Regional Budget Research Articles

An Approach for Assessing Human Respiration CO2 Emissions Using Radiocarbon Measurements and Bottom‐Up Data Sets

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas in the atmosphere and has large impacts on climate change. Its fossil fuel (CO2ff) and biogenic (CO2bio) sources are well investigated, while CO2 emissions from human respiration (CO2hr), a subset of CO2bio, have received less attention. Especially as a source of carbon emissions in densely populated megacities, the role of CO2hr emissions in the carbon cycles was largely neglected. Here we fully characterize the respiratory CO2 emission rates (CERs) of Chinese people for the first time. Using the example of the megacity Beijing in China, we estimate the CO2hr emissions and present a method for quantifying its fraction in the atmospheric CO2 based on radiocarbon (14C) measurements and inventory data sets. The results show that males and females have similar age trends in CERs, but the gender difference is significant, especially between the ages of 20 and 60, the average CERs was 33% higher for males than for females (P < 0.05). The CO2hr emissions were about 22.2 ± 0.6 kt CO2 per day, which was equivalent to 7.5% of daily CO2ff emissions in winter. The proportion is likely to be twice in summer due to the seasonal fluctuations of fossil fuel emissions. More importantly, the respiratory emissions could increase atmospheric CO2 concentration by about 2 ppm, accounting for 14% ± 6% of average CO2bio concentration in winter. This study highlights the importance of human respiration in carbon emissions in megacities and has implications for a better understanding of the regional carbon budget.

Aggregation of activity data on crop management can induce large uncertainties in estimates of regional nitrogen budgets

A complete understanding of the nexus between productivity and sustainability of agricultural production systems calls for a comprehensive assessment of the nitrogen budget (NB). In our study, data from the well-monitored Danish Agricultural Watershed Monitoring Program (LOOP-program; 2013–2019) is used for a quantitative inter-comparison of three different approaches to drive the process-based model LandscapeDNDC on the regional scale. The aim is to assess how assumptions and simplifications about farm management activities at a regional scale induce previously unquantified uncertainties in the simulation of yields and the NB of cropping systems. Our findings reveal that the approach based on detailed field-level management data (A) performs the best in simulation of yield (r2 = 0.93). In contrast, the other two different data aggregation approaches (B: Sequential mono-cropping of six major crops with simulation results averaged according to proportional area, and C: simulation of 20 most frequent crop rotations) have lower correlations to the observed yields (r2 = 0.92 and 0.77, respectively) but are still statistically significant at p < 0.05 level. Notable differences arise between detailed and more aggregated crop system simulations concerning the NB, particularly concerning N losses to the environment. Compared to the detailed approach (A) (gaseous N fluxes: 24.3 kg-N ha−1 year−1; nitrate leaching: 14.7 kg-N ha−1 year−1), the aggregation approach B leads to a 31.4% over-estimation in total gaseous N fluxes (+7.6 kg-N ha−1 year−1), while nitrate leaching shows a similar average with a distinct pattern. Conversely, employing aggregation approach C leads to a 17.6% over-estimation in total gaseous fluxes (+4.3 kg-N ha−1 year−1) and a 204.9% over-estimation in nitrate leaching (+30.2 kg-N ha−1 year−1). These findings suggest that management representation should be chosen carefully because it can induce large uncertainties, especially when simulating large-scale NBs or assessing the environmental impact of cropping management. This may compromise the accuracy of national and international nutrient budgets, and preclude comparisons among different sources when the approaches for management representation differ.

Dynamics of Carbon and Water Fluxes over Cropland and Agroforest Ecosystems on the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau

Studies on the spatiotemporal dynamics in ecosystem carbon and water exchanges are essential in predicting the effects of climate change on regional carbon and energy budgets. Using the eddy covariance technique, carbon and water fluxes were observed in a typical winter wheat ecosystem (WWE) and an agroforest ecosystem (AFE) in the southern Loess Plateau from 2004 to 2010. The seasonal and inter-annual variability in gross primary productivity (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) were examined and the main influencing factors were identified using the Pearson correlation. The results indicate that the seasonal GPP and NEE showed a bimodal distribution in WWE, while this was unimodal in AFE. The sinusoidal function did well in the characterization of seasonal ET dynamics for both ecosystems, with the determination coefficients being 0.85 and 0.94, respectively. In WWE and AFE, the annual mean GPP were 724.33 and 723.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, and the corresponding ET were 392.22 and 410.02 mm a−1. However, the difference in NEE between the two ecosystems was obvious, NEE were −446.28 and −549.08 g C m−2 a−1, respectively, showing a stronger carbon sink in AFE. There were strong coupling relationships between the GPP and ET of both ecosystems; the overall slopes were 1.71 and 1.69, respectively. The seasonal trend of WUE was bimodal in WWE, with peak values of 3.94 and 3.65 g C kg−1 H2O, occurring in November and April, respectively. However, the monthly WUE in AFE had one single peak of 4.07 g C kg−1 H2O in January. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature (Ts) were most positively correlated with GPP, net radiation (Rn) and Ts were the major factors influencing ET, while vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC) were the major influencing factors for WUE. These results provide observational support for regional carbon neutrality simulations.

INFLUENCE OF REGIONAL ORIGINAL REVENUE AND BALANCING FUNDS ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OF JOMBANG DISTRICT

Regional government financial performance measures regional independence in managing potential sources of regional original income (PAD) as the primary value for financing regional expenditure so that it does not depend on central government balancing funds. This research aims to test and determine the influence of (PAD) and balancing funds on the financial performance of the Jombang Regency regional government. Quantitative methods are used in this type of research. The sample for this research is five years from the Jombang Regency regional government budget realization report for 2018-2022. The non-probability sampling method was used in this research, and saturated sampling techniques were utilized. The classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis testing were used as data analysis using SPSS 26 tools. The results of this research were that PAD and balancing funds had a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of the Jombang Regency regional government

Реформирование пенсионной системы для плательщиков налога на профессиональный доход: региональная платформа

The difficulties that arose after the entry into force of the Federal Law “On conducting an experiment to estab-lish a special tax regime “Tax on professional income”” dated November 27, 2018 No. 422-FZ require a com-prehensive study and modification of the legislative framework. Many citizens who pay tax on professional in-come do not make contributions to the pension insurance system, which is one of the reasons for the high sub-sidy dependence of the Social Fund of Russia on the federal budget. According to the authors, it is necessary to develop a way to attract citizens to participate in the pension insurance program. The article considers an ex-ample of a possible solution to this issue: the introduction of tax deduction for taxpayers of tax on professional income in part of the tax paid, and assesses its impact on the regional budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Modern principles of development and increase of the competitiveness of tourist activities of the Odessa region

Currently, one of the guarantors of the region's economic stability is the development of tourism. The rapid growth of the tourism industry and significant cash receipts actively affect various segments of the economy and contribute to the formation of the tourism industry. The development of domestic tourism is a significant source of income for local economies, ensures the creation of jobs, promotes self-employment of the population, and contributes to the development of regions. In this vein, the study of the peculiarities of the development of domestic tourism in the regions and the increase of the competitiveness of tourist activity in the conditions of current realities is not just important, but urgent. The publication's purpose is to engage you, the reader, in the research of the specifics of development and assess the competitiveness of tourism in the Odesa region. Your interest and involvement in this study are crucial for its success and for the advancement of the tourism industry in the Odesa region. The results. The article examines the essence and nature of the popularity of tourism at the regional level. The essence of tourism is determined; it is substantiated that it affects the world economy and is dependent on crisis phenomena. It has been studied that our country is an attractive destination for tourism from all over the world; the tourism sector continues to need help with difficulties and focuses mainly on domestic tourism to safe regions. It is noted that the Odesa region is one of the most popular regions of Ukraine for tourism and recreation. Odesa's tourist and recreational potential, the leading economic indicators of tourism such as the contribution to GDP, employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings, the dynamics of the number of subjects of tourist activity, and the dynamics of the payment of the tourist tax have been studied. It is substantiated that tourism needs to rethink the directions of specialization and diversification of tourist services with an orientation, first of all, on domestic tourism in the context of increasing its competitiveness. Conclusions. The analysis of tourist activity in Odesa shows that the region is developing in tourism, which, in turn, brings income to the regional budget and contributes to forming a favorable reputation of the region as an attractive tourist destination. Therefore, the development of regional tourist destinations and the formation of their tourist attractiveness is extremely important in order to achieve the goals of the region's socio-economic development in the conditions of growing competition in the market of tourist services. Keywords: tourism, tourist activity, competitiveness of tourism, region, tourist destination

Dynamics of carbon and water vapor fluxes in three typical ecosystems of Heihe River Basin, Northwestern China

Understanding the dynamics of carbon and water vapor fluxes in arid inland river basin ecosystems is essential for predicting and assessing the regional carbon-water budget amid climate change. However, studies aiming to unravel the mechanisms driving the variations and coupling process of regional carbon-water budget in a changing environment in arid regions are limited. Here, we used the eddy covariance technique to analyze the relationship between CO2 and H2O fluxes in three typical ecosystems across the upper, middle, and lower reaches of an arid inland river basin in Northwestern China. Our results showed that all ecosystems acted as carbon sinks, with the alpine swamp meadow, cropland, and desert shrubland sequestrating −300.2 ± 0.01, −644.8 ± 2.9, and − 203.7 ± 22.5 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively. Air temperature (Ta) primarily controlled daily gross primary productivity (GPP) and net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in the irrigated cropland during the growing season, while soil temperature (Ts) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) regulated these parameters in the alpine swamp meadow and desert shrubland. Additionally, Ta and net radiation (Rn) controlled daily evapotranspiration (ET) in cropland, while Ts and Rn regulated ET at other sites. Consequently, carbon and water vapor fluxes of all three ecosystems tended to be energy-limited during the growing season. The differential responses of carbon and water vapor fluxes in the upper, middle, and lower reaches of these ecosystems to biophysical factors determined their distinct coupling and variations in water use efficiency. Notably, the desert shrub ecosystem in the lower reach of the basin maintained a stable balance between carbon gain and water loss, indicating adaptation to aridity. This study provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms behind the changes in carbon and water vapor fluxes and water-use efficiency in arid river basin ecosystems.

Assessment of Atmospheric and Surface Energy Budgets Using Observation-Based Data Products

AbstractAccurate diagnosis of regional atmospheric and surface energy budgets is critical for understanding the spatial distribution of heat uptake associated with the Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI). This contribution discusses frameworks and methods for consistent evaluation of key quantities of those budgets using observationally constrained data sets. It thereby touches upon assumptions made in data products which have implications for these evaluations. We evaluate 2001–2020 average regional total (TE) and dry static energy (DSE) budgets using satellite-based and reanalysis data. For the first time, a consistent framework is applied to the ensemble of the 5th generation European Reanalysis (ERA5), version 2 of modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA-2), and the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA55). Uncertainties of the computed budgets are assessed through inter-product spread and evaluation of physical constraints. Furthermore, we use the TE budget to infer fields of net surface energy flux. Results indicate biases &lt; 1 W/m2 on the global, &lt; 5 W/m2 on the continental, and ~ 15 W/m2 on the regional scale. Inferred net surface energy fluxes exhibit reduced large-scale biases compared to surface flux data based on remote sensing and models. We use the DSE budget to infer atmospheric diabatic heating from condensational processes. Comparison to observation-based precipitation data indicates larger uncertainties (10–15 Wm−2 globally) in the DSE budget compared to the TE budget, which is reflected by increased spread in reanalysis-based fields. Continued validation efforts of atmospheric energy budgets are needed to document progress in new and upcoming observational products, and to understand their limitations when performing EEI research.

Progress and challenges in remotely sensed terrestrial carbon fluxes

ABSTRACT Accurate evaluation of terrestrial carbon balance is essential for designing climate change mitigation policies, and capabilities of remote sensing techniques in monitoring carbon fluxes are widely recognized for their great contributions to regional and global carbon budget accounting. In this review, we synthesized satellite-based data and methodologies to estimate the main flux components of terrestrial carbon balance and their uncertainties over the past two decades. The global gross primary production (GPP) during the period 2001–2022 is 134 ± 14 PgC yr−1, and nearly half of them occurs in tropical forest regions such as South America and Africa. Less than 2% of global GPP is converted into a net carbon sink of 2.28 ± 1.12 PgC yr−1 using satellite-based atmospheric inversion during 2015–2020, and this sink is comparable to the stock change-based estimate (2.49 PgC yr−1) but twice as large as model-based estimate (1.08 ± 0.78 PgC yr−1). By decomposing satellite-derived net carbon balance into different terms including satellite-derived carbon emissions from land-use change and wildfires (3.55 PgC yr−1), we inferred that ~ 43% of global GPP would be respired through soil microbes (57.1 PgC yr−1), but which is higher than the previous bottom-up estimate (39–46 PgC yr−1). We then propose that an accurate remote sensing of terrestrial carbon balance requires to enhance representations of photosynthetic responses to rising CO2 and disturbances, develop satellite-constrained belowground carbon dynamics and separate natural fluxes from anthropogenic CO2 emissions, by integrating multi-source satellite sensors in orbit, revolutionized remote sensing capabilities with focused field campaigns in data-scarce regions.

Analisis Anggaran Belanja Daerah pada Dinas Bina Marga dan Sumber Daya Air Kota Bekasi Tahun 2019-2022

This research aims to analyze the regional expenditure budget at the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City in 2019-2022. The research object used is regional expenditure The research method used is descriptive with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques used include observation, interviews, and literature studies. The Budget Realization Report (LRA) at the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City in 2019-2022 is used as the population, and budget items and expenditure realization are used as samples. Descriptive statistics are used as the data analysis technique with the theory of regional expenditure analysis (Mahmudi, 2019). The results obtained regarding the analysis of regional spending at the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City in 2019-2022 are spending variance has an average of 12.57% or categorized as preferred difference ((favourable variance), spending growth has an average of 22.61%, the harmony of operational spending to total spending has an average of 29.88% or categorized as less harmonious, the harmony of capital spending to total spending has an average of 70.11% or categorized as harmonious, and spending efficiency has an average of 87.43% or categorized as fairly efficient. From the description above, it can be concluded that the Department of Highways and Water Resources of Bekasi City for the years 2019-2022 was able to absorb budget expenditures according to its needs each year. This can be seen from its prudent use of the budget without exceeding the set budget, wise spending despite fluctuations in spending growth, prioritizing capital spending over operational spending, and efficiently managing the budget to achieve its goals.

Правовое регулирование использования нормативов отчислений от доходов бюджета субъекта Российской Федерации в местные бюджеты как метод регулирования межбюджетных отношений

local budgets is used as one of the methods for regulating interbudgetary relations, but is not used actively enough by the regions. To expand the practice of using this method, one should take into account options for establishing such standards, which are enshrined in the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, and the capabilities of government authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to legally regulate the transfer of such revenues to local budgets. Methodology: general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, description), as well as specific scientific methods (comparative legal and formal legal). Conclusions. It is necessary to expand the legal regulation and practice of using the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to transfer part of the revenues of regional budgets to lower budgets in order to increase the budgetary independence of municipalities. In this case, one should take into account the specifics of establishing deduction standards, as well as the positive aspects and risks of their use. Scientific and practical significance. The article analyzes the main options for establishing standards for deductions of regional budget revenues to local budgets, enshrined in budget legislation, as well as their differences from interbudgetary transfers as a method of regulating interbudgetary relations.

Strategi Optimalisasi Pendapatan Pajak Daerah Untuk Meningkatkan Kemandirian Keuangan (Analisis di Kota Pekanbaru)

This research aims to analyze the contribution of local taxes to Local Own Source Revenue (PAD) and to identify the level of fiscal independence of the region in Pekanbaru City. The research method used is secondary data analysis from the realization data of local taxes and PAD from 2018 to 2022 obtained from the Pekanbaru City Revenue Agency. The data is then analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques to identify trends in the contribution of local taxes to PAD and the level of fiscal independence of the region during this period. The analysis results show that the contribution of local taxes to PAD in Pekanbaru City ranges from 80% to 93% during this period, with an increasing trend every year. However, fiscal independence of the region is still in the category of "Towards Fiscal Independence," with PAD contributions ranging from 25% to 33% of the total Regional Revenue in the Regional Budget. The study concludes that although local taxes have become the main backbone for PAD in Pekanbaru, fiscal independence of the region needs to be strengthened with measures such as re-registering taxpayers and improving the efficiency of local tax management.

New Economic Model and Conceptual Directions for Increasing Russia’s Regional Budgets Sustainability

Objectives: This research aims to develop a new economic model and conceptual directions for increasing the sustainability of regional budgets in the Russian Federation. Methods: The research methodology is based on empirical methods (data collection, study, and comparison), methods of synthesizing theoretical and practical material, and mathematical and statistical analyses. When processing information, methods of systematization and grouping were used. The budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (BCERF) are the object of this study. The authors proposed grouping and revealed the consequences of the factor actions for the regions, leading to a reduction in income, an increase in the expenses of the BSRF, the need for government borrowing, etc. Findings: Conceptual directions for increasing the sustainability of regional budgets in the Russian Federation were proposed, such as eliminating the practice of subsidies in areas not defined by regulatory legal acts and improving the methodology for distributing subsidies for fiscal equalization, aimed at reducing the risks of underfinancing the expenditure obligations of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation (CERF). Novelty: The scientific novelty of this research includes the presentation of more effective mechanisms for controlling budgetary reserves and increasing the sustainability of regional budgets. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-015 Full Text: PDF

Glacier‐Fed Lakes Are Significant Sinks of Carbon Dioxide in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

AbstractDissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sources, transportation, and transition in inland water bodies have been intensively studied due to their important role in the global carbon cycle. While glacier‐fed lakes play a crucial role in global carbon cycling, related studies are limited. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variability of DIC in the maritime glacier‐fed lakes of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, identifying the carbon sources and potential controlling factors of DIC pathways The results revealed significant temporal variations in DIC and δ13C‐DIC, with averages of 7.29 ± 0.45 mg C L−1 and –8.6 ± 0.2‰ in summer, and 3.40 ± 0.54 mg C L−1 and –7.4 ± 0.6‰ in winter, respectively. Temporal variations in DIC and δ13C‐DIC were mainly controlled by carbonates weathering and silicate weathering processes. The chemical weathering reactions facilitate the consumption of dissolved CO2. Undersaturated pCO2 (120.02 ± 29.18 μatm) relative to atmospheric equilibrium suggests considerable capacity for CO2 uptake within glacier‐fed lakes system. We estimated that the maritime glacier‐fed lakes in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau absorb a total of 9.6 ± 2.7 × 10−3 Tg C‐CO2 yr−1, highlighting their significant contribution to the global carbon budget. The distinctive landscape of the glacier‐fed system and the vulnerable weathering environment result in seasonal and spatial variations of DIC concentration and δ13C‐DIC values, as well as the chemical weathering‐induced CO2 sink in glacier regions. Given the accelerated glacier retreat observed in this area, further studies on the temporal variability of DIC in the water column are urgently needed to identify the mechanisms driving the biogeochemical reactions inside glacier‐fed lake. Our study highlights the unrecognized role of maritime glacier‐fed lakes as CO2 sinks and emphasizes their significance in regional carbon budgets.

Analysis of Regional Financial Constraints and Management

This research aims to identify the inhibiting factors affecting the sustainability of the innovation in the Electronic Financial Monitoring Information System (SiMOLEK) application at the Ministry of Home Affairs, particularly in the management of local finances and the evaluation process of accountability for the implementation of the Regional Budget. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, gathering data through observations and interviews with key informants who have authority, tasks, and functions related to the operation of SiMOLEK. The inhibiting factors analyzed are based on the results of studies conducted by Deloitte and KPMG, adjusted for relevance to the research object, including politics, lack of finance, leadership, technology, culture, and insufficient technical skills. The research findings indicate that the inhibiting factors causing the unsustainability of the SiMOLEK application innovation are politics, lack of finance, leadership, and technology.

Nitrogen Fixation at the Mid‐Atlantic Bight Shelfbreak and Transport of Newly Fixed Nitrogen to the Slope Sea

AbstractContinental shelves contribute a large fraction of the ocean's new nitrogen (N) via N2 fixation; yet, we know little about how physical processes at the ocean's margins shape diazotroph biogeography and activity. Here, we test the hypothesis that frontal mixing favors N2 fixation at the Mid‐Atlantic Bight shelfbreak. Using the 15N2 bubble release method, we measured N2 fixation rates on repeat cross‐frontal transects in July 2019. N2 fixation rates in shelf waters (median = 5.42 nmol N L−1 d−1) were higher than offshore (2.48 nmol N L−1 d−1) but did not significantly differ front frontal waters (8.42 nmol N L−1 d−1). However, specific N2 uptake rates, indicative of the relative contribution of diazotroph‐derived N to particulate N turnover, were significantly higher in frontal waters, suggesting that diazotroph‐derived N is of greater importance in supporting productivity there. This study furthered captured an ephemeral shelf‐water streamer, which resulted from the impingement of a warm core ring on the shelf. The streamer transported shelf‐water diazotrophs (including UCYN‐A and Richelia spp., as assessed by qPCR) offshore with sustained high N2 fixation rates. This feature injected &gt;50 metric tons d−1 of newly fixed N to the Slope Sea—a rate equivalent to ∼4% of the total N flux estimated for the entire Mid‐Atlantic Bight. As intrusions of Gulf Stream meanders and eddies onto the shelf are increasing in frequency due to climate change, episodic lateral fluxes of new N into the Slope Sea may become increasingly important to regional budgets and ecosystem productivity.

Бюджетно-финансовое положение субъектов Российской Федерации: среднесрочные тенденции в региональном разрезе

The article is devoted to the changes in the fiscal and financial situation of Russian regions in 2020–2022. During this period, the regions faced a new challenge in the form of a pandemic. The author gives a quantitative assessment of the changes that have occurred, analyzes the features of support measures and the regional policy being implemented. The article examines changes in the parameters of regional budget revenues, budget deficits and debt burden. In addition, the author identifies a group of regions with maximum changes in per capita budget revenues and the factors that caused these changes. The author pays special attention to measures in the field of debt policy, methodology for equalization grant allocation, as well as demographic characteristics affecting regional expenditures. The article presents proposals for possible further improvement of the system of interbudgetary fiscal relations, including approaches to the provision of unconditional gap-filling financial support.

Results of 2023 for Regional Budgets. Is the Restructuring of the Economy Visible?

The generally favorable situation with the implementation of the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation in 2023 is a result of the positive dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators, expressed in an increase in tax revenues of budgets. In the context of generally high growth rates of tax revenues, the federal transfers showed a slight nominal increase. In most regions, there has been a reduction in federal transfer recеipts, which may indirectly indicate an emerging revision of the existing model of inter-budgetary relations. There is a certain dependence of the dynamics of transfers on the dynamics of tax revenues and the availability of funds (last year’s surpluses) in the budget accounts of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The structure of tax revenues by type of economic activity has not yet shown significant changes. There is a pronounced decrease in the share of wholesale and retail trade, against the background of an increase in the share of the financial sector and extractive activities. Expenditures of regional budgets in 2 023 grew more actively than revenues, which led to the formation of a deficit in the consolidated budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The differing growth rates of budget expenditures have the consequence of the continued concentration of regional-level expenditures in a relatively narrow group of the most powerful regions in terms of economic potential. The increase in the volume of accumulated state subfederal debt occurs in conditions of active substitution of market forms of debt obligations with loans from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

The Impact of Wage Levels on the Quality of Employment and Economic Sustainability of Households

The problem of compliance of the wage level of employees with social standards of living standards, having undoubted regional features, is relevant for all subjects of the Russian Federation. When determining the wage of organizations funded from regional budgets, we believe they should proceed from the general methodological basis for determining its size. In the article is analyzed the situation with the wage level of employees in the sector of organizations, which is the main segment of Russian employment. It has been revealed that the level of wages most strongly affects its quality and is one of the main indicators of precarious employment. The peculiarities of the distribution of employees by wage level are revealed, depending on the level of qualification of employees and their working conditions, taking into account the forms of ownership and the size of organizations. Based on the author’s tools, the analysis of the impact of wage levels on the economic sustainability of households due to (not) achieving socially acceptable and higher standards of living is carried out. It is shown that for more than 80% of employees, the wage level currently does not allow to ensure such standards. A radical increase in the wage level is proposed based on the development of industry-specific social wage standards. This will improve the quality of employment: reduce the scale of precarious employment, link the level of wages with the qualifications of employees and their working conditions, taking into account the characteristics of sectors of the Russian economy, as well as significantly increase the economic sustainability of households.

Peculiarities of regional development under martial law: State and administrative aspects

Considering the conduct of state policy in the conditions of the protracted Russian-Ukrainian war, it is important to characterize the main aspects of its development through the prism of the peculiarities of sustainable regional development. The purpose of the research is to determine the peculiarities of regional development in the realities of wartime based on the study of state-management aspects. The study is based on the analysis of modern works and reports of international organizations. Data collection was carried out in stages: first, a search was made for the main documents and reports of international organizations, then a search for scientific literature for the study was carried out. In general, such research methods as thematic analysis, categorization, comparative analysis, and graphic method were used. The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of the use of digital systems in regional development strategies improving the level of intellectual security, identified the peculiarities of planning and operation of regional budgets under martial law. Digital systems have proven effective in enhancing regional development strategies and improving intellectual security. They enable better planning and operation of regional budgets, even under martial law, by providing real-time data and facilitating communication among stakeholders. In the conclusions, it was noted that the military operations had a significant impact on the system of public administration and needed further adjustment in connection with overcoming the consequences of the military operations.