Regional Input Output Research Articles

エネルギー技術の地域別社会経済効果の分析における全国／地域産業連関表の利用

本研究の目的は，産業連関表（IO: Input-Output table）を用いて，エネルギー技術導入による社会経済影響を，県内，県外，国外を区別して推計する汎用性の高い方法を議論することである。差分IOモデルと２地域間IOモデルは，公表されている地域IOと全国IOから作成されており，どちらのモデルも２つの地域の産業構造を反映しながら３地域の社会経済影響を区分して分析することができる。この二つのモデルの比較分析は，山梨県を事例として，エネルギー技術の製造，建設，維持管理段階に強く関連する部門を対象とした。その結果，建設，維持管理段階では推計結果に大きな差は見られなかったが，製造段階では２地域間IOモデルの方が差分IOモデルよりもやや大きい影響を示した。これは２地域間IOモデルが，はね返り需要を考慮することができ，その効果は他の産業よりも製造業の方が大きいためである。その一方で，差分IOモデルは，はね返り需要を考慮できないが，２地域間IOモデルよりも各地域の産業構造の差を簡単に考慮できる点から，社会経済影響の大枠を捉えるために有効である。

A Quantitative Analysis of Regional Income Determinants in Remote Island Economies: Generation and Application of the Regional Input-Output Table

A Quantitative Analysis of Regional Income Determinants in Remote Island Economies: Generation and Application of the Regional Input-Output Table

Catchment metabolism: Integrating natural capital in the asset management portfolio of the water sector

The policy of the water sector demands integrated and resilient asset management. The majority of current research focuses on urban or community asset systems. To provide a fully integrated approach, one needs to delineate the focus of asset management at a catchment scale, to include the natural capital. The research described in this paper introduces such an approach, with the Environmental Regional Input-Output (E-RIO) analysis at its core.The novelty of the work is the conceptualisation of a catchment as a complex asset system, comprising of multiple subsystems. This expands the application of Industrial Ecology and functional modelling techniques in Integrated Catchment Management and Water Accounting. The Catchment Metabolism modelling schema created in this paper serves asset, water resources and catchment management purposes. The schema forms the grounds for structured collaboration among experts for integrated water resources planning and decision-making. In this paper the process of creating the modelling schema along with the techniques used are presented. A ‘live’ industrial example from the UK water sector (Poole Harbour Catchment) is used to demonstrate its application.

Assessing the Economic Impacts of Local Food System Producers by Scale

Policy makers and economic developers are increasingly interested in the impacts of local food systems, yet attempts to obtain accurate estimates are often complicated by a lack of available data. Utilizing a unique data set from producers in New York, the authors examine the extent of differential purchasing and sales patterns for small-scale direct agriculture (SDA) producers. The supplemental data are integrated into a regional input–output model to assess the total effects and distributional implications of equivalent policies targeted to agriculture sectors. The authors demonstrate that SDA producers have different expenditure patterns than other agricultural producers and, for equivalent policy shocks targeted toward agriculture industry expansion, have lower total employment and output impacts but higher effects on labor income and total value added than non-SDA producers. The results underscore the importance of collecting appropriate data for analysis and outline the local economic benefits of small-scale local food system participants.

Assessing carbon dioxide emission reduction potentials of improved manufacturing processes using multiregional input output frameworks

Evaluating innovative process technologies has become highly important within the last decades. As standard tools different Life Cycle Assessment methods have been established, which are continuously improved. While those are designed for evaluating single processes they run into difficulties when it comes to assessing environmental impacts of process innovations at macroeconomic level. In this paper we develop a multi-step evaluation framework building on multi regional input–output data that allows estimating macroeconomic impacts of new process technologies, considering the network characteristics of the global economy.Our procedure is as follows: i) we measure differences in material usage of process alternatives, ii) we identify where the standard processes are located within economic networks and virtually replace those by innovative process technologies, iii) we account for changes within economic systems and evaluate impacts on emissions.Within this paper we exemplarily apply the methodology to two recently developed innovative technologies: longitudinal large diameter steel pipe welding and turning of high-temperature resistant materials. While we find the macroeconomic impacts of very specific process innovations to be small, its conclusions can significantly differ from traditional process based approaches. Furthermore, information gained from the methodology provides relevant additional insights for decision makers extending the picture gained from traditional process life cycle assessment.

<b>日本の地域産業連関表作成の現状と課題 </b>

<b>日本の地域産業連関表作成の現状と課題 </b>

Evaluating the FLQ and AFLQ formulae for estimating regional input coefficients: empirical evidence for the province of Córdoba, Argentina

ABSTRACTThis paper uses survey-based data of the Argentinian province of Córdoba to conduct an empirical test of the performance of the Flegg's location quotient (FLQ) and augmented FLQ (AFLQ) formulae for estimating regional input coefficients. A comparison is made with conventional methods based on location quotients. The possibility of using prior information about the extent of self-sufficiency of particular sectors is explored. The empirical work employs a range of statistical criteria with contrasting properties, and examines performance in terms of each method's ability to estimate regional input coefficients, output multipliers and imports. Particular attention is paid to the problem of choosing a value for the unknown parameter δ in the FLQ and AFLQ formulae. These formulae are found to give the best overall results of the non-survey methods considered in the paper. However, the AFLQ typically produces slightly more accurate results than the FLQ, in line with the findings of previous studies.

Economic impact of cruise industry using regional input–output analysis: a case study of Incheon

Asian countries are witnessing a newly emerging cruise industry. This study presents a methodology for estimating various aspects of the cruise industry’s economic impact using regional input–output (I-O) analysis. The methodology is applied to a study of the Port of Incheon (POI) that highlights the effects on both the regional and national economies as well as the interaction between the two regarding production induction, employment, and value added. The effects are analyzed under both the current situation and a scenario that includes development of shopping centers and amenities in Incheon in the future. The overall economic impact of the cruise sector on Incheon is relatively small compared to the impact on well-established cruise markets. This is because POI functions as a port of call for cruise lines, instead of a base port or home port, and earns cruise-related revenue mostly from the expenditures of passengers and crews. Moreover, cruise ship visits to POI mostly benefit the Seoul economy in terms of added value and job creation. The development scenario provides much greater economic benefits to Incheon and therefore justifies future development by POI and the city government.

Estimating the economic impact of a port through regional input–output tables: Case study of the Port of Cartagena (Spain)

In this article we estimate the economic impact of the Port of Cartagena on the economy of the Region of Murcia by using a regional input–output table, and by separating port activity related to freight traffic from that linked to passengers (cruises). In 2011, the Port of Cartagena generated an activity estimated at about 3.81 per cent of regional GVA, and 2.11 per cent of regional employment. In relation to 2000, these figures represent an increase of 1.1 per cent in GVA and 0.1 per cent in employment. Compared with the large economic impact of freight-related activities, the impact of cruise tourism expenditure is relatively low, suggesting the need of new business lines to be taken into account. Investments on cruise docks and terminals, or the possibility of transforming Cartagena into a home port might be a good chance to attract more cruise passengers and increase economic impact of the cruise industry.

Dynamic integrated assessment of bioenergy technologies for energy production utilizing agricultural residues: An input–output approach

In order to facilitate regional agricultural residue utilization for energy production through bioenergy technologies, a dynamic input–output model is developed to estimate and assess the energy, economic and environmental performances of industrialization of five bioenergy technologies within a 15-year time horizon. Electricity and solid, gaseous and liquid biofuels are energy products of bioenergy technologies. Bioenergy technologies are complemented into regional input–output framework and combined with socioeconomic activities aided by their bottom-up economic and energy parameters. The simulation results for the target area indicate that the agricultural residues available for bioenergy technologies could amount to 55.16million t, facilitating to 8.38 million t coal-equivalent bioenergy production by 2025. A 3.1% net reduction in accumulative greenhouse gas emission compared with the “business as usual” case could be achieved owing to substitution of fossil energy with electricity and biofuels produced by bioenergy technologies. From energy production, economic benefits and greenhouse gas mitigation three aspects integratedly, direct-combustion power generation and briquette fuel are more advantageous in the target area. The quantified energy, economic and environmental performances of bioenergy technologies are expected to give recommendations for their industrial development.

Socio-economic impacts of community wind power projects in Northern Scotland

The production renewable energy is a promising sector for social enterprises located in the remote northern communities of Scotland. Community wind power offers a way to generate resources to be re-invested in local development purposes, such as community businesses, social services and infrastructure and communications. In this study, a regional input–output modelling is applied to the analysis of the socio-economic impacts of 11 wind farms of community-based social enterprises located in the Outer Hebrides, Shetland and Orkney. The results show significant socio-economic benefits of re-investing revenues for social purposes. For instance, strategic re-investments of revenues in local social services generate about tenfold additional employment and income impact compared with the impact of wind power production. Our socio-economic analyses find that community-based social enterprises are one promising solution for place-based regional development in the European northern periphery.

Socio-economic impacts of a local bioenergy-based development strategy – The case of Pielinen Karelia, Finland

The regional bioeconomy has great importance for generating socio-economic impacts, especially in sparsely populated resource peripheries. The benefits include increased employment and income and improved security of supply. In this study, the modified regional input–output model of North Karelia, Finland is applied for analysing the socio-economic impacts of a bioenergy-based local development strategy. The results indicate significant socio-economic benefits of a local development strategy based on bioenergy. This benefit is corroborated by approximately 12 million euros in annual income impacts and 280 personnel working years in the district. New stimuli in a currently declining municipality could potentially break negative path dependency. New bioenergy and bioeconomic developments are promising solutions for the construction of place-based regional development in resource peripheries.

The costs and benefits of early-stage business tax credits: a case study of two US states

Tax credits for investment in early stage business are a common policy measure aimed at fostering innovation and entrepreneurship. Although credits can theoretically play an important role in offsetting risk and boosting early-stage investment, there are few empirical findings to back the theory. This paper adds to the debate by looking at two US tax credit programs: those of Maryland and Wisconsin. The net economic impact of these states' programs is estimated using the regional input–output modeling system (RIMS II).

Economic Impact Analysis amid Rapid Change

This article examines issues in conducting economic impact analyses in regions undergoing substantial or rapid transformations. Economic impact analysis methods, like many other analytical techniques, are predicated on economic stability, yet commonly are applied to situations that violate this condition with little consideration of the implications. Special attention is paid to regional input–output modeling because of its prevalence in economic impact studies and susceptibility to distortions. Advice and suggestions for practitioners and educators teaching analytical techniques are discussed. Military communities in the United States impacted by the 2005 round of base realignments provide illustrative examples and applications.

Using Charm to Adjust for Cross-Hauling: The Case of the Province of Hubei, China

Data for the Chinese province of Hubei are used to assess the performance of Kronenberg's Cross-Hauling Adjusted Regionalization Method (CHARM), a method that takes explicit account of cross-hauling when constructing regional input–output tables. A key determinant of cross-hauling is held to be the heterogeneity of commodities, which is estimated using national data. However, contrary to the authors’ findings for Finland, CHARM does not generate reliable estimates of Hubei's sectoral exports, imports and volume of trade, although it is more successful in estimating sectoral supply multipliers. The poor simulations of regional trade are attributed to the fact that Hubei is a relatively small region, where there is a large divergence between regional and national technology and pattern of final demand. The simulation errors are decomposed into components reflecting differences between regional and national technology, final demand and heterogeneity. The third component is found to be the least important of the three sources of error.

Estimating the economic impact of a mega-event on host and neighbouring regions

Although mega-events impact the host region, as well as, neighbouring regions, geographical distribution of the economic impact of mega-events is mostly neglected in the literature. To address this gap, this study estimated the economic impact of the Expo 2012 Yeosu Korea (BIE International Expo) on the host and neighbouring regions using a regional input–output model. Results indicate that visitors to the Yeosu Expo spent US$388 million in the host region and $105 million in the neighbouring regions. These expenditures generated $658 million in output impact, $162 million in income impact, $361 million in value-added impact, and 19,029 added jobs. Findings suggest that approximately 80% of the impacts are generated in the host region and 20% experienced by the neighbouring regions. The distribution of economic impacts between the host and neighbouring regions should be considered when discussing mega-event impacts.

An Application of the Hybrid Approach to Constructing Regional Input-Output Tables: Case of İzmir, Turkey

The hybrid approach to constructing regional I-O tables is cost efficient and relatively reliable. Even though road maps as to how to prepare regional tables are available, it is important to share experiences to reveal practical pitfalls. Also, it is necessary to assess whether additional information provided by regional I-O tables is worth the effort. This study details the preparation of the 2008 IZKA Izmir Table, a regional I-O table constructed for Izmir region. The important sectors implied by the regional I-O table are compared to IZKA’s (Izmir Regional Development Agency) previous analysis of the region to reveal the contributions of the regional table to the understanding of the region.

지역산업연관모델을 이용한 크루즈관광의 경제적 파급효과 분석

The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic impacts of Chinese incentive cruise tourists on three ports of call(Busan, Jeju, and Yeosu) using regional Input-Output (I-O) model. An onsite survey was conducted for 1,000 Chinese incentive cruise tourists to estimate per capita expenditure. Also, tourism sectoral multipliers were derived from the regional I-O tables for three ports of call in terms of output, income, value added, indirect tax, and employment. The survey results indicate that per capita expenditure for Chinese cruise tourists was estimated to be 1.15 million Won and spending on shopping represented the largest amount with 82.7% of per capita expenditure. The results of regional I-O models reveal that Chinese cruise tourism generated 21.7 billion Won of output impact, 5.6 billion Won of income impact, 12.7 billion Won of value-added impact, 0.6 billion Won of tax impact, and 564 jobs of employment impact, respectively. Busan generated the largest economic impact, followed by Jeju and Yeosu(Jeonnam).

Evaluating the water footprint of the energy supply of Liaoning Province, China: A regional input–output analysis approach

Water and energy are important resources for regional economies and are inextricably and reciprocally linked. Global water and energy demand will increase significantly by 2030 while climate change will worsen water availability. Thus, it is important to ensure a sustainable energy supply despite the increasing severity of water resource constraints. Numerous studies have analyzed water requirements to produce energy from production perspectives. However, energy is generally supplied by both internal and external producers. Thus, it is necessary to consider the availability of water to produce energy from consumption perspectives also. We evaluate the water footprint of the energy supply of Liaoning Province, China. We apply the standard top-down approach using an input–output framework. We estimate the water footprint of the energy supply of Liaoning Province at 854millionm3 in 2002, with 47% of water used for electricity and heating. Our results reveal that energy supply could depend on water resources in neighboring provinces; external producers met 80% of the water footprint of energy supply, although only 35% of energy supply was imported. If Liaoning Province decreased its external dependency, withdrawal of available water resources within the province would increase from 86% to 91%. To guarantee future regional energy security, it is important to manage water resources effectively through water-efficient electricity generation and by allocating water resources among sectors.

Economic Impacts of Rail Transit on Recreational Shore Communities: Case of the north Jersey Coast line

This study estimated the impact of spending by North Jersey Coast Line (NJCL) riders during summer weekends on the economies of the Jersey Shore communities known for beach-oriented recreational activities. The NJCL is a commuter rail line that provides many workers with access to their workplaces on weekdays throughout the year. The line also provides a large number of recreational visitors from New York City and other parts of New Jersey with direct access to the Jersey Shore communities on summer weekends. To estimate the economic benefits to the shore communities from spending by NJCL riders on summer weekends, this study used a software program (R/ECON) regional input–output (I-O) model developed by the Rutgers Economic Advisory Service of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Visitor expenditure data from an onboard survey of NJCL riders were used as model inputs. The survey was conducted during the summer of 2013 and was completed by 2,241 riders returning from the shore area. The R/ECON I-O model provided estimates of economic benefits to the shore communities in terms of jobs, earnings, gross domestic product, state taxes, and local taxes. The model also generated return-on-investment multipliers for these variables. The study showed that the $14.8 million spent by NJCL riders on summer weekends in the shore communities generated approximately 225 annualized jobs, more than $9 million in earnings, and more than $1 million in state taxes. More than 80% of the economic benefit was generated by out-of-state visitor spending.