n = 126). It differs slightly from the global slope 8.0 and was named as Yemen Highland’s meteoric water line (YHMWL) defined by the equation: $${\delta} \hbox{D} = 7.1 \times {\delta} ^{18} \hbox{O} + 8.2\, \permille$$ The other one was derived for the coastal regions named Coastal meteoric water line (Coastal MWL) for Yemen with slope 4.9 (n = 88) which is typical for evaporated water and defined by the equation: $$\delta \hbox{D} = {4.9 \times \delta}^{{18}} \hbox{O} + {7.2}\,\permille$$ The most important factors affecting the isotopic composition in Yemen’s rainwater are the altitude, temperature, rainfall amount and the humidity. The rainfall events falling on the coastal plain are characterized by their content of the heavier isotope composition δ18O and δD. The slope of the line 4.9 indicates that these samples are strongly affected by evaporation due to the higher temperature and humidity in this region. In contrast, the rainwater in Yemen’s highland is depleted in the heavier isotope composition and the samples are little affected by the evaporation due to the low temperature associated with the increase in the altitude and rainfall amount.

Role of potential field data modeling for inferring the hydrocarbon-lean basins and ridges system of the eastern region of Yemen

The integrated interpretation of the magnetic and gravity data allowed the depth configuration of the basement surface and gave a new picture of the sedimentary basins and ridges distribution at the eastern region of Yemen. According to the well logs, related studies and classification of the rocks, the average density of the stratigraphic cover is about 2.45g/cc, the average density of the crust is about 2.7g/cc and the average susceptibility is about 0.005cgs-units, while the average density of the upper mantle is about 3.26g/cc. The depth regimes to the basement are varied from zero near Al-Mukalla city at the southern part to more than 4000m at its northern part of the study area. The comparative study among the 2.5-D gravity and magnetic modeling was established by constructing 20 profiles. They adapted the relation between the gravity and magnetic anomalies and the causative rock units and their properties.The results indicated that, the area can be divided into some major units of relatively thick sedimentary cover, concealed beneath it were more complicated basement features made up of a number of swells and troughs created due to intense tectonic phases. The models indicated that, the basement rocks are almost affected by high angle or nearly vertical normal faults with varying throws and dips. They provided evidence that, the basement swell and trough structures play a vital role in the distribution of the sedimentary cover, as ridges and basins. This argument is often agreed with the local studies presented by some oil companies operating in the study area. The interpreted structural features in the concerned area can be arranged, trend-wise and depth-wise as follows: The deepest are the folds and faults of the NE–SW trend, then those of the NW–SE trend. These are followed upwardly by the folds and faults of the E–W (ENE-–SW and WNW–ESE) trend, and then the N–S trend is the shallowest. Also, the present work revealed the probable hydrocarbon zones that occupy the reservoir of oil and gas occurrences.

Applications of aeromagnetic data to detect the Basement Tectonics of Eastern Yemen region

The present study aims to throw light on the tectonic implications concerned with the distribution of the sedimentary sequence belts and the related basement complex zones, as well as to differentiate between the causative sources (contacts, dykes and faults) of Eastern Yemen region. The total intensity aeromagnetic map of the study area was first corrected by the application of the Reduction To the magnetic pole (for low latitude areas). The visual inspection of the RTP magnetic map defines a rapid change in the subsurface geologic conditions in the form of lithologic characters and tectonic inferences. On the other hand, this map showed different anomalies of varying frequencies and amplitudes that revealed various causative sources, as well as varying compositions and depths. At the interpretation stage, various techniques and software tools are available for extracting the geologic information from the data concerned. The magnetic fields of shallow sources can be separated from those of deeper causatives, using two processes known as power spectrum transformation and matched band pass filtering. Three methods for locating magnetic sources (Magnitude of Horizontal Gradients (HGM), the analytical signals (AS) and the local wavenumbers (LW)) in three dimensions and identifying the properties of their sources indicated that, the area was affected by some intrusions at various depths in sill or dyke forms, almost oriented in the NW–SE, NE–SW, E–W and N–S trends. Tectonically, the area is highly affected by the tectonics related to the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden and Red Sea. It is affecting both the basement and sedimentary rocks, dividing the study area into several faulted blocks.

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of <i>Coffea arabica</i> in the Republic of Yemen

Objective: This study describes the status of mycorrhizal fungi in coffee (Coffea arabica) in the Yemeni ecosystems. Methodology and results: Soil samples were extracted from the rhizosphere of the coffee tree groves in several regions of Yemen. The frequency and the level of colonization of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inside the root bark were measured by assigning an index of mycorrhization from 0 to 5 (Derkowska et al., 2008). The results showed that the AM fungal colonization structures were hyphae, coils and vesicles. The mycorrhizal frequency and intensity reached respectively 100 and 48 % in the Taiz 2 site. The highest spore density was in the order of 100 spores/100 g of soil and the genus Glomus was dominant. The tentative identification test of VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) species, isolated from the rhizosphere of the coffee trees, revealed the presence of five fungal species:, Glomus proliferum, G. etunicatum, Acaulospora sporocarpia, Acaulospora sp.1, Archeospora sp. 1, Scutellospora nigra. Conclusion and application of results: In all the studied sites the coffee roots were mycorrhized. These results demonstrate the existence of opportunities for the application of controlled mycorrhization in the coffee Seedlings nurseries. Keywords: Yemen, Coffea arabica, rhizosphere, endomycorrhizae.

Clinical Profile of Children with Visceral Leishmaniasis in Two Regions in Yemen

Clinical Profile of Children with Visceral Leishmaniasis in Two Regions in Yemen

Natural radioactivity of ground water in some areas in Aden governorate South of Yemen Region

This paper presents the concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K measured in groundwater samples collected from Aden governorate South of Yemen Region using gamma spectroscopy. A total of 37 groundwater samples were collected from four areas in Aden governorate. The average activity concentrations for groundwater from Beer Ahmed area were 1.60 Bq/L, 1.25 Bq/L and 16.90 Bq/L for 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K respectively and from Beer Fadle area were 1.45 Bq/L, 0.87 Bq/L and 19.8 Bq/L for 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K, respectively, while that for groundwater samples from Daar-saad area were 1.27 Bq/L, 1.18 Bq/L and 18.28 Bq/L for 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K, respectively and Al-Masabian area were 1.55 Bq/L, 1.421 Bq/L and 19.03 Bq/L for 226 Ra, 232 Th and 40 K respectively. Furthermore, annual effective dose equivalent of ingestion of these waters was calculated. The results showed that the annual dose obtained in the present study was much higher than the recommended value (0.1 mSv/year) as reported by WHO. The results were compared with those for drinking water.

Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection among General Population in Central Region of Yemen.

Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major worldwide public health problem. Though several studies from Yemen have provided an estimate of the prevalence of this viral infection, there exist only few studies which reflect the status in the general population. Aim. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis C infection among general population in central region of Yemen. Methods. The study population comprised 2,379 apparently healthy subjects who were screened for hepatitis C antibodies (HCV Abs) status using ELISA quantitative technique. Seroprevalence rate of seropositive subjects was calculated and stratified by age, sex, educational level, and monthly income. Results. The study showed that out of 2,379 subjects, 31 (1.3%) were HCV Abs positive. Higher prevalence of HCV Abs was found among females, 24 (1.01%), than males, 7 (0.29%). The age specific prevalence rose from 00 (0.00%) in subjects aged ≤14 years to a maximum of 9 (0.38%) in subjects aged ≥55 years. The prevalence of HCV Abs was more prevalent in illiterate subjects and increased with decreasing monthly income. Conclusion. It was found that variables including age and educational level were significantly associated with HCV Ab positivity and not associated with gender and monthly income.

Late Quaternary humidity and aridity dynamics in the northeast Rub' al-Khali, United Arab Emirates: Implications for early human dispersal and occupation of eastern Arabia

The major driver of palaeoclimatic dynamics over the southeast Arabian region is the varying latitudinal interface between the Westerly driven shamaal winds and a northward branch of the southwesterly Indian Ocean Summer Monsoon (IOM). At present, this latter system is restricted in extent to the southern coastal regions of Yemen and Oman. Monsoonal winds are widely believed to have increased in strength and penetrated much further north across southeast Arabia at various intervals during the Quaternary, resulting in a series of humid phases, which early studies suggested focussed within MIS 3 and MIS 1. Recent speleothem studies from Oman and UAE have indicated humidity within MIS 5 which, with current debates surrounding early human dispersal and occupation, could be significant for affirming the regional potential for early occupation. We investigate two new geoproxy suites, from Al Ain and Tawi Asmar, northern UAE, in the presently hyper-arid. Rub' al-Khali Sand Sea, that preserve evidence of multiple episodes of aeolian deposition and humidity in the form of fluvial gravels, sands and silts, and dune sands. 35 OSL ages demonstrate humid episodes occurred in MIS 5e, 5a and the early Holocene, with a major dry dune building phase in late MIS 3, and the onset of dry conditions again from 6 ka. The fluvial sedimentary evidence from MIS 5e and 5a suggest that the present hyper-arid desert landscape of the northeastern Rub' al-Khali was at those times represented by an environment experiencing significant seasonal wadi flow. This provides an environmental context that supports recent studies indicating archaeological visibility in Arabia dating from MIS 5, and the presence of anatomically modern humans in Arabia at this time.

Microgeographic Differentiation in Historical Yemen Inferred by Morphometric Distances

This study analyzed the variations in space of 8 body dimensions and 11 measures of the head of 1,244 adult Yemenite males, collected in 1933/34 by Coon in Yemen and in Hadhramawt. The aim was to evaluate the presence of geographic microdifferentiation of the populations settled in the different regions of Yemen at the time. Coon sub-divided the sample into six geographical areas according to birthplace and ethnicity of the individuals: Tihamah, the Western Mountains, the Central Plateau, the South Coast, the Eastern Mountains, and Hadhramawt. The results of ANCOVA (age as covariate) show that the observed differences of all variables among the six groups were highly statistically significant. Tukey's post-hoc test reveals higher statistically significant differences among four main groups: (1) Tihamah; (2) the Western Mountains and Central Plateau; (3) the Eastern Mountains; and (4) the Southern Coast and Hadhramawt. Multiple discriminant analysis carried out using only the data of the 11 measures of the head, the more "genetically" determined variables, confirmed these differences. Indeed, the first canonical variate well separates the groups with the Tihamah, Southern Coast and Hadhramawt on the one side and the Eastern Mountains, Western Mountains and Central Plateau on the other. The second canonical variate separates the Tihamah, Western Mountains and Central Plateau from the Eastern Mountains, Southern Coast and Hadhramawt. In conclusion, the Yemenite population seems to be composed of three morphologically distinct groups and an Eastern Mountains group which is positioned between the group formed by the Southern Coast and Hadhramawt and the Western Mountains and Central Plateau group. The Tihamah is the most distant from all the other groups. These differences are probably due to the presence/absence of geographical and cultural barriers that have favored/blocked the gene flow over the years. Indeed, the entire coastal bell, through the centuries, has constituted one of the principal commercial routes between the East, Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean, while the high inland mountains have isolated the remaining communities. This data is also confirmed by genetic studies. Finally, the average height (162.6 cm) of the global Yemenite population, compared to data from the other six middle-eastern Arab countries and Egypt, was found to be 3-6 cm less. This characteristic will be further studied, analyzing variations in average height according to the different age classes in order to evaluate any possible secular changes.