Regional Conflicts Research Articles

THE IMPACT OF THE US-CHINA-RUSSIA RIVALRY ON THE ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AT THE GLOBAL AND REGIONAL LEVELS

In the altering global political landscape, paradigm shifts in power balance always have repercussions on the established international order. In this regard, it has been witnessed in recent years that the US-China-Russia rivalry has significant implications for the architecture of international security at both global and regional levels. On one hand, China appears to have expressed discomfort with the US-centric global security framework and aspires to lead the reform of global security governance towards a new paradigm of 'partnership and mutually beneficial outcomes'. While China has supported Russia's interpretation of the conflict in Ukraine and views Russia as a potential ally in its narratives, there are inconsistencies in its stance towards Russia. This suggests that China's foreign and security policy, including the prospect of cooperation and confrontation, is still in the making. In contrast, the United States views China and Russia's support for oppressive regimes as counterproductive, while China and Russia view the United States' democracy and human rights promotion and military intervention in certain regions as problematic. However, there is potential for cooperation between the US and China in areas such as peacekeeping, promoting global stability, and reducing the risk of inadvertent escalation. Consequently, the evolving relationship between these three powers and their impact on the global security landscape highlight the need for a deeper understanding of their respective interests and the potential for cooperation or conflict in various regions. Thus, keeping these notions into consideration, this paper attempts to assess the global chessboard where these major powers engage in a multifarious struggle for dominance. For this, the research endeavours to shed light on the evolving nature of global security structures as well as how this tripartite power play influences security landscapes across the world. The paper seeks to offer a panoramic view of the contemporary international order, which is shaped and reshaped by the interplay of forces between the U.S., China, and Russia.

Multifaceted impacts of Ukraine’s Kakhovka Dam destruction

This study presents a rapid, spatially precise, and comprehensive assessment of the far-reaching impact resulting from the recent demolition of the Kakhovka Dam in Ukraine, leveraging multi-source high-resolution satellite imagery and advanced remote sensing techniques. The findings highlight the extensive downstream flooding (742.58 km2), which includes approximately 62,303 people exposed and 2,361 buildings submerged, with increased effects in buffer zones, and significant damage to 539.84 km2 of herbaceous wetlands in the Dnipro River area. Moreover, we observed a substantial reduction in water storage upstream (177.53 billion m3, approximately 97% of the reservoir’s capacity). Our estimates underscore the potential threat to downstream water supplies and the functioning of the Zaporizhzhia plant, the largest nuclear plant in Europe. Our research emphasizes the immediate need for coordinated action to manage the unfolding crisis and sets an example for future studies that use similar methodologies in conflict regions to enable rapid and effective responses.

Can China railway express enhance the economic-trade vitality of cities? A spatial empirical evidence from China

The process of globalization has encountered obstacles, with increasing regional conflicts and unforeseen events, posing greater challenges to global cooperation. Particularly, transportation bottlenecks are hindering international economic and trade activities and exerting significant pressure on economic recovery. In response to the principles of economic development, China introduced the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that targets to enhance economic and trade activities in the regions along the route. China Railway Express (CR Express) is an essential vehicle for the BRI, characterized by advantages such as convenience, safety, stability, and promotion of green economy. It serves as a necessary means for China to enhance economic and trade influence. This study conducts quantitative research utilizing a dataset from 287 prefecture-level Chinese cities, with a primary focus on examining the operational effects of the CR Express and deriving the following conclusions. Firstly, combining theoretical insights with practical experience, a comprehensive analytical framework was established, and an economic and trade vitality (ETV) index was constructed. The results showed that the ETV increased in over 43.9% of cities. Secondly, using a multi-temporal asymptotic spatial different-in-differences (SDID) model, we obtained that CR Express exhibited significant spatial spillover effects, making a substantial contribution to urban ETV. Thirdly, spatial heterogeneity detected that the intensity of CR Express policy effects varied across city types due to diverse patterns of economic development and consumption structures. Ultimately, mechanisms for the impact of CR Express on ETV was examined more precisely and an integrated five-sphere mechanism was proposed. The conclusions of this research enrich the vital connection between CR Express and urban ETV, providing managerial insights for both enterprises and governments seeking new development opportunities.

Lung Cancer Diagnoses and Outcomes During the Syrian War, 2011-2018

Protracted wars, which disproportionately affect low-resource countries, exacerbate the challenges faced by cancer care systems, with lung cancer being the most affected as the most fatal oncological condition. To characterize the presentation and survival of patients with lung cancer during the decade-long Syrian war. This cohort study included patients at a large oncology center in Syria during the first 8 years of the Syrian armed conflict (2011-2018). All patients with a new diagnosis of lung cancer were included. Variables investigated included histological subtypes, TNM classification (tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis), and staging at diagnosis as well as the yearly follow-ups up to 5 years after presentation. The Syrian war divided the country into temporary regions with different political influences and heterogeneously impacted health care accessibility among these regions. Change in prevalence of advanced lung cancer cases at presentation; change in overall survival odds. The study included 5160 patients from all Syrian governorates (mean [SD] age, 59.6 [10.8] years; 4399 men [85.3%]). New diagnoses sharply declined during the first 3 years of the war, with partial recovery afterward. Regardless of their tempo-geographical regions, 60% to 80% of the yearly diagnoses presented with metastases. The 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 13.1% (423 of 3238 patients with follow-up results) and 0.1% (2 of 1853 patients), respectively. Patients who presented from regions more involved in the armed conflicts showed poorer survival rates with odds ranging between 0.51 (95% CI, 0.44-0.59) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.49-0.74) across follow-ups for up to 2 years in comparison with patients presenting from safer regions. War-related health care inaccessibility explained a greater percentage of the variability in survival (Nagelkerke R2 = 7.5%; P < .001) than both patients' age and the stage of the disease combined (Nagelkerke R2 = 3.9%; P < .001). The Syrian war has been associated with a marked decline in the management of patients with lung cancer, with limited access to specialized care, delayed diagnoses, and substantial decrease in survival rates correlating with the intensity of armed conflict in the respective regions. The profound repercussions of the prolonged armed conflict on patients with lung cancer in Syria necessitates urgent comprehensive strategies to improve the accessibility and quality of health care services, especially in conflict-ridden zones.

Indonesia’s Roles in Myanmar’s Rohingya Crisis: Through the Lens of Public Diplomacy

Myanmar's Rohingya crisis is one of the intractable conflicts in South East Asia that has been unsolved until now. The Rohingya, as a minority group in Myanmar, suffer from human rights violations by the majority Buddhist Rakhine population with central government support. In effect, many of them fled to neighboring countries, such as Thailand, India,Indonesia and Nepal, and other countries across the region (UN Refugees, 2022). Indonesia, as one of the founding members of ASEAN, thinks that ASEAN must solve this conflict, but the obstacle faced by ASEAN is the non-intervention principle. With the differences in ideology and national interest of ASEAN member states, this conflict is not to be the utmost priority by the ASEAN Members. Indonesia gave attention to Myanmar’s Rohingya crisis since the crisis emerged in 1948 at the same time Myanmar gained independence from Great Britain. As an ASEAN host this year, Indonesia intensified its role to be a peace broker through shuttle diplomacy and engaging key players in Myanmar. Indonesia realized that this conflict must be solved by bringing to the table the key players in Myanmar’s Rohingya conflict. This conflict matters for Indonesia, because of achance for Indonesia to be portrayed as one of the countries that enhance its reputation and want to revive its glory moment in the Soeharto era that can solve regional conflict. Public diplomacy will be used in this paper by seeing the efforts of the Indonesian government, especially during President Jokowi's second term. As Joseph S. Nye said &lt;&lt;soft power is the ability to affect others to obtain the outcomes one wants through attraction rather than coercion or payment&gt;&gt;, we can see the Indonesia effort through shuttle diplomacy, implementation of the Five-Point Consensus on Myanmar, and humanitarian aid to solve this conflict. The capacity of Indonesia to be an honest peace broker is natural because of the resources that Indonesia had in several areas, particularly in political and economic areas.

An uncertainty theory based tri-objective behavioral portfolio selection model with loss aversion and reference level using a modified evolutionary root system growth algorithm

The outbreak of uncertain events, e.g., financial crisis, regional conflict and abrupt contagion, has a significant impact on residents’ income. Hence, the wealth management and portfolio selection become more and more important. In addition, the behavioral finance believes that decision-making process of the investors not only depend on utility maximization, but also on who to compare with. It differs from the traditional finance based on rational cognitive acquiring and decision-making of agents, in this paper, we consider both investment uncertainty and investment utility with reference level for portfolio selection. First, we introduce the uncertainty theory and loss aversion utility with reference level based on behavioral finance. Then we study an uncertain multi-period portfolio selection problem. Moreover, we formulate an uncertain behavioral portfolio selection model with three objective functions for which we propose an equivalent program consisting of a main model and two auxiliary models for tri-objective optimization model. Thereafter, we use a modified evolutionary root system growth algorithm to solve the transformed models. Finally, a numerical simulation allows to show the practicability of proposed models and validity of modified algorithm.

ALLEGIANCE BLINDNESS, EXTRA-TERRITORIAL EXUBERANCE, AND SECURITY AMBIVALENCE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RULING OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE ON PRODUCTS ORIGINATING FROM WESTERN SAHARA

Background: The European Court of Justice recently annulled Council Decision (EU) No. 2019/217, which had authorised the conclusion of an agreement—in the form of an exchange of letters—between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco. This agreement initially extended coverage of preferential trade treatment between the two parties to products originating in Western Sahara and subject to the control of Moroccan customs authorities. The ECJ’s ruling has removed those trade preferences and imposed a de facto EU embargo on the region. This article critically discusses the ECJ’s ruling on both legal and policy grounds. From a legal standpoint, the ECJ’s decision foregoes consideration of notions of sovereignty applicable to Western Sahara in virtue of Islamic law, which would have led to recognition of its enduring ‘allegiance’ to Morocco. Moreover, the same decision amounts to an instance of extra-territorial application of EU law and infringes the principle of indivisibility of agreements. From a policy standpoint, by acknowledging standing in virtue of mere non-State armed military presence, the ECJ’s ruling has offered to terrorist groups and rebel militias— in a context of profound instability in the Sahel region—a blackmail strategy vis-à-vis regional governments. Methods: This critical review uses the descriptive approach to outline, analyse, interpret, and criticise the 2021 ECJ ruling, which denies preferential trade treatment to products from the Western Sahara region, even when under the control of Moroccan customs authorities, while Moroccan products continue to receive such treatment. Results and Conclusions: The European Court of Justice partially used the concepts of international law as it paid no regard to the concept of sovereignty in the Islamic world, which is connected to tribe, allegiance and loyalty. Further, extending the application of the European Law to a third state, which has several agreements with the European Union, must be devoid of any political dimension affected by regional conflicts and international balances. The enforcement of the referred ruling is tantamount to the economic embargo on the Western Sahara Region, which will inevitably affect the security situation thereof and thus bring it closer to the influence of terrorist groups.

Causes and consequences of local antı-terrorısm measures ın the Karabakh economıc zone of Azerbaıjan

Purpose: is to analyze the causes of asymmetry between criminal ethnic demands and national state interests, the potential of internationalization and effective preventive measures.&#x0D; Method: In this research work, the author preferred two methods: structural-functional and processual-dynamic. The structural-functional method clarifies the main elements of interaction in conflict conditions and the specific roles of each of them. Components related to the conflict: subject, causes, stages, participants, regulation, etc. of the conflict. constitutes the structure of the conflict. The role of those structural elements is considered their function.&#x0D; Findings: The fight against dangerous and infectious diseases such as ethnic-separatism is considered to be a very effective way both from the point of view of security and from the point of view of not deepening the crisis of the international legal institution.&#x0D; Theoretical implications: Ethno-separatism has become the object of big geopolitical games and mercantilist interests of organized criminal groups in the modern world. It is impossible to treat it as an internal problem of the state. The trend of ethnic-separatism becoming a hybridized threat is taking shape.&#x0D; Practical implications: Practitioners should conclude from this article that dual approaches to the dangerous consequences of ethno-separatism such as secession, dangerous chaotic scenarios in polyethnic regions and military interventions under the rights of national minorities are inadmissible. Ethno-separatism cannot promote the principle of indivisibility of security.&#x0D; Value: The main innovation in this article is to reveal the association of Armenian ethnic-separatism with destructive and dangerous military-political plans that are against international law. It is justified that the one-day local anti-terrorist measures carried out by Azerbaijan serve to strengthen national sovereignty and international law, to cleanse the region of criminal elements and to ensure the security of international oil and gas projects connecting the South Caucasus with Europe.&#x0D; Research limitations: One-day local anti-terror measures against Armenian ethnic-separatism within the framework of international laws can be a retrospective scenario or regulation model for long-term unresolved conflicts in poly-ethnic regions.&#x0D; Paper type: theoretical.

The Role Of The Indonesian National Armed Forces In World Peace Operations

The Role Of The Indonesian National Armed Forces In World Peace Operations

Global multi-sourcing network design with inventory planning under uncertainty

ABSTRACT In the current era of turbulence, demand uncertainty and significant supply delays have become recurrent challenges for every global supply chain, which are accentuated by geopolitical issues, regional conflicts, natural disasters, etc. Companies are keen to decide when and where nearshoring and offshoring their supply locations and to adapt their inventory control policies to cope with significant perturbations. To deal with these challenges, we investigate the integration of inventory planning at the strategic level through a novel setting of the location-inventory problem under uncertainty. This problem is characterised by inbound multi-sourcing, order splitting among multiple suppliers, and optimised inventory decisions from sourcing to customers under uncertain demand and lead time. A two-stage stochastic optimisation model is proposed and solved using a Benders decomposition algorithm, supported by a sample average approximation approach. The results show that both lead time and demand uncertainties impact strategic and tactical decisions of the global supply network. Specifically, multi-sourcing and inbound order splitting policies have proven beneficial when the network faces a high lead time uncertainty. Based on an illustrative case of a global automobile spare parts supply network under different supply-side scenarios, managerial insights are gained on the benefit of onshore, nearshore, and offshore decisions. When facing a high lead time uncertainty, as in the pandemic case or any geopolitical episode, our findings suggest the necessity to rely on nearshoring for the supply side.

Role of Multilateral Institutions in Managing Regional Conflicts and Crises in Democratic Republic of Congo

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate role of multilateral institutions in managing regional conflicts and crises in Democratic Republic of Congo&#x0D; Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.&#x0D; Findings: Multilateral institutions play a crucial role in managing regional conflicts and crises by employing a range of diplomatic, humanitarian, peacekeeping, and development interventions. While facing various challenges, their continued engagement and collaboration remain essential for promoting peace, stability, and sustainable development in conflict-affected regions worldwide.&#x0D; Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Realism theory, constructivism theory &amp; liberal institutionalism theory may be used to anchor future studies on the role of multilateral institutions in managing regional conflicts and crises in Democratic Republic of Congo. Multilateral institutions offer a neutral platform for diplomatic engagement. Multilateral institutions influence policy development by convening member states and experts to craft effective conflict management strategies.

Exploring the Self-Reported Physical and Psychological Effects in a Population Exposed to a Regional Conflict.

Conflict profoundly impacts community health and well-being. While post-conflict research exists, little is known about initial effects during active hostilities. To assess self-reported changes in health behaviors, distress, and care access within one month of regional warfare onset in a conflict-affected community. An online survey was conducted in November 2023 among 501 residents (mean age 40.5 years) of a community where war began October 7th. Measures evaluated physical health, mental health, diet, substance use, sleep, weight changes, and healthcare access before and after the declaration of war. Relative to pre-war, respondents reported significantly increased rates of tobacco (56%) and alcohol (15%) consumption, worsening sleep quality (63%), elevated distress (18% sought help; 14% needed but didn't receive it), and postponed medical care (36%). Over a third reported weight changes. Distress was higher among females and those endorsing maladaptive coping. Within one month, substantial impacts on community psychosocial and behavioral health emerged. Unmet mental health needs and risk-taking behaviors were early indicators of conflict's health consequences. Continuous monitoring of conflict-affected communities is needed to inform tailored interventions promoting resilience and prevent entrenchment of harms over time.

Family planning in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo: personal beliefs, intimate partner negotiations and social pressure

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has a low prevalence of family planning use. Recent studies have highlighted the significant role that socio-cultural factors play in the decision to use family planning or not. This qualitative study explored barriers to women’s use of family planning methods in an ongoing conflict region, South-Kivu, DRC. Focus group discussions and individual in-depth interviews were conducted to understand perceptions and habits regarding family planning. An inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Precariousness of life, religious beliefs and fear of side effects were limiting factors to the use of family planning. Power relations within the couple also played an important role in decision-making. Sole provider (‘breadwinner’) women were more likely to use family planning, including hormonal methods. Our findings highlight the continued importance of family planning programmes that respond to socio-cultural factors, personal beliefs, and fear of side effects in parallel with addressing availability and accessibility. This will require including the community in their design and implementation in order to meet unmet family planning needs. Health care providers’ capacity building and training to help women manage family planning side effects will also be beneficial.

Strengthening Healthcare Delivery in the Democratic Republic of Congo through Adequate Nursing Workforce

The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) grapples with a critical shortage of nurses, exacerbating disparities in healthcare access and outcomes. This mini-review examines the factors impacting the nursing workforce in the DRC and presents potential solutions to strengthen it. Decades-long regional conflicts have endangered the nursing workforce, resulting in an imbalanced distribution that disproportionately favors urban areas over rural regions. Inadequate healthcare funding, compounded by mismanagement, has led to resource scarcity and inequitable distribution, further hampering nursing efforts. Additionally, stagnant policy reforms and ineffective advocacy have hindered improvements in nurse employment, wages, education, and working conditions. Infrastructure deficiencies and medical supply shortages have also contributed to reduced incentives for nursing professionals. Therefore, we undertook a mini-review aimed at offering a succinct and targeted overview of nursing care in the DRC. This involved analyzing available literature and data concerning the nursing workforce with a particular focus on the DRC. We believe that addressing these interlinked challenges necessitates comprehensive strategies that prioritize establishing regional stability, responsibly allocating and increasing healthcare funding, incentivizing nurse recruitment and retention through policy adjustments, enhancing healthcare infrastructure and nursing education, and fostering both local and global collaboration. Investing in nursing is paramount for transforming healthcare delivery in the DRC, particularly considering nurses' pivotal roles in delivering preventive, therapeutic, and palliative care services. Strengthening nursing capacity and addressing systemic challenges are essential steps toward mitigating healthcare disparities and enhancing population health, aligning with the objectives outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Hydrogeological Investigations of Paghman Valleys in Kabul, Afghanistan

Paghman valleys are located at the foothills of the Hindu Kush Mountain range (Afghanistan) and consist of dissimilar kinds of valleys with different rocks and sediments. Valleys in this region consist of several types of streams which are clean, due to their filtration at the valley beds. Water resources, such as streams, springs, and rivers are used for drinking, irrigation, and other general-purpose usages. Due to years of regional conflict, the general water infrastructure needs to be upgraded, however since people need water for their day-to-day activities, it is necessary to characterize various sources of water to ensure their safety. Thus, this study aims to estimate the petrographic characteristics of the Paghman valleys and predict the resource suitability of the region through certain analyses: petrographic, gravel, and sieving analysis. The study is important since no such studies exist on this subject for this region, because of decades of war and much work remains to be done due to an ever-increasing population accompanied by air pollution which may affect the water resources of the region and thus causing health problems for people. The results provided through this investigation provide some preliminary quantification of heavy and light minerals, mechanical analysis, pH determination, electrical conductivity, and Cation and Anion concentrations of heavy and light minerals in water. Furthermore, as the regional population is steadily increasing, the authors highlight policy recommendations for a range of mitigation measures for the relevant authorities to keep water and soil quality within a safe range.

The Russian War Against Ukraine and Its Implications for the Future of Liberal Interventionism

The Russian war against Ukraine has already had crucial implications for the future of liberal interventionism. Drawing on current debates in IR about the transformation of the global world order, the article outlines how processes of global reordering affect (liberal) interventionism at different scales. The article argues that what has become known as the liberal international order is in retreat, at the expense of liberal peace-oriented international interventions. At the same time, current geopolitical realignments appear to be dividing the world into new spheres of influence, pitting democracies against autocracies at the global level and within regional conflicts. However, when it comes to security interventions and peacekeeping, the emerging realities on the ground, where a growing number of actors with different agendas interact, are more complex than simplistic world-order narratives suggest. Using the cases of international peacekeeping and security assistance as examples, the article shows that in some current international intervention sites, the emerging “multi-order world” is characterised by complicated constellations of parallel external assistance offers and rapid shifts in allegiances that do not necessarily follow clear divisions between “authoritarian” and “liberal” forms of assistance. The article therefore does not confirm expectations of the emergence of a “new Cold War” and a new round of ideological competition between international systems.

Iluzia păcii în epoca noului Război Rece

The article aims to analyse the main features of international relations after Russia's aggression against Ukraine in 2022. The author's hypothesis is that after the annexation of Crimea to Russia in 2014, the stage of cold peace established at the end of the first Cold War ended, paving the way for the new or second Cold War. This last war shows similarities with the period of the bipolar Soviet-American confrontation, but there are also relevant elements of differentiation: a multipolar rivalry, the decrease in the importance of the ideological factor, the fragmentation of international politics. In the study, the author offers arguments for the relevance of history in understanding the new Cold War. At the end, the article shows that during the new Cold War there were substantial changes in the geopolitical role of Romania, which became a border state with a region of conflict, a situation that has wider political and economic implications.

Research on Lifecycle-based Financial Strategy on New Energy Enterprises: Take CATL as an Example

The emergence of energy security issues reflects the current global turmoil and division. The two energy crises and regional conflicts have put the global energy system in a severe winter. Energy security is not only the latest requirement for the high-quality development of countries under the "carbon neutrality" background but also an aspect of overall global progress. This study selects the leading enterprise in the new energy industry, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), as the research object. Based on the life cycle theory and financial strategy theory, the paper analyzes the company's financing, investment, and profit distribution strategies and constructs a financial strategy matrix to study the problems existing in the company's current financial strategy. The research results show that there are issues such as unreasonable financing structure, insignificant investment benefits, and significant fluctuations in dividend distribution policies. Finally, targeted optimization suggestions are proposed, hoping to provide a reference value for peers.

The gendered risks of defending rights in armed conflict: Evidence from Colombia

This article uses the case of Colombia to evaluate the gendered risks of social leadership and human rights activism in territories governed by armed groups. Existing data on Colombian human rights and social leader deaths reveals that men leaders are being killed at a much higher rate than women social leaders. In this article, we delve deeper into gendered patterns of violence against men and women leaders by focusing specifically on the content of the threats these leaders receive from armed groups. We analyzed 40 qualitative interviews with men and women social leaders who have worked in nine different conflict regions of Colombia to find that armed actors target men and women leaders with uniquely gender-specific threats. These findings tell us a great deal, not only about how armed groups govern those in the territories they control, but also about the gender biases they hold about men and women leaders who challenge their authority. Although women leader deaths are less common than those of their male counterparts, the threats and violence both receive are grounded in stereotypical gender norms, and thus merit gender-sensitive, context-specific analyses and responses.

Supply Chain Resiliency in Post- COVID-19 Times: Evaluating the Inhibitors Using a Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process Approach

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the way supply chains function and operate. Supply chain resiliency (SCR) has become increasingly more relevant to the pandemic, with corporations and governments realising that their supply chains were not as resilient leading to shortages/delays of many consumer products. Delays in the delivery of essential items, including medicines, food supplies and healthcare equipment, have exposed the challenges that a supply chain might face during a major disruption such as the global pandemic, regional conflicts and natural disasters. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate some of the critical inhibitors associated with SCR during COVID-19. The study employs multi-criteria decision-making utilising the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. This research was conducted in the context of the Indian pharmaceutical supply chains. The research showed that there are seven major inhibitors to SCR. The findings of the current study are expected to aid the pharmaceutical supply chain managers in identifying and evaluating the critical inhibitors to achieving SCR and designing strategies to mitigate any future catastrophe like a global pandemic.