America Research Articles

Sexual harassment among higher education students: a worldwide review

Abstract Introduction Sexual harassment is an uprising problem in higher education systems worldwide with major impacts on students. The aim of this study was to describe and meta-analyze quantitative data on sexual harassment prevalence among higher education students. Methods We searched in seven databases and included studies published in English and French from 2000 until 2023 if they measured sexual harassment prevalence on students attending higher education, and they were quantitative cross-sectional studies. Prevalence estimates disaggregated by gender identity, and world region were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model and reported following PRISMA guidance. Results We identified 53 articles, from 6 different regions of the world, with highly variable sample sizes, ranging from 164 to 779,170. 45% of the samples were from the United States. 32% of studies used convenience or purposive sampling and 39% random sampling. The meta-analyzed prevalence of sexual harassment was globally 36.9% (95% CI [30.6, 43.6], 43.7% for women, 16.8% for men, 33.4% for non-binary. In additional, variations in prevalence were observed across the different world regions. In particular, the Eastern Mediterranean region presented the highest prevalence estimates for sexual harassment among women, reaching 67.5%, while the Americas region presented the highest prevalence estimates for sexual harassment among men, at 18.8%. Discussions Higher education institutions, especially in low- and middle-income countries, should commit to the conduct of surveys to monitor the prevalence of sexual harassment, and policymakers should allocate specific funds and resources to support the implementation of sexual harassment prevention and intervention initiatives in higher education, prioritizing the safety and well-being of students. Key messages • High prevalence of sexual harassment in higher education underscores urgent need for proactive measures to ensure student safety and well-being. • Policymakers should allocate specific funds and resources to support the implementation of SH prevention and intervention initiatives in higher education.

Probabilities of transitions among endogenous regimes in asset returns and Environmental, Social and Governance scores

AbstractAssets' returns can be efficiently clustered in regimes, that are suitably defined non‐overlapping intervals creating a partition of the real numbers. This paper explores the relationship between the transition probabilities from one regime to another in assets' returns and the assets' MSCI Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) scores. We apply the proposed methodology to the relevant empirical instance of the assets in the STOXX® Global 1800 Index. We consider three regimes—low, medium and high, on the basis of the variation range of the considered returns. Regimes are endogenous, in that their identification comes out from an entropy‐based optimization problem over the possible ranges of variation of the returns. We specifically investigate the possible linear relationship between transition probabilities among regimes and the ESG scores for different geographic regions, namely, America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The reference empirical period is the quadrennium 2018–2021. Results suggest that assets that are low ranked in ESG tend to remain in the low state of returns, if they are in the low state, while they tend to switch from higher to lower return states when the initial state is higher. On the other hand, assets that are highly ranked in the ESG dimensions, are likely to switch from a lower to a higher return state, when they are in a lower state or to remain in the same state when they are in a higher state. Results are more evident for America and Asia Pacific regions rather than Europe where regulation on ESG integration is at a more developed stage with respect to the other regions.

Evolution of the Arctic Strategy of the USA and its Influence on the Foreign Policy Strategy of Russia in the Arctic

"Arctic" is translated from Greek as "northern" or as "bear", which is often associated with Russia and its efforts to develop this region. This is a single physical and geographical region of the Earth adjacent to the North Pole and including the margins of the continents of Eurasia and North America, almost the entire Arctic Ocean with islands (except for the coastal islands of Norway), as well as adjacent parts of the Atlantic and Pacifi c Oceans. The southern border of the Arctic coincides with the northern border of the tundra zone. Now the actions of the United States and NATO in the Arctic region have acquired a clearly anti- Russian character, which was especially manifested in the latest edition of the Arctic Doctrine of the United States. NATO's expansion into the region continues, the scale of the alliance's military exercises conducted there is increasing, which actively involve non-Arctic member countries of the bloc, which does not exclude the emergence of an armed conflict with Russia in the Far North.

Teledentistry in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer in the Latin American region: a review of literature with current possibilities

Teledentistry has emerged as a promising tool in bridging the gap in healthcare accessibility, particularly in regions like Latin America region, where resources for oral healthcare are often limited. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of literature, this overview assessed the applications and clinical outcomes of teledentistry in diagnosing oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer, highlighting the challenges and opportunities specific to the Latin American context. Moreover, it examined the integration of artificial intelligence algorithms and teledentistry for enhancing diagnostic accuracy, thereby optimizing resource allocation and improving patient outcomes. By elucidating the current landscape and future prospects, this overview provided insights for policymakers, healthcare providers, and researchers, fostering advancements in oral healthcare delivery with the aim of reducing the burden of OPMDs and oral cancer in the Latin American region.

Building Identities: Ancient Legacies and Modern Visions in Architecture of the Americas

Review of Antes de America: Fuentes originarias en la cultura moderna, an exhibition at the at Fundación Juan March, Madrid, Spain, 6 October 2023–10 March 2024, curated by Manuel Fontán del Junco, María Toledo Gutiérrez, and Rodrigo Gutiérrez Viñuales. This exhibition explored the artistic and architectural connections between Spain and the Americas, focusing on the reinterpretation of the forms and meanings of ancient Indigenous cultures of the American continent from the late 18th century to the early 20th century. It also highlighted the fascination with ‘the ancestral’, a paradigm that has significantly influenced the aesthetics of both the recent past and the present.

Organizational Contribution to E-business Adoption for SMEs in The World

The aim of this study is to identify the issues faced by SMEs all around the world in adopting ebusiness. This is a work of literature study with the classification based on technological,organizational, and environmental (TOE). The study collects 116 articles from various journal portals.The finding of this study is the factors that concerned the most in adopting e-business among theSMEs which are related to the organization. The organization has a contribution of 50% compared totechnology and the environment. Under the organization, human resource is a prominent key to beimproved if the SMEs want to adopt e-business well. This situation applies in the continents of AsiaAmerica, Europe, Australia, and Oceania. Only African SMEs concern more about managementrather than human resources. This study does not consider the interplay between the factors, however,the practical implication of this study is that the finding can be used as input for decision-makers whohave an interest in improving the performance of SMEs or raising the level of SMEs in their region,one of which is by increasing the adoption rate of e-business among SMEs. Further, there is anopportunity for future research in investigating the strength of the relationship in each factor to theadoption of e-business, or even in between factors. The contribution of this study is to providethorough synopsis regarding the factors that need to be considered by the SMEs if they want to adopte-business.

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the Sunda stink-badger (Mydaus javanensis) from the island of Borneo.

The Mephitidae is a family of skunks and stink-badgers that includes 12 extant species in four genera, namely, Mydaus, Conepatus, Mephitis and Spilogale. Mydaus is the only genus within Mephitidae found outside the American continent, with its distribution limited to the islands of Borneo, Indonesia and Philippines. There are two extant species of Mydaus i.e., javanensis and marchei. Currently, complete mitogenomes are unavailable for either species. Here, we present the characterization of the first complete mitogenome for the Sunda stink-badger (Mydaus javanensis) from the island of Borneo. Muscle tissue was obtained and the DNA was sequenced using a combination of Illumina Barcode Tagged Sequence (BTSeq) and Sanger sequencing techniques. The genome was annotated with MITOS and manually checked for accuracy. A circular map of the mitogenome was constructed with Proksee. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) and codon frequency were calculated using MEGA-X. The protein coding genes (PCGs) were aligned with reference sequences from GenBank and used for the construction of phylogenetic trees (maximum liklihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI)). Additionally, due to the lack of available complete genomes in public databases, we constructed another tree with the cyt b gene. The complete circular mitogenome was 16,391 base pairs in length. It comprises the typical 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, two ribosomal RNA genes, one control region (CR) and an L-strand replication origin (OL). The G+C content was 38.1% with a clear bias towards A and T nucleotides. Of the 13 PGCs, only ND6 was positioned in the reverse direction, along with five other tRNAs. Five PCGs had incomplete stop codons and rely on post-transcriptional polyadenylation (TAA) for termination. Based on the codon count, Leucine was the most common amino acid (589), followed by Threonine (332) and Isoleucine (325). The ML and BI phylogenetic trees, based on concatenated PCGs and the cyt b gene, respectively, correctly clustered the species with other members of the Mephitidae family but were unique enough to set it apart from Conepatus, Mephitis and Spilogale. The results confirm Mydaus as a member of the mephitids and the mitogenome will be useful for evolutionary analysis and conservation of the species.

Revealing the Genetic Differentiation of Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout 1769) Populations by Analyzing Two Mitochondrial Markers

Rattus norvegicus (Brown rat) has a great importance for public health and economy because it lives in close association with human populations. However, molecular systematic studies on global populations of R. norvegicus are very few. In this study, sequences obtained from Europe, Asia, Africa, and America regions were analyzed using mitochondrial Cytochrome-b and Cytochrome oxidase-I gene regions and genetic differentiation levels between these populations were revealed. Accordingly, samples belonging to the studied populations did not split in Bayesian Inference trees and Median-joining networks; these samples also formed common haplotypes, and mean genetic distance and fixation index values were generally low. The results of the study showed that gene flow between these populations may be continuing due to the transportation activity by humans.

Scorpion Envenoming as an Emerging Public Health Problem in Paraguay, Bolivia, and Midwest Brazil: Involvement of Tityus confluens and the Need for a Panregional Evaluation of Available Antivenoms.

This contribution highlights the emergence of a newly endemic region for scorpion envenoming in South America, covering eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and the midwestern Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul. These areas have not historically been known to harbor life-threatening scorpion species. Tityus confluens, a parthenogenetic species of medical significance in Argentina, has been identified in severe and lethal human cases in Bolivia and Paraguay. Given that the clinical use of scorpion antivenom preparations in the region has often lacked preclinical data and considering the significant burden of scorpion envenoming, we propose a panregional evaluation of available anti-Tityus antivenoms. This evaluation, along with interdisciplinary efforts at a multinational scale to control scorpionism, aims to determine their true neutralization capacity and potential clinical efficacy against known culprits in the Southern Cone of South America and other regions endemic for scorpion envenoming on the continent.

IDENTITY CONFUSION IN DOROTHY WEST’S THE LIVING IS EASY

Literature is a media for conveying the authors’ ideas and feelings to the payers, or it is a mean of relief for them to bare their souls. In this context, literature involves an enormous place in human life. In this regard, African American literature has an important place in American literature and culture. It is also one of the strongest pillars of the literature produced by black writers in the United States of America. African American literature goes and continues in the course of history as oral literature from generation to generation. Since African Americans’ place changes gradually in the USA- due to racism in particular- their viewpoint of literature changes, too. African American history predates the foundation of the United States of America as an independent country, so their literature has deep roots, consisting of rich oral culture in poetry, including gospel music, blues, rap, and spirituals along with written poetry, and slave narrations. Although African Americans come from slave ancestors, they have been able to leave a deep effect on the literature of the United States when they are brought to the continent of America. African American literature is mainly based on autobiographical spiritual narratives, and before the American Civil War African Americans’ literature consists of memoirs of people who escape from slavery. So, African American literature has witnessed the problem of racial discrimination in its existential aspect. But in the progress of time, black writers go deep into verbal literature and perform their own experiences. Dorothy West, in her novel Living is Easy criticizes the blacks who mimes the whites. When we scrutinize, it is possible to penetrate that the writer wants to reflect her own experiences via narration and criticizes her own past. Writing is a kind of purgation for West since she writes about herself. In this study, we aim to point out the impulses that foster Dorothy West’s narration from a Freudian point of view.

Źródła i rola idei uprawnień naturalnych w „Pamflecie bostońskim”

For many centuries, the idea of natural rights has been one of the most important philosophical and legal concepts. Its importance results not only from the importance of the postulates but also, and perhaps above all, because it played a role in the course of changes taking place in modern times. The Boston Pamphlet is one of the first documents issued on the American continent in which revolutionary theses, in particular regarding relations with Great Britain, were formulated in the language of natural rights. The purpose of the article is to analyze the idea of the inalienable rights of the individual, which was expressed in this document. It was indicated that the revolutionary postulates of the authors of the document found as justification and intellectual foundation in a specific vision of inalienable individual rights (and more precisely in the vision proposed by John Locke). The analysis was preceded by a reference to the so-called English liberties, which allowed to place the Pamphlet and the idea of natural rights in a broader context. Attention was also drawn to the fact that although the concept of the inalienable rights of the individual was visible in earlier writings, it was brought to the fore only on the eve of the revolution. The analysis of the concept expressed in the document required the disclosure of those aspects of Locke’s doctrine that played a key role or were even transferred entirely to the content of the document.

Non-communicable diseases in the world over the past century: a secondary data analysis.

We analyzed the changes in the top 10 non-communicable diseases (NCDs) over the past century across the World Health Organization (WHO) regions. The data were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies. After we accessed this source, all NCDs were sorted according to their prevalence in 2019, and the 10 most common NCDs were selected. Then, the incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates of these 10 NCDs were compared to the rates in 2000. Diabetes and kidney disease had the highest increase in incidence (49.4%) and prevalence (28%) in the Eastern Mediterranean region. Substance use disorders had a huge increase (138%) in the mortality rates among women in the Americas region. On the other hand, women in Southeast Asia experienced the greatest decrease in incidence (-19.8%), prevalence (-15.8%), and mortality rates (-66%). In recent years, nearly all NCDs have shown an increase, yet mortality rates have declined across all regions. Lifestyle can be a major cause of this increase, but advancements in health and medical services, such as screening and treatment, have played a crucial role in improving survival rates.

Links between deforestation, conservation areas and conservation funding in major deforestation regions of South America

Abstract Land‐use change is a major driver of biodiversity loss, affecting tropical forests and savannas at an unprecedented rate. To protect these ecosystems and their biodiversity, national conservation areas and international conservation funding have increased considerably in these regions. Understanding of how conservation funding allocation relates to dynamics in deforestation and conservation areas is crucial to identifying what mobilizes and distributes conservation funding. By applying fixed‐effect models on 30 years of dynamics in forest cover, conservation areas and conservation funding in the main deforestation regions of South America, we analysed the conservation funding allocation strategies in relation to deforestation (proactive vs. reactive), conservation areas (expanding or consolidating) and previous investment (agglomerating or not). We also assessed whether allocation strategies vary across regions and the stages of deforestation and conservation. We found that funding allocation followed conservation areas and higher prior funding levels over space and over time, across all regions and deforestation stages. This highlights the important role of recognized conservation areas (including protected areas and Indigenous territories) in mobilizing financial support for conservation. The allocation strategies relating to forest dynamics, however, varied depending on the scale of analysis, whether we look at the temporal or spatial dimension, and in which regions we assessed the allocation patterns. Capturing region‐level biases and within‐region dynamics is crucial for more effective and equitable conservation. As public and private actors commit to mobilizing more conservation funding and conserving more areas of the Earth, our insights on the relations between forest change and conservation efforts can help improve the allocation of conservation areas and conservation funding. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Impunity in cases of serious human rights violations: three relevant aspects of contention in the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

ABSTRACT The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) is a pioneer in international human rights law in developing jurisprudence against impunity. Since the 1970s, the American continent has been prone to political and policymaking processes to ensure impunity for those responsible for serious human rights violations. This impunity has aimed at, among others, enforcing amnesty and self-amnesty laws or implementing procedural institutions (such as the ne bis in idem principle) that intend to prevent the investigation and punishment of those responsible for serious human rights violations. The paper examines the jurisprudence of the IACtHR to determine some fundamental lines of argument that seek to combat impunity in cases of serious human rights violations. To this end, it emphasizes the particularities of the duty to investigate established by the IACtHR, the development of jus cogens in relation to these serious situations, and the scope of reparations. From a comparative perspective, it also highlights the need for other international Courts, such as the European Court of Human Rights, to assume these jurisprudential approaches to combat impunity in cases of serious violations.

Infectious diseases ethics: a worldwide survey

ObjectivesCOVID-19 unravelled new ethical issues in the neglected field of infectious diseases ethics (IDE). We investigated IDE involvement among infectious diseases professionals. MethodsA global survey was disseminated during 2021–2022. Responses were stratified by demographics, WHO region, income, and ethics training. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to identify two themes representing IDE relevant areas (theme 1, including stigma, inequity, vulnerability, public health, and global impact) and emerging topics (theme 2, including inequity and research integrity in COVID-19, increased ethics interest, and gaps in IDE). Quantile and logistic regression analyses investigated determinants of ethics themes and responders' ethics attitude. ResultsWe included 477 participants from 71 countries. Most were females (282/460, 61%) and clinicians (327/457, 72%). Participants advocated further personal (289/443, 65%) or societies' (374/450, 83%) involvement in bioethics. Only 5% (22/477) of respondents claimed to have received enough bioethics training and 28% (114/412) were dissatisfied with it. Dedicated courses or expert case discussion were the preferred ways for receiving education in bioethics. Theme 1 and 2 median values were above 7 (on a 1–10 scale), showing high interest in IDE. Confirmatory factor analysis showed optimal and acceptable fit, respectively. Being from the region of Americas was associated with theme 1, whereas having received bioethics training was associated with both themes. Females, respondents trained in bioethics, and those from the Americas and Europe regions reported lower involvement in bioethics activities, whereas those aged between 44 and 54 years and trained in bioethics were more involved. Age above 55 years and nonclinical role were negatively associated with aspiration for further bioethics involvement. DiscussionWe identified IDE themes that can inform on gaps in bioethics. Ethics training was associated with interest in IDE and bioethics activities and should be offered to integrate this discipline into daily clinical practice across age, gender, and different areas worldwide.

Seroprevalence of Rickettsia Spp. and Orientia tsutsugamushi in Indigenous Populations from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.

Background: Rickettsia spp. are vector-borne zoonotic pathogens that cause febrile illness in humans. Rickettsioses is not included in the Colombian national surveillance system and is subsequently expected to be underreported. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Rickettsia spp. and the closely related Orientia tsutsugamushi in two indigenous populations residing in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Serum samples (n = 539) were collected from the Wiwa and Koguis people between 2021 and 2022. Serum samples were screened for spotted fever group (SFG) and typhus group (TG) Rickettsia spp. using the Fuller laboratories Rickettsia IgG IFA kit and for O. tsutsugamushi with the Scrub Typhus Detect™ IgG ELISA. Results: We observed an overall seroprevalence of 26.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.5-30.1] for Rickettsia spp. of the SFG, 5.4% (95% CI 3.6-7.6) for Rickettsia spp. of the TG and 4.3% (95% CI 2.7-6.3) for O. tsutsugamushi. Common risk factors for zoonotic disease infections were assessed for 147 of the Wiwa participants. Increased odds of seropositivity for SFG Rickettsia spp. were observed for Wiwa participants who cared for livestock, including assisting with the birth of cattle (odds ratio [OR] = 8.85; 95% CI 1.54-50.90; p = 0.015) and goats (OR = 7.60; 95% CI 1.70-33.90; p = 0.008). Conclusions: These results highlight a notable exposure to Rickettsia spp., especially the SFG, in rural Colombia. Together with recent reports of high mortality for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in nearby regions of South America, more detailed investigations focusing on improving knowledge and awareness as well as "One Health" and "causes-of-fever" studies are needed. The characterization of Rickettsia spp. infections in humans, livestock, and tick vectors with their potential transmission routes could make a high impact on these easily treatable diseases.

Microphysical Evolution in Mixed-Phase Midlatitude Marine Cold-Air Outbreaks

Abstract Five cold-air outbreaks are investigated with aircraft offshore of continental northeast America. Flight paths aligned with the cloud-layer flow from January through March span cloud-top temperatures from −5° to −12°C, in situ liquid water paths of up to 500 g m−2, while in situ cloud droplet number concentrations exceeding 500 cm−3 maintain effective radii below 10 μm. Rimed ice is detected in the four colder cases within the first cloud pass. After further fetch, ice particle number concentrations reaching 2.5 L−1 support an interpretation that secondary ice production is occurring. Rime splintering is clearly evident, with dendritic growth increasing ice water contents within deeper clouds with colder cloud-top temperatures. Buoyancy fluxes reach 400–600 W m−2 near the Gulf Stream’s western edge, with 1-s updrafts reaching 5 m s−1 supporting closely spaced convective cells. Near-surface rainfall rates of the three more intense cold-air outbreaks are a maximum near the Gulf Stream’s eastern edge, just before the clouds transition to more open-celled structures. The milder two cold-air outbreaks transition to lower-albedo cumulus with little or no precipitation. The clouds thin through cloud-top entrainment. Significance Statement Cold-air outbreaks off of the eastern U.S. seaboard are visually spectacular in satellite imagery, with overcast, high-albedo clouds transitioning to more broken cloud fields. We use data from the recent NASA Aerosol Cloud Meteorology Interactions over the Western Atlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) aircraft campaign to examine the microphysics and environmental context of five such outbreaks. We find the clouds are not ice-deprived, but updrafts still supply significant liquid water. Cloud transitions are encouraged through near-surface rain for the deeper clouds, and otherwise, clouds thin and break through mixing in drier air from above. These observations support understanding and further modeling examining how mixed-phase cloud microphysics affect cloud reflectivity and surface rainfall rates, important for both weather and climate forecasting.

Long-term stability in protected-areas? A vision from American/New World amphibians

Protected areas (PA) have proven to be one of the best ways to conserve biodiversity against environmental changes. Amphibians are considered the most threatened group, with habitat loss due to deforestation identified as their major threat. Here, we assessed for each PA of the American continent: 1) amphibian’s occurrence (Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) vs. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) data); 2) temperature velocity and estimated the climate residence time, and using the latest models of the land future use; 3) we estimated the changes of natural vs. modified cover in three future scenarios. Amphibian occurrence showed differences between databases, while GBIF data shows that 52 % of the amphibian species occurring in the continent are in PA, based on IUCN data, 85 % are protected. Results from climate change show a low pace of climate velocity during the last century that is maintained in the green scenario (SSP126). However, change in temperature increases in rate in the rest of the scenarios, with scenario SSP58 showing the highest velocity of temperature change. Future estimates of residence times in PA show that lower levels as emission scenarios tend to be higher. These results are worrisome since climate lag, specifically temperature increase over the PA will probably affect amphibian communities as shown in previous studies. Changes in climate patterns have a direct—mostly negative—impact on amphibians’ ability to disperse and reproduce. The results of land use change were unexpected, since the categories showed minimal changes. However, the data on urbanization changes do not seem to be reflecting the trends of other databases, which may be causing artifacts in the comparisons in the future models of land use. Further research will be necessary to evaluate the extent of similarities and differences in future projections of land use including urbanization and human population between different databases.

Intensity of 27-day variations in solar emission and ionospheric electron content

The rotation of the Sun modulates solar emission with 27-day variations. Large-scale structures in the solar atmosphere, like sunspots and plages, rotate with the Sun and emit at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and microwaves that produce the varying part of the emission. As EUV emission is the main driver of ionization in the Earth ionosphere, its variations are reflected in the electron content. In this paper, we analyze wide range of data from radio emission in 245-17000 MHz range and the entire EUV spectrum to total and global electron contents (TEC and GEC, respectively) in the ionosphere to find out where the 27-day variations are most prominent. We show that the relative contribution of 27-day variations to radio emission is maximal at 1000 MHz and decreases at 245 and 17000 MHz. The variations are pronounced throughout the EUV spectrum, their intensity vary at different spectral lines and, on average, is higher than in radio emission. The distribution of the variations in global ionospheric maps (GIM) shows an intensification of 27-day variations in TEC in the North America region, which can be related to the winter anomaly as it is also more significant in this region. Temporal variations of the 27-day component of emission are similar in shape for radio and EUV emission, as well as for GEC, and have a high correlation, up to 0.8. Cycle-averaged temporal variations imply that the 27-day component weakens significantly during solar minimum but can intensify during the remaining phases of the solar cycle. We also find that the flux at 1000 MHz, which originate from free-free emission in contrast to F10.7, can be used as a proxy index of solar activity because it has the highest intensity of 27-day variations and has been observed since 1956.

ИСТОКИ СЕМИЛЕТНЕЙ ВОЙНЫ В СЕВЕРНОЙ АМЕРИКЕ

The colonial conflicts in North America became the harbingers of the Seven Years' War, one of the most significant military conflicts of the XVIII century. The development of the territory by European colonialists, mainly the French and British, and the struggle for control over territories and resources led to serious tense clashes. The huge competition for trade relations with local Indian tribes and the threat of seizing strategically important territories contributed to the expansion of influence on rich lands. This article presents a new vision of some aspects contributing to the outbreak of hostilities of the Seven Years' War on the North American continent. The research covers the chronological framework of the military campaigns to capture Duquesne Fortress, Niagara and Operation Crown Point and presents a new look at the role of personality in historical events in northeastern North America. The article analyzes the tactical failures in the unified strategy of interaction between the British and strategic successes in strengthening relations with the Iroquois tribes, as well as the advantages of the French Indian policy. Thus, the Seven Years' War is seen not only as a struggle for the colonies, but also as a clash of cultures and interests, which ultimately predetermined the development of the American political map for many years to come.