Regions Of Kazakhstan Research Articles

Selection of productive early maturing cotton genotypes with improved fibre quality parameters

The purpose of this article was to study productivity and fibre quality of different cotton genotypes under conditions of Turkestan region of Kazakhstan to determine the most promising genotypes for commercial cultivation. Four genotypes were selected: Tashkent-6, Maktaral-5027, Namangan-1 and Bukhara-8. The study included analysis of such parameters as germination and sprouting time, plant height, flowering and maturity time, yield, number of bolls and fibre quality characteristics. The results showed that Tashkent-6 and Maktaral-5027 had the best parameters: yield 3.8 t/ha and 3.5 t/ha, flowering time 55 days and maturity 120 days, plant height 120 cm and 115 cm, number of bolls 45 and 42. The fibre quality of these genotypes was also high: length 32 mm and 31 mm, tensile strength 30 g/tex and 29 g/tex, fineness 2.5 dtex and 2.6 dtex. Namangan-1 and Bukhara-8 genotypes showed moderate results: yield 3.2 t/ha and 3.0 t/ha, flowering time 60 days and ripening time 130 days, plant height 110 cm and 105 cm, number of bolls 40 and 38, fibre length 30 mm and 29 mm, tensile strength 28 g/tex and 27 g/tex, fineness 2.8 dtex and 2.9 dtex. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of differences between genotypes. The results of the study confirmed high productivity and fibre quality of genotypes Tashkent-6 and Maktaral-5027, which makes them promising for commercial cultivation in Kazakhstan, while genotypes Namangan-1 and Bukhara-8 also have potential for certain agronomic conditions

LEGAL LIABILITY OF A PHYSICIAN FOR PROVIDING INADEQUATE MEDICAL CARE TO A PATIENT: ANALYSIS OF APPROACHES BASED ON THE EXAMPLES OF KAZAKHSTAN AND THE UNITED STATES

Background: This research focuses on the determination of liability for medical professionals causing harm to patients, using the criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a foundation. Criminal liability for medical offences is stipulated in Chapter 12 of the Criminal Code. By identifying the mandatory characteristics or elements of a medical criminal offence according to the criminal legislation of Kazakhstan, parallels are drawn with the types of culpability provided for in developed countries worldwide. The authors reviewed scholarly works examining the effectiveness of handling cases involving harm to patients and decisions regarding the satisfaction or dismissal of the patient's claims in Kazakhstan. Attention has been given to empirical data collected within the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The results of sociological research conducted by the authors over a period of 3 months among healthcare professionals from different regions of the country have been utilised. Special attention has been devoted to international experiences in implementing measures to improve patient safety, reducing citizen complaints regarding the quality of healthcare services, and enhancing the legal protection of medical personnel. The research selects provisions from scholarly works that reduce the risk of harm to patients and thereby contribute to reducing medical crime levels. Methods: In this research, the authors employed a number of methods of scientific research to achieve their goals and solve their tasks, in particular legal analysis, comparative legal analysis, survey, questionnaire, and interviewing. Legal analysis of the Criminal Legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, including Chapter 12 of the Criminal Code, was conducted to identify the specifics of criminal liability for medical offences, exemplified by Article 317. This analysis highlighted the nuances of criminal liability for medical offences in Kazakhstan. Comparative legal analysis made it possible to compare the responsibilities of doctors in the USA and Kazakhstan. Attention was drawn to the similarity of the concepts of guilt in the form of negligence, with a specific emphasis on the American approach, which offers valuable insights for Kazakhstan. These aspects could be adapted to improve Kazakhstan's legal system. The specific cases of harm to patients considered by the courts of the Republic of Kazakhstan were studied, and court decisions concerning the satisfaction of patients' claims and their rejection were analysed, which allowed the authors to identify the main arguments and trends in judicial practice. Surveys and questionnaires were conducted among medical workers from various regions of Kazakhstan to gather empirical data on their perceptions of duties and responsibilities. Additionally, in-depth interviews were also conducted with experts in the field of medicine and law, as well as patients, and representatives of health authorities, providing high-quality data on the problems and challenges faced by medical workers. Statistical data collected during sociological research were processed and analysed. This included data on citizen complaints about the quality of medical care, cases of harm to patients and other relevant statistical indicators. The study of the problem at various levels revealed the level of patient safety and legal protection of medical personnel. Results and Conclusion: Creating conditions for medicine and ensuring effective social and professional medical insurance are some factors that provide opportunities for medical practice as a whole and the healthcare system. These facts also facilitate a proper legal assessment of a doctor's performance

Thermal analysis of a compression heat pump-assisted solar still for Caspian regions of Kazakhstan

Thermal analysis of a compression heat pump-assisted solar still for Caspian regions of Kazakhstan

A novel recombinant Theileria annulata surface protein as an antigen in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serological diagnosis of tropical theileriosis.

Theileria annulata infection in cattle causes major economic losses in livestock production in many Central Asian countries, including the southern region of Kazakhstan. This study aimed to obtain a recombinant T. annulata surface protein (TaSP) and to investigate its possible use as an antigen in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of bovine theileriosis. Recombinant TaSP was obtained by cloning a polymorphic region of the TaSP gene, expressing it in Escherichia coli strain BL21, and purifying it by metal chelating chromatography. An indirect ELISA using recombinant TaSP as an antigen was developed and evaluated for the detection of T. annulata-specific antibodies in plasma samples from 69 cows polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive or PCR-negative for T. annulata and/or Theileria orientalis from southern Kazakhstan. The obtained recombinant protein had a molecular weight of 32 kDa, and mass spectrometry analysis of the purified protein identified it as a fragment of the surface protein of T. annulata. Initial testing of 69 field plasma samples from cattle showed that the results of indirect ELISA using TaSP as an antigen agreed substantially with those of T. annulata PCR (κ: 0.78). The relative sensitivity and specificity of indirect ELISA were 88.7% and 100%, respectively, using PCR as a reference. There was no evidence of cross-reaction with T. orientalis. Initial results using recombinant TaSP as an antigen in indirect ELISA are promising and support the widespread use of this assay for routine diagnosis and T. annulata seroprevalence studies in cattle in Kazakhstan and possibly neighboring countries.

Assessment of the genetic parameters of soybean genotypes for precocity and productivity in the various cultivation conditions

Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr) plays a crucial role in the advancement of agriculture in Kazakhstan, serving as a promising food crop and feed source. The primary challenge in boosting soybean production in Northern Kazakhstan lies in the absence of soybean cultivars suited to the region's conditions. As such, the foremost focus of breeding initiatives should be on creating soybean varieties that possess both early maturity and satisfactory yield potential. The objective of this research was to assess the impact of maturity time (MT) on both the yield formation and the adaptive characteristics of soybean varieties from different origins. This evaluation was conducted by analyzing the outcomes of their testing under diverse cultivation conditions in the northern region of Kazakhstan. The soybean cultivars that were examined, originating from various sources, were classified into three primary groups. These groups varied in terms of their growing season duration as well as their yield levels. The way the alleles of the E1–E4 flowering genes were spread out in the identified clusters showed that for soybean varieties where recessive alleles of the E1–E4 genes build up, the growing season usually shorter. Cultivars of Chinese, Russian, and domestic selections isolated as a result of the research were good initial material for use in local breeding programs. Within the framework of the clusters, an environmental assessment of soybean accessions was carried out, which made it possible to determine their degree of plasticity and, in general, their adaptive potential in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The best cultivars were the Chinese selection ‘Dongnong 63’ and the Russian selection ‘SIBNIIK 315’. Hence, the present study successfully discovered soybean cultivars that possess exceptional adaptability and flexibility. These cultivars hold significant potential for cultivation and practical use in the specific environmental circumstances of northern Kazakhstan.

Разработка мер по сохранению биологического разнообразия рыб, предложений по организации системы мониторинга состояния популяций редких видов рыб западного региона Республики Казахстан

The purpose of the work is to develop measures to ensure the development of fisheries, the conservation of fish resources and the biological diversity of the ichthyofauna of Western Kazakhstan (Mangystau, Atyrau, Aktobe and West Kazakhstan regions), improving the principles and methods of management and protection of fish stocks. The research was carried out both according to the methods generally accepted in the post-Soviet space, and according to the methods developed by the authors (a temporary method of accounting for the number of fish, withdrawal coefficients for populations of fish with undermined stocks) and methods of foresight research. The monitoring system for rare and endangered fish species should include both in-life research methods and the capture of a minimum necessary number of individuals in order to further domesticate and form breeding herds, artificially reproduce and release the resulting juveniles into those reservoirs. The continued decline in populations of rare and endangered fish species indicates the low effectiveness of the measures taken to preserve them. In order to prevent the loss of the gene pool, it is necessary to select sexual products for cryopreservation during the monitoring process. In addition to monitoring the condition of rare species of fish and other animals conducted by scientific organizations, it is necessary to create a geoinformation system for monitoring rare species, which any resident can replenish by sending experts photos of samples of flora or fauna with observation coordinates. The results of the work are supposed to be used to determine further ways of developing reservoirs in the context of “green growth”.

Volatile organic compounds of camel milk and shubat across Kazakhstan's regions, seasons, and breeds

Despite extensive research in recent years on camel milk composition and health benefits, limited scientific data exists on the volatile organic compound profiles of camel milk and its fermented product, shubat. This study analyzed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in raw camel milk and shubat from six Kazakh farms across all seasons. We found that camel milk displayed higher concentrations of aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols with the main two compounds in milk being acetone and (2-Aziridinylethyl) amine. Conversely, the majority of volatile organic compounds in shubat samples belonged to esters, but the predominant compounds by concentration were ethanol, dimethylamine, propanoic acid, and octanoic acid. Seasonality emerged as the primary driver of variation in milk, with heptanal being the most discriminative compound. Fermented milk showcased regional diversity likely driven by distinct microbial communities. Findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of camel milk's aromatic properties, which are influenced by multiple factors that contribute to its distinctive sensory characteristics.

Features of the incidence of breast cancer in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Aim of the study. Analysis of breast cancer incidence in Kazakhstan for the period 2020 – 2022.Materials and methods. The study included all registered cases of breast cancer morbidity and mortality in the Republic of Kazakhstan for the period 2020-2022. Data for analysis were taken from the official statistical source: Statistical collection «Health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the activities of healthcare organizations in 2020»; Statistical collection “Health of the population of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the activities of healthcare organizations in 2021-2022.” The search depth was 3 years, from 2020 to 2022. A direct standardization method using a global population standard was used to calculate standardized morbidity and mortality rates.Results and discussion. As a result of studying statistical data for 2020-2022, it was found that cancer incidence rates per 100 thousand population in 2022, compared with 2021, increased by 5.2%, and compared to 2020 increased by 13.5%. In the structure of incidence, both in 2020 and 2021, and in 2022, breast cancer occupied 1st place, with an increase in dynamics from 2020 to 2022 from 8.76 to 9.73 per 100 thousand population.An analysis of the incidence of breast cancer by stages of the disease in the context of regions of Kazakhstan showed that high rates of stages I and II of breast cancer were established in the Kyzylorda, Pavlodar, and Atyrau regions. The lowest incidence rates of stage I and II breast cancer were observed in Akmola, Mangistau and Turkestan regions.Conclusions. According to the results of our review, many studies indicate that this disease continues to be the most frequently diagnosed malignant neoplasm and the leading cause of death among women in various countries of the world, including Kazakhstan. The conclusion of this article is that the incidence and mortality from breast cancer continues to be an urgent epidemiological problem in Kazakhstan, requiring further scientific research to identify risk factors.

School or home: Exploring the impact of digital infrastructure on digital literacy of school-age young people in a developing economy

Digital literacy plays a very important role for a developing innovative economy, since one of the global trends significantly affecting the dynamics of open innovation is strengthening of the influence of digital technologies on all spheres of society. This paper seeks to study the impact of digital infrastructure on digital literacy of school-age young people, which starts and develops both at school and/or at home. This paper uses a balanced panel of statistical data that includes 18 regions of Kazakhstan surveyed for the period between 2016 and 2022 on four indicators: the level of digital literacy in Kazakhstan, the share of households with Internet access, the share of Internet users aged 6-15, and the number of students per PC in public schools. Methods of correlation, variance, and structural model analysis proposed hereby consist of successive stages and include five hypotheses for verification. The results have shown that (a) the literature has not accumulated a unified methodology for assessing digital literacy yet; (b) digital infrastructure in Kazakhstan’s public schools has been found to have a negligible impact on formation of digital literacy, as well as on the increase in the number of school-age Internet users; (c) the number of young school-age Internet users have been found to have a positive effect on formation of digital literacy in Kazakhstan; (d) access to the Internet at home has been found to have a significant stable impact on digital literacy in Kazakhstan and an increase in the share of young school-age Internet users. This paper is intended for decision makers, researchers, education and open innovation experts interested in opportunities for the development of citizens’ digital skills and competencies and the implementation of an open innovation economy strategy.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ НАВОДНЕНИЙ И ЗАТОПЛЕНИЙ НА РЕКЕ ЕСИЛЬ У ГОРОДА ПЕТРОПАВЛОВСК

This article examines the problem, causes, and factors of floods and inundations on the Esil River near the city of Petropavlovsk from 1941 to 2020. The characteristics of floods and their consequences in the North Kazakhstan region are highlighted and described.The long- term course of discharge and water level on the Esil River – Petropavlovsk city is presented, as well as a climatogram of the Petropavlovsk weather station for 1941...2020. The values of the maximum water flow tend to decrease, which may primarily be associated with the beginning of a period of intense anthropogenic impact on the Yesil River. Thus, the average of the maximum water consumption and their average square deviations have decreased by 1.6...2 times since the late 60s-early 70s in connection with the creation of

ОБЗОР СЕЛЕВОЙ ОПАСНОСТИ ДОЖДЕВОГО ГЕНЕЗИСА ПО ГОРНОЙ ТЕРРИТОРИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН ЗА 2023 ГОД

The review was prepared based on the results of monitoring the debris-flow hazard caused by rainfall in the mountainous territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2023. Monitoring was carried out for debris-flow hazard areas of Almaty, Zhetysu, Zhambyl, Turkestan, Mangistau, Abay and East Kazakhstan regions. The Ile, Kungey, Teriskey, Zhetysu, Kyrgyz and Talas Alatau, Ugam, Mangystau, Saur, Tarbagatai and Kazakhstan Altai mountains ridges are debris-flow hazard areas. The Review contains a map of debris-flow hazard on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, information on the hydrometeorological situation and debris f low occurrences during the 2023 debris-flow-hazardous period. In the monitoring process information from the state observation network of the RSE «Kazhydromet» in operational mode, synoptic and numerical weather forecasts of the RSE «Kazhydromet» was used, etc.

Social capital and performance of public councils in Kazakhstan

This study applies Putnam’s social capital thesis to an examination of the impact of social capital (social trust, formal networks and norms) on public councils’ performance in Kazakhstan. As public councils aim to express citizens’ opinions on socially significant problems, this inquiry measures their performance by examining their impact on social issues in various policy domains. Drawing on data collected from four regions of Kazakhstan, we found that social trust and cooperation norms have a positive impact on public councils’ effectiveness, while formal networking has no influence. The limited significance of formal networking in the local context is explained by the state-led nature of civil society. This article contributes to the literature on social capital and government performance in authoritarian states.

Lithium capacity of Kazakhstan mineral resource base

Relevance. Weak knowledge of the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan on lithium raw materials previously mined in the East Kazakhstan region. Aim. To study lithium raw material base in the Republic of Kazakhstan and prospects for the extraction of lithium raw materials. Methods. Content analysis of all information on the subject of the mineral resource base of lithium in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Results. Within the Republic of Kazakhstan, ore deposits of scapolite pegmatites and lithium-bearing greisens-hydrothermal growths are known along alkaline granites. Residual lithium reserves from previously developed rare metal deposits that are equivalent to 36.3 thousand tons of Li2O, predicted resources of known lithium occurrences are estimated at 140 thousand tons of Li2O. It is possible to develop known rare metal deposits with the extraction of tantalum, niobium, beryllium and associated extraction of spodumene concentrate. GRK «Ognevsky Mining and Processing Plant» is already planning to put back to mining of tantalum and beryl (with the associated extraction of spodumene concentrate – up to 2.5 thousand tons/year) at the Bakennoe deposit and processing the resulting ore concentrates at the operating Ulba metallurgical plant of Kazatomprom. With regard to lithium-bearing hydro-mineral resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the situation is more complicated, due to the data limitations on the completeness of formation water testing and the reliability of data on surface waters of stagnant lakes. Such oil and gas fields as Karachaganak (up to 196 mg/l Li2O), Kolkuduk (up to 130 mg/l Li2O), Teplovskoe (up to 82.5 mg/l), Urikhtau (up to 52 mg/l) and Western Opak (up to 45 mg/l) are known for high concentration of lithium in formation waters. First two deposits are ready for oil and gas development and production with an annual extraction of up to 1 thousand tons of lithium carbonate. With regard to the lithium content of stagnant lakes of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it should be noted almost total lack of reliable information on sampling their surface waters. Given the fact of finding industrially significant lithium-bearing hydro-mineral lake deposits in adjacent regions of China and Mongolia, it is necessary to intensify the thematic works to assess the lithium content of endorheic lakes throughout the Republic of Kazakhstan, with sampling not only of surface waters, but also of natural brine, lake mud, saline clayey rocks of solonchaks and takyrs.

Formation of immunological memory of salmonella antigens in cows using different phenotypes of T-lymphocyte populations

The study aimed to investigate the formation of immunological memory to Salmonella antigens in cows using different phenotypes of T-lymphocyte populations. The study was conducted on farms in Kazakhstan and Latvia. As part of the study, blood samples were collected from cows vaccinated against Salmonella to analyse T-lymphocyte phenotypes. A comparative study of different phenotypes of T-cell populations, including CD4+, CD8+, γδ T-cells and effector T-cells (CD45RA+ and CD45RA-), was conducted to assess their role in the formation of immunological memory. Flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to quantify T-cell populations and levels of specific antibodies. The main results showed that vaccination causes a significant increase in the population of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, which correlates with an increase in the level of specific antibodies to Salmonella antigens. The γδ T-cell population also showed significant activation, indicating their potential role in the formation of an immune response to Salmonella. Particular attention was devoted to effector cells of T-lymphocytes: CD45RA+ cells were actively involved in the primary immune response to Salmonella antigens, while CD45RA cells showed high activity during repeated exposure to the antigen, indicating their key role in maintaining longterm immunological memory. Comparative analysis of data from Kazakhstan and Latvia showed similar trends, indicating the universality of the observed immunological mechanisms. These findings highlight the importance of including different T-cell phenotypes in vaccination programmes to ensure more effective immunological memory in cows. Thus, this study provides valuable data on the role of different T-lymphocyte populations in the formation of immunological memory to Salmonella antigens in cows, which may contribute to the development of more effective vaccine programmes and improve the health and productivity of livestock in the regions of Kazakhstan and Latvia

Genetic Polymorphisms in Cardiovascular Disease: Effects Across Three Generations Exposed to Radiation from the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site.

The population in the areas neighboring the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site (SNTS) in the eastern region of Kazakhstan faces increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Previous research has not explored gene polymorphisms related to CVD in this population. Therefore, the present study examines the prevalence of six CVD-associated genotypes in three generations exposed to SNTS radiation. The genotyping of ApoE Leu28 → Pro, AGT Met174 → Thr, AGT Met235 → Thr, eNOS T786 → C, PON1 Gln192 → Arg, and EDN 1 Lys198 → Asn was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The present study encompassed a cohort of 218 participants with a familial history of arterial hypertension and/or carotid artery disease spanning at least three generations. The analysis unveiled significant disparities in the prevalence of ApoE Leu28 → Pro, eNOS T786 → C, and PON1 Gln192 → Arg genotypes across different generations. Furthermore, a substantial variation in the distribution of the eNOS T786 → C genotype was observed between individuals of Kazakh and Russian ethnicities. Nevertheless, no significant discrepancies were detected in the frequencies of the investigated genotypes between genders. Further research in this area is warranted to enhance the understanding of the genetic factors contributing to CVD in the population exposed to radiation from the SNTS. Specifically, future studies should broaden the scope of genetic polymorphisms investigated and include representatives of healthy individuals who have not been exposed to radiation as controls.

The Effect of Using Sapropel Extract on Biometric Indicators and Yield of Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the North Kazakhstan Region

The Effect of Using Sapropel Extract on Biometric Indicators and Yield of Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in the North Kazakhstan Region

Emergence of imported cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major: a case series from Kerala, India.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is often considered a 'great imitator' and is the most common form of leishmaniasis. The Leishmania species responsible for CL varies among countries, as these species exhibit specific distribution patterns. The increased mobility of people across countries has resulted in the imported incidences of leishmaniasis caused by non-endemic species of Leishmania. During 2023, we confirmed three CL cases caused by L. major from Kerala, India, and upon detailed investigation, these were identified to be imported from the Middle East and Kazakhstan regions. This is the first report of CL caused by L. major from Kerala. The lesion morphology, detection of anti-rK 39 antibody and Leishmania parasite DNA from the blood samples were the unique observations of these cases. Kerala, being an emerging endemic zone of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and CL, the imported incidences of leishmaniasis by non-endemic species can pose a significant threat, potentially initiating new transmission cycles of leishmaniasis caused by non-endemic species.

Forecasting Land Use Dynamics in Talas District, Kazakhstan, Using Landsat Data and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) Platform

This study employs the robust capabilities of Google Earth Engine (GEE) to analyze and forecast land cover and land use changes in the Talas District, situated within the Zhambyl region of Kazakhstan, for a period spanning from 2000 to 2030. The methodology involves thorough image selection, data filtering, and classification using a Random Forest algorithm based on Landsat imagery. This study identifies significant shifts in land cover classes such as herbaceous wetlands, bare vegetation, shrublands, solonchak, water bodies, and grasslands. A detailed accuracy assessment validates the classification model. The forecast for 2030 reveals dynamic trends, including the decline of herbaceous wetlands, a reversal in bare vegetation, and concerns over water bodies. The 2030 forecast shows dynamic trends, including a projected 334.023 km2 of herbaceous wetlands, 2271.41 km2 of bare vegetation, and a notable reduction in water bodies to 24.0129 km2. In quantifying overall trends, this study observes a decline in herbaceous wetlands, bare vegetation, and approximately 67% fewer water bodies from 2000 to 2030, alongside a rise in grassland areas, highlighting dynamic land cover changes. This research underscores the need for continuous monitoring and research to guide sustainable land use planning and conservation in the Talas District and similar areas.

Determination of occurrence of atmospheric blockings over the Caspian Sea region in winters of 1959–2022, and influence of them on the ice regime of the Northern Caspian Sea

The ice regime of the Caspian Sea has pronounced influence on the heat and moisture exchange of the reservoir with the atmosphere, the state of the ecosystem, as well as human marine activities, including shipping, fishing, construction of hydraulic structures, etc. Consequently, the development of existing ideas about the causes of changes in the characteristics of the ice regime of such water bodies is actual and socially significant problem of limnology, hydrometeorology, ecology, and navigation. This study was aimed at determination the frequency of occurrence of atmospheric blockings over the Caspian region with standings longer 5 days in winter period of 1959–2022, and investigation of influence of them on the ice regime in the Northern area of the Sea. The following information and data were used: changes in hourly mean values of atmospheric pressure at the sea level, geopotential of isobaric surfaces 850, 500 and 300 hPa, presented in the ERA5 reanalysis; and observational data on air temperature and ice cover from hydrometeorological stations located in the Caspian region of Kazakhstan and Russia. It has been established that in the winter during a long standing of atmospheric blockings the mean daily air temperatures noticeably drop. The values of all the studied characteristics of every atmospheric blocking which occurred in 1959–2022 were estimated as well the influence of them on the ice regime in the North of the Caspian Sea was analyzed. The relationship between a decrease in the frequency of atmospheric blockings (AB), sums of negative air temperatures on its coasts, and the ice cover thickness in the corresponding areas of coastal waters has been revealed in the region. The longer the total AB duration, the lower is the air temperature, and the ice thickness in February is larger.

Improvement of methods of rational use in conditions of land degradation in the Almaty region, Karasai district

The study was aimed at identifying the potential of modern methods of rational land use in the Karasai district of the Almaty region of Kazakhstan, taking into account their intensive degradation. The research methodology was represented by the methods of statistical observation, comparison, analytical-structural grouping and forecasting. The priority goals of modernisation of agriculture of the Republic in the technological aspect have been analysed. It was established that innovative approaches to land use have the potential to increase the level of efficiency of the agrarian sector, improve the state of local and regional landscape. The concept of improving the state of degraded lands, including a system of management measures and practical activities, has been developed. It was proved that it should be based on the synergy of economic efficiency and environmental safety, with the mandatory introduction of modern innovative technological approaches. The effectiveness of methods of rational use of degraded lands as an effective tool for the transformation of the agrarian sector has been determined. It was proposed to intensify the development of organic agricultural production, which is positioned as the gentlest for degraded landscapes. It was proved that the implementation of sustainable management of landscape complexes in the innovative context implies the use of information monitoring technology, which anticipates the diagnosis, genesis and forecasting of the state of the studied ecosystems. Such measures will make it possible to develop programmes for the restoration of ecological functions of natural landscapes, which is an integral part of sustainable development programmes. Actualised the situation in the context of ecologisation of land use in Kazakhstan, predicted further destruction of ecosystems of agrarian landscapes in case of use of aggressive methods of soil cultivation. The necessity of introduction of improved methods of rational land use is substantiated, and the specificity of the introduction of organic and biological technologies of agricultural production is outlined, with an indication of tangential risks and challenges in the economic realities of Kazakhstan. The study substantiated that the application of integrated management and ecosystem approach have a synergistic potential to ensure the rational use of land in the Almaty region, the Karasai district in the conditions of their degradation