This article is devoted to the investigation of immunity system characteristics in children with bronchitis. Analysis of sputum induced by inhalation of hypertonic saline has recently been established as a useful non-invasive technique for measuring airway inflammation in patients. Therefore we used this technique to evaluate the presence of airway and lung inammation in children with the acute bronchitis, pneumonia. Factors of unfavourable prognosis and transformation of bronchitis into chronic bronchopulmonary diseases including disorders ofcytokines production have been determined. 73 patients have been examined in Regional Children Clinical Hospital (RCCH), Kharkiv, Ukrainian. A study was undertaken to determine the airway and lung inammation, by analysing cytokines in the induced sputum from 38 children with acute bronchitis and 38 patients with acute pneumonia. In children with bronchitis sputum levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6) were statistically signicantly increased in comparison with pneumonia subjects. Local IL-10 levels in sputum were higher in the samples of the pneumonia than in bronchitis. We observed signicant strong correlations between the levels of interleukins in the sputum and levels of the blood immunology cells, the reverse correlation, which was associated with the dissociation of the immunocompetent cells to the focus airway for the development of inammatory process with the formation of the cellular and humoral response. The increase of the IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL- 10 concentration in the induced sputum of the patients with bronchitis and pneumonia can be used for revealing the risk group of patients with chronic bronchopulmonary diseases.