Regional Human Development Index Research Articles

Global Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents

Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence is a global health issue associated with adverse outcomes throughout the life course. To estimate worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents from 2000 to 2023 and to assess potential risk factors for and comorbidities of obesity. MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane. The inclusion criteria were: (1) studies provided adequate information, (2) diagnosis based on body mass index cutoffs proposed by accepted references, (3) studies performed on general population between January 2000 and March 2023, (4) participants were younger than 18 years. The current study was performed in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model with Free-Tukey double arcsine transformation was used for data analysis. Sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and subgroup analysis of obesity among children and adolescents were conducted. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents assessed by World Health Organization, International Obesity Task Force, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or other national references. A total of 2033 studies from 154 different countries or regions involving 45 890 555 individuals were included. The overall prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents was 8.5% (95% CI 8.2-8.8). We found that the prevalence varied across countries, ranging from 0.4% (Vanuatu) to 28.4% (Puerto Rico). Higher prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents was reported in countries with Human Development Index scores of 0.8 or greater and high-income countries or regions. Compared to 2000 to 2011, a 1.5-fold increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed in 2012 to 2023. Substantial differences in rates of obesity were noted when stratified by 11 risk factors. Children and adolescents with obesity had a high risk of depression and hypertension. The pooled estimates of overweight and excess weight in children and adolescents were 14.8% (95% CI 14.5-15.1) and 22.2% (95% CI 21.6-22.8), respectively. This study's findings indicated 1 of 5 children or adolescents experienced excess weight and that rates of excess weight varied by regional income and Human Development Index. Excess weight among children and adolescents was associated with a mix of inherent, behavioral, environmental, and sociocultural influences that need the attention and committed intervention of primary care professionals, clinicians, health authorities, and the general public.

Analisis Pengaruh PDRB, Tingkat Pengangguran dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Diprovinsi Lampung Tahun 2021-2021

This research aims to analyze the relationship between Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), unemployment rate, and Human Development Index (HDI) with the poverty rate in Lampung Province during the 2021-2021 period. The data used is secondary data obtained from various official sources. Statistical analysis methods, including correlation and regression analysis, are used to test the relationship between these variables. The research results show that there is a relationship between GRDP, unemployment rate, HDI, and poverty rate in Lampung Province. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of economic and social development policy at the regional level.

Model Based Clustering for Regency/City Grouping Based on Community Welfare Indicators in North Sumatra

This thesis aims to apply model-based clustering in grouping regencies/cities in North Sumatra based on Community Welfare Indicators to determine the number of groups (clusters) formed based on community welfare indicators in regencies/cities in North Sumatra and to understand the level of community welfare from this grouping in planning and managing community welfare in regencies/cities in North Sumatra, with the hope of achieving equal welfare in every region. The research method used is Model-Based Clustering, which uses 5 research data variables: HDI, Poor Population, Unemployment Rate, GDP, and Health. In this millennial era, the assessment of community welfare requires more attention. Rapid social, technological, and environmental changes have created new dynamics that can affect community welfare. The evaluation of community welfare is not only limited to economic parameters but also considers health, unemployment, and other factors. By using Model-Based Clustering, it is possible to determine the optimal number of groups (clusters) from various and possibly correlated variables, and the results are easier to understand, making the analysis and understanding of the results easier. Readers can learn about the level of community welfare, and the community and government can evaluate their welfare for future improvements. The research results show that among the groups of regencies/cities formed, five cities consistently show lower Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) and Human Development Index (HDI) than other cities. Therefore, a sustainable approach is needed to improve these cities' economic conditions and social welfare.

PENGARUH DANA DESA, PRODUK DOMESTIK REGIONAL BRUTO DAN INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA TERHADAP KEMISKINAN DI 23 KABUPATEN/KOTA PROVINSI ACEH

The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of village funds, gross regional domestic product and human development index on poverty in 23 regencies/cities of Aceh Province. Using a panel data approach from 2016 to 2022 in 23 Regencies/Cities of Aceh province. From testing the selected panel model, namely the Random Effect Model (REM), the research results show that village funds partially have a positive and significant effect on the number of poor people in 23 regencies/cities of Aceh Province, the GRDP variable has a significant positive effect on the number of poor people in 23 regencies/cities. Aceh Province, and the HDI variable has a significant negative effect on the number of poor people in 23 districts/cities in Aceh province. Simultaneous test results state that simultaneously the variables village funds, GRDP, and HDI influence the number of poor people in 23 districts/cities in Aceh province.

Regional temperature extremes and vulnerability under net zero CO2 emissions

Signatories to the Paris Agreement have pledged to keep global warming to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and preferably below 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Beyond over-shooting Paris Agreement warming levels followed by net negative emissions, achieving a state of net zero carbon dioxide emissions is required to satisfy Paris Agreement warming goals. Research on climate changes under net zero CO2 emissions is very limited to date with no comprehensive analysis of changes in extremes. In this study, we use results from Earth System Models in the zero emissions commitment model intercomparison project to understand regional mean-state climate change patterns during a 100 year period following carbon dioxide emissions cessation. We also perform an initial study of the evolution of hot and cold monthly temperature extremes after net zero CO2 emissions, including an assessment of how the change in frequency of temperature extremes affects areas of different levels of socioeconomic development based on regional Human Development Index (HDI). The results show that most land regions experience a fast and continuous cooling response following emissions cessation, with large areas of significant model agreement. In contrast, the Southern Ocean continues warming over the century after emissions cessation. The frequency of land-based local monthly high temperature extremes generally stays constant or decreases during the century after emissions cessation, however, decreases in heat extreme frequencies are generally less for locations with lower modern HDI than areas with higher HDI which suggests that inequality of climate change will remain an issue even after net zero CO2 emissions. There is an evident emergence of local monthly cold extremes following emissions cessation with most significant impact over high HDI mid- and high-latitude land regions.

Analisis Pengaruh Rasio Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Di Kabupaten Tanah Bumbu, Kotabaru dan Tanah Laut Periode (2010-2020)

The purpose of this study is to analyze how the Regional Financial Independence Ratio, Economic Growth, and Human Development index of Tanah Bumbu, Kotabaru, and Tanah Laut have an effect on the Tanah Bumbu, Kotabaru, and Tanah Laut and analyze how the Economic Growth affects the Human Development Index in of Tanah Bumbu, Kotabaru, and Tanah Laut. This study uses regional financial independence, linear panel data regression, classical assumption test, and hypothesis testing. The results of this study indicate that the ratio of regional financial independence partially has a significant adverse effect on the Human Development Index (HDI); the test results show that the probability count is 0.0549>0.05. Meanwhile, economic growth partially has a significant positive effect on the human development index (HDI). The test results show that the probability value of count is 0.0033<0.05.

Analysis of spatial differences in global regional human development index under planetary pressure and decomposition study of driving factors

To urge nations worldwide to implement robust measures for enhancing human development and mitigating the pressures exerted on the planet by human activities in pursuit of sustainable development, this study encompasses 154 countries globally, using the seven major regions as focal points. Leveraging the Planetary Pressure Adjusted Human Development Index (PHDI) proposed by the United Nations Development Programme on December 15, 2020, as a metric for human development levels, this paper aims to standardize and internationally compare human development data from 1990 to 2021. Subsequently, employing the Theil index, the study assesses the global human development status across the seven regions to analyze spatial disparities in PHDI. Lastly, a comprehensive Generalized Diese Index Method (GDIM) is constructed to accurately reflect absolute and latent factors, dissecting the driving forces impacting global PHDI. The study explores critical pathways for high-quality human development within the harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. It validates the robustness of GDIM results through a stepwise regression. Research findings indicate varying levels of PHDI development across regions, with a distinct spatial hierarchy evolving: higher human development levels in Europe and Eastern Europe, favorable levels in North and South America, similar levels in Oceania and Asia, and significant improvement potential in Africa. As globalization progresses, overall differences in PHDI gradually decrease; however, disparities persist between and within regions. Economic, technological, and per capita welfare effects consistently positively drive PHDI. In contrast, environmental pressure effects, social effects, per capita value-added effects, and output carbon intensity effects consistently exert hostile driving forces. Population size effects on PHDI show a fluctuating trend. Moreover, in terms of cumulative contribution values, the top three contributors to driving forces are economic, technological, and per capita welfare effects.

The Influence of Expenditure Capital Level, Regional Dependence Level and Independence Level on Growth of The Regional Human Development Index

The goal of this study is to determine the relationship between the human development index and the quantity of regional capital investment, the degree of regional dependence, and the degree of regional financial independence. The Human Development Index (HDI) is the dependent variable, whereas the degree of regional financial independence, the degree of regional financial interdependence, and the degree of capital spending are independent factors. The panel data analysis in this study makes use of the fixed effect model (FEM) methodology. The results show that the degree of regional financial dependence, degree of regional financial independence, and degree of capital investment all considerably and favorably influence the Human Development Index (HDI). It partially depicts how the degrees of regional financial dependence, financial independence, and capital spending have a significant and beneficial impact on the Human Development Index (HDI).

Role of Education in relation with the Gross Domestic Product, Human Development Index and Poverty Rate in East Java

This research was purposed to know the role of education and to analyze the relationships of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and Human Development Index (HDI) on poverty rate in East Java Province. The used research method was quantitative research. This research used secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics of East Java. The data were analyzed by using panel data regression analysis with Fixed Effect Model (FEM) estimation and the aid of EViews 9.0 application program. The research result showed that PDRB and HDI variables affected simultaneously poverty rate in East Java Province from 2010 to 2016 that was 97.8506%. GRDP variable affected partially poverty rate that was -0.251899, and HDI variable affected partially as well poverty rate that was -1.868236. To support the increment of human development index (HDI), it is necessary to enhance the role of education. It is generally accepted that a person's HDI income level will improve as their degree of education increases. This is achievable due to the fact that educated people tend to be more productive overall.

Analysis of the Effect of Gross Regional Domestic Product and Human Development Index on Poverty in North Sumatra 2013 – 2022

This study The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the Gross Regional Domestic Product and the Human Development Index on Poverty in North Sumatra in 2013-2022. The data used in this study is quantitative data sourced from secondary data obtained from the official website of the Central Government. Central Bureau of Statistics of North Sumatra. The method used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis with the help of e-views 10 software. The results show that GRDP has a negative and insignificant effect on Poverty in North Sumatra in 2013 - 2022, while HDI has a positive and insignificant effect on Poverty in Sumatra North in 2013 - 2022.

The Effect of Natural Disaster on Regional Economic Growth, Unemployment, Poverty, and Human Development Index in Thirty Indonesian Provinces

Purpose The objective of this research is to identify the effects of natural disasters on several variables. The impacts were analyzed both directly and indirectly. Design/methodology/approach Using Partial Least Squares, natural disaster, regional economic growth, poverty, unemployment, and human development index as the variables with their own indicators. Findings This study finds that the direct effects of natural disasters are a significant reduction in regional economic growth, an insignificant increase in poverty, and a significant increase in unemployment. Furthermore, natural disaster have varying results in indirect effects. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this research is the use of natural disasters which only involves three types of natural disasters, as well as thirty provinces in Indonesia. Originality/value This study uses regional economic growth, unemployment, and poverty variables as intervening variables to determine the effect of natural disasters on the human development index which there are still not many similar studies on the disaster economics approach.

Old but Resilient Story: Impact of Decentralization on Social Welfare

This paper analyzes the fiscal performance of Turkey and Argentina during the period 2000–2021, when both countries faced rapid economic growth with the consequent impact on social welfare. This work explored two different systems: Centralization in Turkey and Federalism in Argentina and, in general, studied the decentralization impact of both the systems on social welfare. This study intended to create new social welfare indexes in other regions to analyze the resource allocation in different regions of these countries. As a first step, we built a regional human development index (HDI) for each region. This attempt is considered a new contribution to the literature and intended to fill the gap in this field. Afterward, this index was compared with the fiscal resources allocation (FRA), used as a proxy of fiscal decentralization in an econometric panel data model. By using this method, we concluded that the social welfare indexes have a positive relationship with the fiscal resource allocation in the Federal system, such as in Argentina, but not in the centralized system such as in Turkey during the period analyzed from 2000 to 2020.

Exploratory Analysis of Regional Disparities in Human Development in Cameroon

The objective of this paper is to analyze the link between geographic location and the level of human development in Cameroon. To achieve that objective, we use Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) techniques on regional human development indices (HDI) in Cameroon from 2001 to 2014. The Moran test confirms the presence of a positive and significant global spatial autocorrelation of the regional human development indices. Thus, the values of the regional human development index in Cameroon are not randomly distributed. There is thus spatial clustering of regions with similar HDI levels. The spatial dependence of the regional HDI in Cameroon suggests cooperation and synergy of action by the regions within the framework of their competences resulting from decentralization, in order to take advantage of the spatial diffusion effects of human development. The Cameroonian government could pursue geo-targeting policies in the implementation of development programs, focusing on regions where spatial externalities would have a greater impact.

Driving Factors of Regional Human Development Index (HDI) in Tomini Bay

Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the current measurements in identifying social welfare of a region. Tomini Bay is located in the world’s heart coral triangle and due to its tourism potential, provinces in the surrounding of Tomini Bay is estimated to experience increasing social welfare, especially the HDI level. This study further aims to estimate the driving factors of human development index (HDI) of provinces located in the surrounding of Tomini Bay, which includes North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and Gorontalo. This study uses regional level data of North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and Gorontalo within the year of 2010-2020 sourced from Statistics Indonesia. Furthermore, this study develops life expectancy rate, mean years of schooling, average years of schooling, expenditure per capita, unemployment rate, and poverty rate as the independent variables. This study employs fixed effect model ( FEM) panel data regression, specifically the Generalized Least Square (GLS) method. GLS estimates show that life expectancy rate, mean years of schooling, expenditure per capita, and poverty rate significantly increases HDI, while unemployment rate significantly decrease HDI of North Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and Gorontalo. Implications of the study recommends regional government to formulate policies which encourages the increase of economic growth, income level, and accessibility on education and health sectors to further increase regional HDI. Keywords: HDI, mean years of schooling, expenditure per capita, unemployment rate, and poverty rate. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/13-14-02 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

The tools of convergence theory in economic science and practice of regional policy in Ukraine

Modern economic approaches to understanding the impact of disparities on the economic development of the regions of Ukraine are analyzed. The study was conducted using elements of convergence theory. The study was based on gross regional product (GRP) per capita and the Gini coefcient by region for the period 2004 - 2019. Absolute convergence was chosen as the methodological basis. Sigma and beta convergence methods were used to determine the trend of convergence of economic indicators between regions. The dynamics of inequality of the Ukraine regions development in the period from 2004 to 2019 was tested: the years in which regional policy was conducted in the absence of strategic planning (2004 - 2005) and with its use (2006-2019). It is established that sigma convergence processes were not observed during the analyzed period, as evidenced by the upward trend in the values of the calculated coefcient of variation and Gini coefcient. The reliability of the obtained results is confrmed by data obtained from other sources of information (Regional Human Development Index, data from the Ministry of Development of Communities and Territories of Ukraine). The calculation of the Gini forecast coefcient until 2027 did not confrm the decrease in the differentiation of the regions of Ukraine in the forecast period. The calculations showed that the average region needs 14.6 years to cover half of the distance that separates it from the steady state, which corresponds to a convergence rate of 3.37% per year. It was found that the current regional policy identifed trends in the study and developed forecasts are not taken into account, which complicates the achievement of the goal set in the State Strategy for Regional Development until 2027. It was found that the results do not allow conclusions about the effectiveness of regional policy. Therefore, further research is needed, in particular the identifcation and calculation of variables that reflect the impact of regional policy on regional imbalances. It is also advisable to take into account and check the presence of "club" convergence, i.e. by groups of regions within the country. Key words: convergence, regions, regional policy, development strategy, forecasting, level of development, economic growth, efficiency.

Geospatial and temporal estimation of climatic, end-use demands, and socioeconomic drivers of energy consumption in the residential sector in Ecuador

It is widely acknowledged that the drivers for energy consumption in the residential sector are ambient temperature, energy demand, population density, and socio-economic conditions. However, there are no studies in the literature assessing the temporal and spatial distribution of these drivers for a region or country. The decision-making process of the energy transition will be enhanced by using geospatial-resolved and temporal-explicit energy consumption drivers. This study estimates the climatic, end-use demands, and socio-economic drivers of energy consumption in the residential sector of Ecuador at a high spatio-temporal resolution between 2010 and 2020. This research uses publicly available datasets to calculate seven energy consumption drivers in the residential sector of Ecuador: (1) calibrated gridded population density at 1 km2 resolution; (2) validated gridded space heating demand at 1 km2 resolution; (3) validated gridded space cooling demand at 1 km2 resolution; (4) validated gridded water heating demand at 1 km2 resolution; (5) calibrated gridded gross domestic product at 1 km2 resolution; (6) calibrated gridded gross domestic product per capita at 1 km2 resolution; and (7) calibrated regional human development index, at city level. Disaggregation of the drivers at a high spatial resolution for the entire country in a range of 10 years was considered. The final high-1 km2 resolution results can be used for the evaluation of different energy policies in terms of long-term planning and in techno-economic modelling of energy systems and decarbonisation pathways.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF HDI, GRDP, AND MINIMUM WAGES ON POVERTY IN CENTRAL JAVA FOR THE PERIOD OF 2011-2020

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Gross Regional Domestic Product, Minimum Wage and Human Development Index partially or simultaneously on the poverty level in the Regency/City of Central Java Province (2011-2020). This study uses secondary data covering 35 districts or cities in Central Java Province based on cross section data and from 2011 to 2020 on time series data. The analytical method used is panel data regression analysis with Random Effect Model (REM) or Generalized Least Square (GLS). The results showed that simultaneously GRDP, UMK, HDI and Population had an effect on the level of poverty in Central Java Province. While partially (1) GRDP has a significant negative effect on the level of poverty in Central Java Province; (2) MSE has no effect on the poverty level in Central Java Province; (3) HDI has a significant negative effect on the poverty level in Central Java Province.

PENGARUH INVESTASI, TINGKAT HUNIAN DAN RETRIBUSI DAERAH TERHADAP PAD DAN IPM KABUPATEN/KOTA DI PROVINSI BALI

Being popular tourist destinations encourages Bali to always strive for welfare of its people that can be seen from Human Development Index. Purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of investment, hotel occupancy rates and local user fees on regional original income and development indices and find out local revenue mediate in effect of investment, hotel occupancy rates, regional user fees on human development index in Bali. Secondary data with 72 observations using path analysis was used. Results showed, investment had no significant effect on regional original income, hotel occupancy rates and regional fees had significant effect on regional original income and human development index, regional retribution had no significant effect on the human development index. Local own income mediates the effect of hotel occupancy rates and local user fees on the human development index, while regional own income doesnot mediates effect of investment on human development index.
 Keywords:investment, hotel occupancy rate, regional retribution, local original income, and human development index

Efisiensi Belanja Pemerintah Terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Secara Regional di Indonesia

This study analyzed the efficient level for Government expenditure on the regional Human Development Index (HDI) in Indonesia in 2014-2018. This study used panel data with the number of DMUs in 34 provinces in Indonesia, while the input variable was government spending in the health, education, economy, social protection sectors, and the output variable was the human development index for 2014-2018. This study used Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) testing and focused on input (input-oriented) by using the assumption of Variable Return to Scale (VRS). The results showed that only 14 provinces were efficient in using Government Expenditures to increase HDI, but 20 provinces were inefficient in using Government Expenditures to increase HDI. Thus it is hoped that all provinces, especially those who were inefficient, can improve their performance in the use of government expenditure budgets that have been used in increasing the HDI value and the government can make decisions or policies in the problem of achieving the HDI value for each province in Indonesia.

ЕКОНОМІКО-МАТЕМАТИЧНІ МЕТОДИ В АНАЛІЗІ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ГІДНОЇ ПРАЦІ В РЕГІОНАЛЬНОМУ КОНТЕКСТІ

The features of calculating the regional human development index in Ukraine at national level are discussed in this article. Research actuality is related to performing periodic evaluation of level of regional human development as a component of social and economic development of Ukraine with an eye to identification of tendencies and adjustments of strategic plans of development of separate regions. The stages of evolution of methodical approaches to the calculation of integral values of indexes of «Decent Work» block are considered. On certain indexes the estimation of working conditions is done. The graphic method RADAR is proposed to use when evaluating the level of regional human development. This method is used for determination of index of competitiveness of regions, and it is based on the calculation of area of the polygon built using the values of indexes. The index is calculated using indicators combined into six blocks (population reproduction; social status; comfortable life; welfare; decent work; education). The indicators of the “Decent Work” block (employment level of the population; unemployment rate; the part of workers whose salary is less than 1,5 of the subsistence minimums; the part of workers who work in conditions that do not meet sanitary and hygienic standards; the ratio of average and minimum salaries; the level of social insurance) are considered and the block is used to evaluate working conditions. The comparative analysis of the received results of calculation of index of regional human development is presented based on two methodical approaches: the simple sum of the standardized values of indexes and the RADAR method. The petalous diagrams are built for the regions-leaders and for outsiders, that were identified as such for investigated period using different methodical approaches. The research of the estimations of level of human development, which received using different methods, showed differences in rating of regions based on indexes of the «Decent Work» block. The results of the performed comparative analysis showed that the different economic and mathematical methods should be used for evaluation of the level of human development in order to justify the administrative decision regarding the further development of working conditions.