Regions Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL WAGE DIFFERENCE IN KAZAKHSTAN AND THE POSSIBILITY OF ITS REDUCTION

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of regional differences in wages, the development of a cluster typology of the regions of Kazakhstan in terms of wages and the justification of the possibilities of reducing its regional differentiation. The article provides an overview of scientists' points of view on the problem of labor income inequality, assesses the level of regional wage differences in Kazakhstan, conducts a cluster analysis and develops a typology of the country's regions according to the level of average nominal wages, gross regional product per capita and the share of gross value added of the quasi-public sector in the gross regional product. A group of regions has been identified that are most in need of regulatory measures to increase wages. The possibilities of reducing large regional wage differences are substantiated, primarily by attracting investments to boost the economy, increase employment and labor incomes, as well as by introducing increasing regional coefficients when setting minimum wage standards in remote areas, regions with difficult natural and climatic conditions. The methods of systematic literary review, logical analysis? analogies and generalizations, economic and statistical, cluster analysis, and typology are used.

Kazakhstani village: the need for radical transformation

Purpose - the tendencies of development of rural areas of Kazakhstan are shown. Methods - economic analysis, statistical methods were used in analyzing the data on the number of rural population in dynamics, graphical - for structuring the information and its visual presentation. Results - the article outlines the current trends and prospects of rural settlements (RS) of the republic, considers demographic processes, economic factors, migration flows. Special attention is paid to the state support initiatives aimed at improving the living standards of rural residents. The authors highlight the stages of building up the resources of rural areas of the country in the context of the implementation of state programs, each of which has specific goals and objectives aimed at improving the lives of rural residents, reducing their outflow from rural to urban areas caused by limited employment opportunities, low standard of living, insufficient access to quality services: education, health care. It is noted that in 20 regions of Kazakhstan adapted and implemented the program "One Village - One Product" (OVOP), focused on the production of the most promising products with high market potential, the creation of sustainable value chains of agricultural products for agricultural enterprises and farmers, promoting saturation of the domestic market with high-quality competitive food products. Conclusions - solving the problems of strengthening rural areas is in direct dependence on the effective policy of the state in the sphere of agro-industrial complex. Currently, emphasis is placed on the future of the Kazakhstani village, its modern infrastructure. Organizational, managerial and economic approaches, digitalization in agriculture allows to accelerate the pace of integrated socio-economic development of RS, increase the income of the rural population, stabilize the demographic situation and increase the investment attractiveness of territories.

ОЦЕНКА СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЛАНДШАФТНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЗАПАДНО-КАЗАХСТАНСКОГО РЕГИОНА

The article presents an assessment of the modern landscape structure of the Western Kazakhstan region, based on the developed map of modern landscapes, made at a scale of 1:1 500,000. Based on the assessment, it was established that in the landscape structure of the entire region, the largest areas are occupied by landscape types of elevated stratal plains (17.8 % of the region’s area) and structural plateaus (14.6 %). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of landscape structure and assessment of dynamic trends in landscape transformation made it possible to establish that within the steppe and dry-steppe zones of the studied region, anthropogenically transformed natural-territorial complexes (NTC) take place in almost all identified types of landscapes and occupy 51.2 and 42.6 % of the NTC area in ​​these zones. Within the natural complexes of semi-arid and arid natural zones, 29.9 and 23.2 % of their area are anthropogenically transformed. On the basis of the regional assessment of the modern landscape structure, environmental standards for anthropogenic loads and approaches to organizing a system of rational environmental management, aimed at the sustainable functioning of natural and economic systems, are developed.

TEACHING PERSONNEL OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN DURING THE EDUCATIONAL REFORMS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The main purpose of the article is to analyze the development of the Soviet system of education in the second half of the 20th century in Kazakhstan and in the West Kazakhstan region in particular. The value of the research lies in the fact that this historical period is a landmark for the educational sphere. It was during these years that important regulatory documents were adopted, the foundations for developmental and problem-based learning were laid, and new teaching methods were created. As a result of the application of comparative historical, statistical and logical methods, the main aspects of the research topic are revealed. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the teaching activity and the contribution of individual representatives of the educational sphere. Thanks to their work, the implementation of state educational programs was underway, and above all, the transition to universal compulsory secondary education, an important indicator of which was the development of new programs and the improvement of students’ academic performance. Due to the tasks set, the article gives a qualitative analysis of students’ academic performance in schools in Uralsk, the West Kazakhstan region. After all, the general state of the educational sphere of Kazakhstan depended on the activities of the regions. The author presents the personal data of teachers of the West Kazakhstan region, with good results of mastering new programs, highlights the issues of staff retraining and generalization of the experience of innovative teachers. The result of the conducted research is to identify the main trends in the development of the education system in the Soviet period, consider the reform in education as a system, as well as identify its positive and negative aspects and highlight the educational reforms of the West Kazakhstan region as an integral part of the all-Union and republican reforms, identify its advances and controversies. The tasks and problems in the education system, in a changed form according to modern requirements, remain relevant today. Based on this, it is concluded that the field of application of the results of historical research is the modern education system. Historical analysis makes it possible to draw a parallel between the Soviet education system of the second half of the twentieth century and the objectives of the education system of independent Kazakhstan, since the main goal of all historical periods of development is a high level of development of the education system.

Geochemical state of small rivers of Syrym District of West Kazakhstan region (on the example of the Rivers Buldyrty, Yesenankaty, Shiderty, Olenty)

Despite the fact that small rivers are called Small, their importance in terms of ecology is high. This is because the condition of large rivers will depend on smaller rivers. The degradation of small rivers negatively affects the state, is an important and urgent task. The purpose of the study was to geochemically analyze the composition of the waters of small rivers in the Syryms district and assess their quality. Water samples were taken from each river ecological state of medium and large rivers, because they feed at the expense of these small rivers. It is easy to see that every day the waters of these rivers are receding and the banks are expanding. Currently, one of the main tasks that environmental science sets for itself is to monitor the ecological state of water bodies. In connection with the conditions of increasing anthropogenic factors, determining the ecological state of small rivers plays an important role in maintaining the composition of the natural ecosystem. Small rivers are very sensitive to anthropogenic factors and react to these factors in the opposite way. The study of the chemical composition of small river waters, as well as their ecological state, is an important and urgent task. The aim of the study is a geochemical analysis of the composition of small river waters in the Syrymsky district and an assessment of their quality. Water samples were taken from each river to determine the composition of the water quality. The cameral stage was held in the laboratory of environmental and biogeochemical testing of M. Utemisov West Kazakhstan University. Chemical analysis was carried out using the widely used methods GOST 26449.1 — 85. After analyzing the indicators of water samples taken from the research area, it was found that the maximum raual concentration level did not exceed, except for the total hardness.

Influence of biochar on the productivity of spring wheat

The drought of the spring climate over the past 2 years has a significant impact on the decline in crop yields in the North Kazakhstan region. If the land is not used properly for many years in agriculture, the structural, water and physical properties of the soil will deteriorate. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of land resources, and in some cases causes the deteriorationand destruction of the soil cover. As a result, resistance to dry climates and moisture retention are reduced, as well as loss of organic matter, as erosion washes away the topsoil and humus, resulted from improper management of agricultural soil conservation systems with widespread use of agricultural land in the region. One of the main reasons for the drainage of the soil cover is the long-term use of monocultures in the agricultural system and the violation of the crop rotation system, the lack of the introduction of organic and biofertilizers.

Food consumption in East Kazakhstan region - focus on stability of indicators

Consumption of food products by the population is an important indicator of food security, as this concept includes not only food independence, but also the availability of food products. The aim is to assess the relationship between economic indicators and sustainable development of agro-industrial complex in East Kazakhstan for 2012-2023, with emphasis on the impact of the existing conditions and factors on food consumption patterns. Methods include econometric modeling, statistical estimation, data synthesis and regression analysis to study the obtained data, identify patterns and summarize suggestions and recommendations. Innovative econometric techniques supported by Eviews 12.0 software allow the interaction between different variables to be quantified with precision. Results show that growth in gross regional product per capita is correlated with improvements in dietary diversity and nutritional quality, increasing food security. The authors note that fluctuations in agricultural production significantly affect food availability and prices. An analysis of the level of food utilization is presented, which makes it possible to determine the state and prospects for the development of key branches of the agricultural sector of the region and the achievement of import substitution policy. The negative point is the problem of economic availability of food products in the region in the necessary volumes and assortment for residents with low incomes, which is caused by the growth of inflation and the decline in real money. It is shown that economic parameters explain about 95% of the variability in food consumption. The subsistence minimum plays an important role in food consumption. Its growth leads to an increase in food expenditures, which in turn affects the overall level of food consumption. Regular adjustments to social standards are needed. Conclusions - the possibilities of food stability in the country depend on the demand trends in the food market. There is a direct correlation between the productivity of agricultural production and the structure of consumer demand for food products. The state policy in the sphere of food consumption and provision of the population with food should include mechanisms to reduce income differences, stabilize prices, focus on balanced nutrition, and a comprehensive approach to forecasting consumer preferences.

ҚАЗАҚСТАНДЫҚ МЕМЛЕКЕТТІК ОРГАНДАРДЫҢ ӘЛЕУМЕТТІК ЖЕЛІЛЕРДІ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ ҚҰРАЛЫ РЕТІНДЕ ПАЙДАЛАНУ ДЕҢГЕЙІ

Social Media is a very powerful tool for establishing communication between the population and the government, as well as improving the efficiency of Public Administration. The use of social media in public administration is a new phenomena with numerous advantages and disadvantages. Despite the fact that it became widely used in Kazakhstan in recent years, there has been little research on the subject. Therefore, this research work aimed at identifying the extent to which state bodies exploit the potential of social media to generate two-way communication in addition to delivering information, and to find out about citizen engagement with the government. The study employed two quantitative research approaches. The social media pages of regional governments (akimat of Turkestan region, akimat of West Kazakhstan region) on Instagram and Facebook were analyzed, and as the second method, a survey was conducted among users of social media in Kazakh and Russian (105 people participated). According to the study's findings, the government mostly uses the potential of social media to distribute information, rather than as a means of two-way communication. On the social media pages that were the object of the study, engagement of the population is very low, with only 3-4 comments written in each publication on average. Although these institutions create content on a regular basis, research has revealed that the great majority of content does not pique the public's attention or spark debate.

ҚАЙЫРЖАН ХАСАНОВТЫҢ ҚУҒЫН-СҮРГІН ҚҰРБАНДАРЫ ТУРАЛЫ ЗЕРТТЕУЛЕРІНЕ ШОЛУ

This article tells about the research heritage of Kaiyrzhan Khasanov, an honored journalist of Kazakhstan, known for the West Kazakhstan region, a local historian who studied the history of Karatobe and put it on paper. Review of the researcher's works on the fate of participants in the national liberation uprising of 1916 and repressed citizens of 1937-38. The author’s significance in the study of the history of the region is based on the new data he collected about people who were persecuted and innocently punished in their time from the Karatobinsky region, which is confirmed by specific examples in research works.

ҚАЗАҚСТАНДЫҚ МЕМЛЕКЕТТІК ОРГАНДАРДЫҢ ӘЛЕУМЕТТІК ЖЕЛІЛЕРДІ КОММУНИКАЦИЯ ҚҰРАЛЫ РЕТІНДЕ ПАЙДАЛАНУ ДЕҢГЕЙІ

Social Media is a very powerful tool for establishing communication between the population and the government, as well as improving the efficiency of Public Administration. The use of social media in public administration is a new phenomena with numerous advantages and disadvantages. Despite the fact that it became widely used in Kazakhstan in recent years, there has been little research on the subject. Therefore, this research work aimed at identifying the extent to which state bodies exploit the potential of social media to generate two-way communication in addition to delivering information, and to find out about citizen engagement with the government. The study employed two quantitative research approaches. The social media pages of regional governments (akimat of Turkestan region, akimat of West Kazakhstan region) on Instagram and Facebook were analyzed, and as the second method, a survey was conducted among users of social media in Kazakh and Russian (105 people participated). According to the study's findings, the government mostly uses the potential of social media to distribute information, rather than as a means of two-way communication. On the social media pages that were the object of the study, engagement of the population is very low, with only 3-4 comments written in each publication on average. Although these institutions create content on a regular basis, research has revealed that the great majority of content does not pique the public's attention or spark debate. Keywords: information, communication technologies, social media, social network, digital development, public administration, "hearing" state, content analysis.

Oil and fat industry of the Eastern region of the Republic of Kazakhstan: growth reserves, economic potential

The aim is to study the trends and problems of development of the oil and fat industry of the East Kazakhstan region. Methods - statistical-economic in the study of phenomena and processes occurring in the oil-fat segment, calculative-constructive - to identify possible alternative directions of increasing the volume of production of the oil-fat subcomplex in the future, abstractlogical - to analyze the current situation in the oil-fat sector of the region, comparative - to compare the indicators of economic activity of this food industry by different criteria depending on the final objectives. Results - on the basis of statistical information and other official sources the questions concerning the produced agricultural products, their processing and the sphere of trade in finished goods were considered, at that, the final main product is edible and technical vegetable oils. Conclusions - detailed monitoring allowed to reveal the reasons restraining the expansion of the oil and fat industry in the region, in particular, limited provision of necessary raw materials, low percentage of utilization of production capacities of oil refineries, insufficient supply of high quality seeds. Measures to stabilize the output of oil and fat products have been proposed. These are, first of all, the use of innovative technologies in the production cycle, the formation and functioning of various integrated structures in the agro-industrial complex, which will increase the efficiency of enterprises and solve the issues of food security of the country. High-technology and equipment of advanced brands will significantly reduce the cost of processed products, and cooperation of producers with the support of service centers will make it possible to increase the sown areas of this oilseed crop. It is necessary to use innovative technologies, the implementation of which will contribute to the production of high-quality environmentally friendly food products that are in demand in domestic and foreign markets.

Strategies for Enhancing the Competitiveness of Tourism in the Aktobe Region through Sustainable Development

The article is devoted to the development of comprehensive strategies to increase the competitiveness of tourism in the Aktobe region of Kazakhstan with an emphasis on sustainable development, which is becoming particularly relevant and important for the region. The study focuses on the untapped potential of the Aktobe region in the light of the progressive importance of tourism in the global economy. In this article, the authors discuss the important need to integrate sustainable practices to increase the competitiveness of tourism, taking into account current trends and the needs of tourists. They also provide examples of world experience in sustainable tourism development and their applicability in the Aktobe region. In the study, the authors pay special attention to the involvement of local communities, infrastructure development, the use of innovations, technologies, as well as marketing and educational aspects of tourism development. Based on the results of the study, a SWOT analysis is presented, which reflects the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to increase the competitiveness of tourism in the region, offering strategic recommendations for its further development.

Diversity of Birch and Alder Forests in the Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan

This study delves into the phytocenotic structure and biodiversity of forest ecosystems dominated by species of the family Betulaceae (Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, and Alnus glutinosa) in the Kostanay region of Kazakhstan. The research is a significant step toward understanding the influence of environmental factors, particularly hydrological regimes and soil conditions, on the formation and functioning of these forest communities. Field studies were conducted across multiple plots, where detailed geobotanical descriptions and analyses of species diversity were performed. The results underscore the significant species diversity, with 146 vascular plant species identified across various forest types, and are of great importance. Birch forests exhibit higher species diversity than alder forests, with the highest diversity observed in plots with favourable moisture conditions. The study concludes that the hydrological regime is critical in shaping these forest ecosystems’ phytocenotic structure and productivity. These conclusions underline the importance of biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management in the region, making the implications of this research significant and far reaching.

Study of Anxiety Among Older People in Kazakhstan and Factors Affecting This Indicator

<b>Aim:</b> The purpose of this research was to study of anxiety among older people in Kazakhstan and factors affecting this indicator.<br /> <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 221 randomly selected elderly people from different regions of Kazakhstan. The survey covered questions of socio-demographic type and also used the GAD-7 (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7).<br /> <b>Results:</b> The majority of participants showed low levels of anxiety on the test. Nevertheless, a significant proportion of older adults experienced mild and moderate anxiety, accounting for 33% and 23.1%, respectively. The analysis showed that age (OR = 0,852, 95% CI: 0,779-0,931, p < 0,001), gender (OR = 8,167, 95% CI: 3,232-20,642, p < 0,001), level of education (OR=9,928, CI 95%: 3,760 - 26,212, p < 0,001) and living conditions (OR=0,167, 95% CI: 0,060-0,467, p = 0,001) have a statistically significant impact on the anxiety level of this population group.<br /> <b>Conclusion:</b><b> </b>The results of the analysis confirm the importance of developing and implementing a set of measures aimed at improving the quality of life of older people, taking into account the individual characteristics and needs of each person. The following measures can be suggested to improve the quality of life of older persons: organize social activity and community involvement programs through clubs and activities; establish accessible health and social service centers where older persons can receive qualified care; use technology, such as mobile applications and smart devices, to facilitate daily life, including telemedicine and home-based services.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Plant Adaptation Traits Using Nested Association Mapping Population.

This study evaluated 290 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the nested association mapping (NAM) population from the UK. The population derived from 24 families, where a common parent was "Paragon," one of the UK's spring wheat cultivar standards. All genotypes were tested in two regions of Kazakhstan at the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Industry (KRIAPI, Almaty region, Southeast Kazakhstan, 2019-2022 years) and Alexandr Barayev Scientific-Production Center for Grain Farming (SPCGF, Shortandy, Akmola region, Northern Kazakhstan, 2019-2022 years). The studied traits consisted of plant adaptation-related traits, including heading date (HD, days), seed maturation date (SMD, days), plant height (PH, cm), and peduncle length (PL, cm). In addition, the yield per m2 was analyzed in both regions. Based on a field evaluation of the population in northern and southeastern Kazakhstan and using 10,448 polymorphic SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) markers, the genome-wide association study (GWAS) allowed for detecting 74 QTLs in four studied agronomic traits (HD, SMD, PH, and PL). The literature survey suggested that 16 of the 74 QTLs identified in our study had also been detected in previous QTL mapping studies and GWASs for all studied traits. The results will be used for further studies related to the adaptation and productivity of wheat in breeding projects for higher grain productivity.

Promising sorghum culture as a raw material for food production in arid regions of Kazakhstan

Global warming also brings with it global droughts. In recent years, almost the whole of Europe and part of the Asian part of Russia and Kazakhstan have been under their influence. All this suggests that the time has come to take a closer look at crops that were not widespread before. One of such crops, to which recently more and more in[1]terest has been shown in various countries of the world, is sorghum. This is not a new crop for Kazakhstan, but in the emerging natural and climatic conditions it may take a more significant place in the food industry. The article presents studies of the use of sorghum flour in the preparation of shortbread cookies. The tasting evaluation showed the highest average score in the 1st variant (50% wheat flour and 50% sorghum flour) - 4.52, which was characterized by friability, pleasant taste and aroma, in the 2nd variant (100% sorghum flour), respectively, 4.28, under control (100% wheat flour) - 4.32 points. The highest humidity of the sample was at the control – 11.3%, with almost identical indicators for 1 and 2 variants, respectively 8.1 and 8.3%. The wetting index was the highest when using a mixture of wheat flour and sorghum in a ratio of 50:50 and only one wheat flour, respectively 210.2 and 204.9%. The conducted experience has shown the prospects of using non–traditional raw materials - grain sorghum in the manufacture of shortbread cookies, but requires further study and improvement of recipes and production technologies.

Immigrants Through the Eyes of Citizens of Kazakhstan: The Attitude of the Host Society to the Immigrants’ Health

This article examines the attitudes of Kazakhstani citizens towards health problems among immigrants. Respondents (N=401) from different regions of Kazakhstan took part in the study in 2023. According to the results of the study, it was found that (1) male respondents demonstrated significantly higher engagement with news about migrants compared to females. (2) Age and level of education were not associated with news engagement. (3) The probability of emigration correlated negatively with age but positively with education level, and positively with frequency of following migration news. (4) Individuals with conservative ideological orientations and liberal economic perspectives were more likely to follow migration news. (5) Attitudes towards immigrant health varied, with the majority supporting continuous health monitoring but divided opinions on whether immigrants pose a danger to public health. (6) Socio-demographic factors such as language, gender, experience living abroad, and ideological orientation influenced attitudes toward immigrant health. Therefore, understanding the complex attitudes of citizens towards immigrant health issues is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies that promote integration and address the diverse needs of both immigrants and the host population in Kazakhstan.

Using Pseudo-Color Maps and Machine Learning Methods to Estimate Long-Term Salinity of Soils

Soil salinity assessment methods based on remote sensing data are a common topic of scientific research. However, the developed methods, as a rule, estimate relatively small areas of the land surface at certain moments of the season, tied to the timing of ground surveys. Considerable variability of weather conditions and the state of the earth surface makes it difficult to assess the salinity level with the help of remote sensing data and to verify it within a year. At the same time, the assessment of salinity on the basis of multiyear data allows reducing the level of seasonal fluctuations to a considerable extent and revealing the statistically stable characteristics of cultivated areas of land surface. Such an approach allows, in our opinion, the processes of mapping the salinity of large areas of cultivated lands to be automated considerably. The authors propose an approach to assess the salinization of cultivated and non-cultivated soils of arid zones on the basis of long-term averaged values of vegetation indices and salinity indices. This approach allows revealing the consistent relationships between the characteristics of spectral indices and salinization parameters. Based on this approach, this paper presents a mapping method including the use of multiyear data and machine learning algorithms to classify soil salinity levels in one of the regions of South Kazakhstan. Verification of the method was carried out by comparing the obtained salinity assessment with the expert data and the results of laboratory tests of soil samples. The percentage of “gross” errors of the method, in other words, errors when the predicted salinity class differs by more than one position compared to the actual one, is 22–28% (accuracy is 0.78–0.72). The obtained results allow recommending the developed method for the assessment of long-term trends of secondary salinization of irrigated arable land in arid areas.

Application of Electrical Prospecting Methods for Monitoring the Condition of Earth Dam in the Almaty Region of Kazakhstan

This article deals with the issue of diagnostics of the physical condition of earthen dams, taking into account seasonal changes in the water level of hydraulic structures using electrical exploration methods. The simplicity of the method, the accuracy of measurements of geophysical parameters, and the availability of software packages for the processing, interpretation, and visualization were the basis for the choice of method. The method of electrical resistivity and self-potential was chosen. The methodology, technique, technology of field surveys, processing, and geological interpretation of the study results are given. A comparative analysis of the obtained geophysical parameters of seasonal measurements is given. The research results are given in the form of sections of the resistivity model and self-potential isolines.

About the experience of medical-geographical atlas mapping of the North Kazakhstan region

The article is devoted to medical and geographical atlas mapping. The results and accumulated materials of medical and geographical research of the North Kazakhstan region are presented, systematized and collected in a single key in the form of a complex of maps and models - a thematic medical-geographical atlas. The development of the atlas was based on the generally accepted principles of integrated system mapping. An extensive array of literary, reference, statistical, and cartographic data was used to create the atlas. Geoinformation mapping was performed in the program ArcGIS 10.8. (ESRI Inc.). The stages of development, structure, and content of the atlas are described. The atlas includes maps reflecting the natural, socio-economic factors of the formation of the health of the population of the region, demographic characteristics. In addition, it presents a series of maps on the nosogeography of natural focal diseases, the organization of the health system, and natural healing resources. The developed atlas is of a reference and informational nature and is intended for specialists of the healthcare system of the North Kazakhstan region, geographers, ecologists, as well as persons interested in medical and geographical research and mapping.