Regional Body Fat Distribution Research Articles

Blood Glucose Fluctuation Is Indicative of Adiposity

Introduction: Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system is an effective tool for assessing a person’s glycemic control in real-time, in a “free living condition”. Poor glycemic control is strongly linked to cardiovascular disease, obesity, and the pernicious deposition of fat in the abdominal region. Emerging data show that surges in glucose levels after a meal (postprandial glucose excursions) are more tightly linked to cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and diabetic complications than the traditional clinical measure of glycemic control using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine if daily glycemic variability as measured by CGM is an indicator of total and regional body fat distribution and how CGM compares with HbA1c measurements. Methods: Twenty-seven volunteers participated in the study (Male: 11, Female: 16, Age: 32.15 ± 14.55 years, BMI: 28.43 ± 7.30 kg/m2). Total body and regional fat distribution (android, gynoid, android/gynoid) were determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured from collected blood samples. Glycemic variability was measured by CGM attached to the abdomen. Results: CGM glycemic variability was positively correlated with total body fat% (r= 0.4278; p= 0.0329), android fat% (r= 0.5313; p= 0.0063), and android/gynoid ratio (r= 0.5981; p= 0.0016). HbA1c was only positively correlated with android/ gynoid ratio (r= 0.5534; p= 0.0041). Conclusion: Higher blood glucose variability/fluctuation measured by CGM was associated with greater body fat, android fat, android/gynoid fat ratio, which are indicators of cardiovascular disease risks. Blood glucose fluctuation monitoring should be considered in blood glucose management. This study was funded by The University of Texas, El Paso Dodson Fund and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) - R01DK132430. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

A cohort study on the predictive capability of body composition for diabetes mellitus using machine learning.

We applied machine learning to study associations between regional body fat distribution and diabetes mellitus in a population of community adults in order to investigate the predictive capability. We retrospectively analyzed a subset of data from the published Fasa cohort study using individual standard classifiers as well as ensemble learning algorithms. We measured segmental body composition using the Tanita Analyzer BC-418 MA (Tanita Corp, Japan). The following features were input to our machine learning model: fat-free mass, fat percentage, basal metabolic rate, total body water, right arm fat-free mass, right leg fat-free mass, trunk fat-free mass, trunk fat percentage, sex, age, right leg fat percentage, and right arm fat percentage. We performed classification into diabetes vs. no diabetes classes using linear support vector machine, decision tree, stochastic gradient descent, logistic regression, Gaussian naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbors (k = 3 and k = 4), and multi-layer perceptron, as well as ensemble learning using random forest, gradient boosting, adaptive boosting, XGBoost, and ensemble voting classifiers with Top3 and Top4 algorithms. 4661 subjects (mean age 47.64 ± 9.37 years, range 35 to 70 years; 2155 male, 2506 female) were analyzed and stratified into 571 and 4090 subjects with and without a self-declared history of diabetes, respectively. Age, fat mass, and fat percentages in the legs, arms, and trunk were positively associated with diabetes; fat-free mass in the legs, arms, and trunk, were negatively associated. Using XGBoost, our model attained the best excellent accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of 89.96%, 90.20%, 89.65%, and 89.91%, respectively. Our machine learning model showed that regional body fat compositions were predictive of diabetes status.

Lean body mass but not body fat mass is related with leukocyte telomere length in children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between body composition and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in healthy Chinese children aged 6-11 years. This cross-sectional study enrolled 406 healthy children (175 girls and 231 boys). The relative telomere length in their peripheral blood leukocytes was determined via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to determine body fat content and regional fat distribution, appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM), bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the total body (TB) and total body less head (TBLH) levels, and total body lean mass (TBLM) was then determined. ASM/height2 (ASMI) was also calculated. After adjusting for potential covariates, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that neither body fat content nor regional body fat distribution were significantly associated with LTL (β = -8.48 × 10-6-1.44 × 10-1, p = 0.227-0.959). However, ASM, ASMI, TB BMC/TB BMD, TBLH BMC/TBLH BMD and TBLM were positively associated with LTL (β = 8.95 × 10-6-4.95 × 10-1, p = 0.005-0.035). Moreover, analysis of covariance revealed there was a statistically significant dose-dependent positive association between LTL and ASM, TB BMC/BMD, TBLH BMC/BMD, and TBLM (p-trend = 0.002-0.025). Skeletal muscle mass and bone mass but not body fat content or distribution were significantly associated with LTL in this pediatric population.

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon excretion and regional body fat distribution: evidence from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2016

BackgroundPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that may contribute to the etiology of obesity. However, it is unclear whether PAHs from environmental sources are associated with regional body fat distribution, and whether the association varies across racial/ethnic groups who may have differential PAH exposure patterns.ObjectivesTo examine correlations between PAHs and body fat distribution, and potential racial/ethnic differences among U.S. adults.MethodsTen PAHs were measured in spot urine samples from 2691 non-smoking adults (age ≥ 20 years) in the NHANES 2001–2016. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat mass percent (FM%). Partial Pearson correlation coefficients (r) with multivariable adjustment were used to assess PAH-FM% associations.ResultsIn the total population, 1-naphthalene, 3-fluorene, and 1-pyrene were inversely correlated with total FM% or trunk FM% (adjusted r ranged: − 0.06 to − 0.08), while 2-naphthalene, 9-fluorene, and 4-phenanthrene were positively correlated with the FM% measurements (r: 0.07–0.11). PAH levels are highest among non-Hispanic Blacks, followed by Hispanics and Whites and some of the correlations were different by these races/ethnicities. Among non-Hispanic Whites, no PAH was correlated with FM%. In contrast, 9-fluorene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.20) and trunk FM% (r = 0.22) among Blacks, and 4-phenanthrene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.23) and trunk FM% (r = 0.24) among Hispanics (P-interaction: 0.010–0.025).DiscussionIn this US adult population, certain PAHs are significantly associated with higher body fat contents among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics but not non-Hispanic Whites, suggesting that minority groups might be particularly susceptible to PAH’s obesogenic effects or the effects of other factors that determine the PAH exposure levels. Alternatively, differences in body composition may contribute to differential PAH metabolism in minority groups. Future studies are warranted to explore the racial/ethnic disparity in PAH exposures, drivers of these exposure differences, and mechanisms through which PAHs may influence body composition by races/ethnicities.

Obesity, Body Composition, and Sex Hormones: Implications for Cardiovascular Risk.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the leading cause of death in adults, highlighting the need to develop novel strategies to mitigate cardiovascular risk. The advancing obesity epidemic is now threatening the gains in CVD risk reduction brought about by contemporary pharmaceutical and surgical interventions. There are sex differences in the development and outcomes of CVD; premenopausal women have significantly lower CVD risk than men of the same age, but women lose this advantage as they transition to menopause, an observation suggesting potential role of sex hormones in determining CVD risk. Clear differences in obesity and regional fat distribution among men and women also exist. While men have relatively high fat in the abdominal area, women tend to distribute a larger proportion of their fat in the lower body. Considering that regional body fat distribution is an important CVD risk factor, differences in how men and women store their body fat may partly contribute to sex-based alterations in CVD risk as well. This article presents findings related to the role of obesity and sex hormones in determining CVD risk. Evidence for the role of sex hormones in determining body composition in men and women is also presented. Lastly, the clinical potential for using sex hormones to alter body composition and reduce CVD risk is outlined. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:1-45, 2022.

Leptin and Adiponectin Concentrations Independently Predict Future Accumulation of Visceral Fat in Nondiabetic Japanese Americans.

Whether leptin and adiponectin are independently associated with regional body fat distribution was investigated in a prospective study of Japanese Americans. Nondiabetic participants 39 to 79 years of age were followed for 5 years to assess change in body composition. Leptin and adiponectin concentrations were evaluated at baseline and by single-slice computed tomography measurements of intra-abdominal fat (IAF), abdominal subcutaneous fat (SCF), and thigh SCF cross-sectional areas at baseline and at 5 years. Ninety-six men and ninety-five women without diabetes had the following baseline mean (SD) values: age 45.7 (3.5) years and 46.4 (3.9) years, IAF 78.7 (38.6) cm2 and 62.1 (39.0) cm2 , leptin concentration 4.5 (2.3) μg/L and 10.2 (5.2) μg/L, and adiponectin concentration 7.4 (3.2) μg/mL and 10.8 (4.7) μg/mL, respectively. Baseline leptin (β = 1.7722, P = 0.014) and adiponectin concentrations (β = -0.4162, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with IAF change over 5 years in multivariable models adjusting for age, sex, diabetes family history, weight change over 5 years, and baseline measurements of BMI, IAF, abdominal SCF, waist circumference, thigh fat, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. In nondiabetic Japanese Americans, a higher concentration of leptin was associated with greater accumulation of IAF and a higher concentration of adiponectin with lesser accumulation of IAF over 5 years.

Association between Frequency of Breakfast Consumption and Regional Body Fat Distribution

BackgroundDietary habits are critical determinants of health and especially of cardiometabolic risk status. Previous studies have examined the relationship between breakfast consumption and indices of obesity, with conflicting findings. Such discrepancy may be owed to the use of surrogate measures of adiposity such as body mass index. Furthermore, it is unknown whether frequency of breakfast consumption is associated with different patterns of regional body fat distribution.ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed at investigating the association between frequency of breakfast consumption and body fat distribution.MethodsWe compiled data from 184 individuals (64% males, mean age 35.8±12.6 years, ranging from 18 to 63 years old) who participated in research studies performed in the Mayo Clinic Cardiovascular/Sleep Laboratory from 2005 to 2019 and underwent whole body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) for body composition. Breakfast eating habits were assessed by questionnaire and frequency of consumption was determined as number of times per week (range 0 to 7). Responses were recoded as low frequency (0 to 2 times/week), middle frequency (3 to 4 times/week), and high frequency (5 to 7 times/week). Measures of height and weight were collected to compute body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Total body fat percentage, fat mass, and lean mass were obtained from DXA. Regions of interest were manually adjusted with the DXA software to quantify abdominal fat and lower body fat. Abdominal fat/total body fat and lower body fat/total body fat ratios were calculated.ResultsLow frequency of breakfast consumption was reported by 14% of the subjects (n=26), while 18% (n=34) reported middle‐frequency of consumption. The proportion of men/women (p=0.1) and BMI values (p=0.78) were similar across breakfast eating categories. Compared to those who had breakfast with high‐frequency, those who ate it less frequently were younger (p=0.038). In age, sex, and BMI‐adjusted analysis, low‐frequency of breakfast consumption was significantly associated with greater abdominal fat mass (standardized beta=0.11, 95% CI 0.09‐ 1.29, p=0.024) and higher abdominal fat/total body fat ratio (standardized beta=0.16, 95% CI 0.003–0.024, p=0.013). Total body fat percentage (p=0.26), fat mass (p=0.26), and lean mass (p=0.22) were not associated with frequency of breakfast consumption. Similarly, no relations were seen with lower body fat (p=0.85) or lower body fat/total body fat ratio (p=0.51).ConclusionOur study showed that infrequent breakfast consumption is selectively associated with greater abdominal fat mass. As accumulation of fat in the abdominal depot is a more robust predictor of adverse outcomes than total adiposity, these findings suggest that abdominal fat may mediate the increased cardiometabolic risk previously observed in conjunction with infrequent breakfast consumption.

VISCERAL FAT, PHYSICAL FITNESS AND BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS OF BRAZILIAN MILITARY PERSONNEL

ABSTRACT Introduction: Adipocyte volume (fat accumulation) in different parts of the body may play different roles in the metabolism and in the appearance of cardiovascular risk factors. Most studies indicate that the regional distribution of body fat seems to be more important than excess adiposity per se. High levels of physical activity are associated with lower total and visceral body fat levels. Military physical training is of paramount importance for the health and performance of soldiers in the Brazilian Army. In this context, physical evaluation will provide data on the main physical benefits involved in military tasks. Objective: Verify the relationship between visceral fat (VF), physical performance and biochemical markers of soldiers in the Brazilian Army. Methods: The sample consisted of 41 (38.9 ± 2.2 years) Brazilian male military personnel. VF was obtained with a Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry densitometry device. The biochemical analysis included fasting glycemia, triglycerides (TG) and HDL-C levels. Physical performance was evaluated through two tests (12-min run and pull-ups). The Shapiro-Wilk test confirmed the normality of the variables. Pearson's correlation test was then applied, with a p-value of &lt;0.05. Results: Significant negative correlations of VF were found with the results of both physical tests (Pull-ups r = −0.59; 12-min r = −0.61). The only biochemical variable that had a significant positive correlation with VF was TG (r = 0.44). Conclusion: The results of this study showed a significant negative association between VF and physical tests. A significant positive association between VF and TG was also found. Level of Evidence I; Diagnostic studies - Investigation of a diagnostic test.

Associations of Added Sugar from All Sources and Sugar-Sweetened Beverages with Regional Fat Deposition in US Adolescents: NHANES 1999–2006

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe relative distribution of upper- versus lower-body fat may be an important determinant of cardiometabolic disease risk in youths. Dietary components associated with adolescent regional body fat distribution require further investigation.ObjectiveTo evaluate associations of added sugar intake overall and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with relative upper-body fat deposition in US adolescents.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional analysis of data from 6585 adolescents (aged 12–19 y) in the NHANES cycles 1999–2006. Trunk, leg, and total fat mass were assessed by DXA. Participants were grouped into categories of total and SSB added sugar intake as a percentage of total energy intake (TEI) in 5% increments. Stepwise multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations of added sugar intake with truncal-to-leg fat ratio (TLR) and truncal-to-total fat ratio (TTR).ResultsThere were no associations of total added sugar intake with TLR or TTR. For SSB added sugar, compared with the lowest category of intake (<2% TEI), the highest category (>22% TEI) was associated with higher log-TLR [β (95% CI): >22% TEI versus <2% TEI: 0.05 (0.01, 0.09)] and TTR [1.30 (0.53, 2.07)] in the partially adjusted model with sex, age, race/ethnicity, income, physical activity, and smoking status as covariates (P-trend = 0.0001 for both). When BMI z-score and TEI were added as covariates, the magnitude of the associations were attenuated, but remained significant [log-TLR β (95% CI): 0.03 (0.005, 0.06), P-trend = 0.0018; TTR β (95% CI): 0.75 (0.27, 1.23), P-trend = 0.0004].ConclusionsThese findings support that added sugar from beverages is associated with higher upper-body adiposity, though the magnitude and clinical significance of the associations may be small, especially when adjusted for BMI and TEI. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms to explain these findings.

Associations Between Body Fat, Muscle Mass, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Study.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common forms of liver disease worldwide and has emerged as a significant public health concern in China. A better understanding of the etiology of NAFLD can inform effective management strategies for this disease. We examined factors associated with NAFLD in two districts of Hangzhou, China, focusing on the relationship of regional body fat distribution, muscle mass, and NAFLD. We used baseline data to carry out a cross‐sectional analysis among 3,589 participants from the Wellness Living Laboratory (WELL) China study, a longitudinal population‐based study that aims to investigate and promote well‐being among the Chinese population. NAFLD was defined using the widely validated fatty liver index (FLI). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess independent associations between NAFLD and metabolic risk factors (e.g., insulin resistance) and dual x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐derived measures (e.g., android fat ratio [AFR] and skeletal muscle index [SMI]). Of the 3,589 participants, 476 (13.3%) were classified as having FLI‐defined NAFLD (FLI ≥60). Among those, 58.0% were men. According to our analysis, AFR (odds ratio [OR], 10.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.8‐18.5), insulin resistance (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 3.0‐5.3), high alanine aminotransferase levels (OR, 7.6; 95% CI, 5.8‐10.0), smoking (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4‐3.0), and male sex (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 2.0‐4.2) were positively associated with NAFLD risk, while SMI (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.07‐0.13) was inversely associated with NAFLD risk. Conclusion: In addition to known metabolic risk factors, DXA‐derived AFR and SMI may provide additional insights to the understanding of NAFLD. Interventions that aim to decrease AFR and increase SMI may be important to reduce the burden of NAFLD in this population.

Central and peripheral body fat distribution: Different associations with low-grade inflammation in young adults?

Background and aimsEvidence regarding the impact of regional body fat distribution on low-grade inflammation is limited. The current study examined the association of central and peripheral body fat distribution and low-grade inflammation levels in young adults, considering collinearity between variables. Methods and resultsA cross-sectional analysis of 809 adults (aged 27 years) was conducted as part of the EPITeen cohort, Porto, Portugal. Regional body fat was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DXA) and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) was measured in a fasting blood sample. OLS (ordinary least squares) and LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression models were fitted to estimate the association of trunk and peripheral fat with hsCRP, stratified by sex. Using OLS regression, trunk fat in females was positively associated with ln(hsCRP) (β1 = 0.064, 95% CI 0.018; 0.109). The effect of peripheral fat on ln(hsCRP) was shown not to be significantly different from trunk fat (β2 = −0.011, 95% CI −0.110; 0.089), but no statistically significant association was observed (β3 = 0.053, 95% CI −0.004; 0.110) between peripheral fat and ln(hsCRP). In males, trunk fat also showed a positive association with ln(hsCRP) (β1 = 0.104, 95% CI 0.055; 0.154), and the effect of peripheral fat on ln(hsCRP) was shown to be significantly different from trunk fat (β2 = −0.124, 95% CI −0.237;−0.011). However, the association between peripheral fat and ln(hsCRP) did not reach statistical significance (β3 = −0.020, 95% CI −0.086; 0.046). The results of OLS were confirmed by LASSO regression. ConclusionA higher fat deposited in the trunk was positively associated with hsCRP, whereas no statistically significant effect was observed for peripheral fat.

Clinical Manifestations and Factors Associated with Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Koreans with Obesity.

Demonstrating the clinical consequences of osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) is complex. This study evaluated clinical manifestations and factors associated with bone and muscle loss in Koreans with obesity. This cross-sectional observational study enrolled Koreans with obesity aged ≥ 50years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clinical manifestations were compared among four groups: obesity (O), sarcopenic obesity (SO), osteopenic obesity (OO), and OSO. Factors associated with appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) or bone mineral density (BMD) were evaluated. OSO increases with age in both sexes. Men with SO and OSO had increased cardiometabolic diseases and markers, percentages of body fat (BF%), and trunk fat (TF%), and decreased limb fat percentage (LF%). Women with SO and OSO had increased metabolic markers, BF%, and TF% but those with OSO had increased cardiometabolic diseases and lower LF%. Both sexes with OSO had decreased ASM and vitamin D, and higher vitamin D deficiency. BF% was negatively associated with ASM and femur BMD in both sexes. TF% was negatively and LF% was positively associated with ASM in both sexes and with femur BMD in women. Vitamin D was positively associated with femur BMD in men and with ASM and BMD at all sites in women. ASM and BMD were positively associated with each other. Appendicular muscle loss is metabolically significant regardless of bone loss in men; however, appendicular muscle loss with bone loss is metabolically more significant in women. Regional body composition, fat distribution, and vitamin D deficiency were associated with OSO phenotype in both sexes.

Effects of a Hypocaloric, Nutritionally Complete, Higher Protein Meal Plan on Regional Body Fat and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Older Adults with Obesity

Background: Whether improvements in cardiometabolic health following weight loss (WL) are associated with changes in regional body fat distribution (gluteal vs. ­android) is not well documented. Methods: Older (age: 70 ± 4 years; mean ± SD) adults with obesity were randomized to a 6-month WL program (WL; n = 47), accomplished using a hypocaloric, nutritionally complete, higher protein ­(targeting ≥1.0 g/kg/day) meal plan, or a weight stability (WS; n = 49) program. Android, gynoid, visceral, and subcutaneous abdominal fat masses (via dual energy X-ray absorptiometry ) and fasting glucose and lipid profiles were assessed at baseline and 6 months. Results: The WL group lost more body weight (WL: –8.6% vs. WS: –1.7%, p < 0.01), resulting in a reduction in fat mass at each region only following WL (all p < 0.05). The decline in the ratio of android/gynoid fat mass also was significant only following WL, resulting in greater declines than WS (mean [95% CI]; WL: –0.026 [–0.040 to –0.011] vs. WS: 0.003 [–0.012 to 0.019] g, p < 0.01). The change in the ratio of visceral/subcutaneous abdominal fat mass was not significant in either group and did not differ between groups (WL: 0.65 [–0.38 to 1.68] vs. WS: 0.05 [–1.00 to 1.10] g, p = 0.42). In general, the improvements in glucose and lipid profiles were associated with declines in fat mass at the gynoid and android regions (r’s = 0.20–0.42, all p < 0.05), particularly the visceral depot but not the ratios. Conclusion: WL achieved via a hypocaloric, nutritionally complete, higher protein meal plan is effective in reducing body fat in the android, gynoid, and visceral depots, which relate to cardiometabolic improvements.

Liver Fat Content and Body Fat Distribution in Youths with Excess Adiposity.

This study had two main objectives: To examine the association between body fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fat content, and to determine whether the relationship between NAFLD and regional body fat distribution, with respect to liver fat content in youths with excess adiposity, is independent of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and a healthy diet. Liver fat content (controlled attenuation parameter (CAP)), body fat distribution (body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, fat mass/height, body fat percentage, total fat mass, android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and lean mass index, determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), CRF (20-m shuttle-run test), and healthy diet (adherence to the Mediterranean diet by KIDMED questionnaire) were measured in 126 adolescents (66% girls) aged between 11 and 17 years. Participants were assigned to two groups according to the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis (CAP values ≥225 dB/m or <225 dB/m of liver fat, respectively). Considering the similar total fat values for the two groups (>30% by DXA), youths with NAFLD had higher fat distribution parameters than those without NAFLD, regardless of sex, age, puberty stage, lean mass index, CRF, and healthy diet (p < 0.01). In the non-NAFLD group, the association between hepatic fat and fat distribution parameters presented a similar pattern, although the association was statistically insignificant after adjusting for a potential confounding variable (ps > 0.05), except for the case of VAT. Body fat distribution parameters were higher in youths with NAFLD compared to those without NAFLD. Additionally, body fat distribution showed a significant association with liver fat content as assessed by CAP in youths with NAFLD independent of CRF and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, supporting the notion that upper body fat distribution might play a pivotal role in the development of NAFLD in adolescents. These results may have implications for the clinical management of youths with excess adiposity given the high prevalence of NAFLD in children and young adults.

Age-associated changes of resting energy expenditure, body composition and fat distribution in Chinese Han males.

Age‐related alterations in whole body composition, particularly, reduced fat free mass (FFM) and increased fat mass (FM), lead to a progressive decline in resting energy expenditure (REE). Similarly, regional body composition and fat distribution changes with age might also contribute to an overall lower REE. This study investigated the influence of age on REE, regional body composition and fat distribution, including subcutaneous fat (SF) and visceral fat (VF), in a Chinese Han population as well as their contributions to age‐related changes in REE. One hundred and two males aged 31–83 years old underwent dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) which measured whole body and regional FM and FFM. SF and VF were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and REE by indirect calorimetry. Age was significantly negatively correlated with REE (r = −0.37), total FFM (r = −0.25), upper limbs FFM (r = −0.32), lower limbs FFM (r = −0.34) and showed positive association with trunk FFM (β=0.926). FM, SF and VF decreased in older age groups after an initial rise up to 55–65 years. REE correlated positively to FM, FFM, SF, VF and showed significant association with age (β = −0.254) independent of age‐associated changes in body composition. The regional alterations in body composition with age were explained by changes in trunk FFM (β = 0.926). Age‐related decline in REE were not solely due to alterations in FM and FFM. Therefore, the changes in regional body composition, fat distribution and REE which occur during aging could be explained by disparities in race, ethnicity, diet, physical activity, and lower specific metabolic rates of FFM components.

Impact of body fat distribution on long-term clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation.

Background and objectiveThe distribution of body fat is closely related to cardiovascular disease and outcomes, although its impact on patient prognosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent (DES) has not been evaluated. We investigated the impact of truncal fat distribution on long-term clinical outcomes after DES treatment.MethodsIn 441 DES-treated patients, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed to assess total and regional body fat distribution after index PCI. The ratio of truncal fat to total body fat mass (%FMtrunk/FMtotal) was calculated as a representative parameter for truncal fat distribution. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), a composite of ischemia-driven target vessel revascularization (TVR), non-procedural myocardial infarction, cardiac death at 5 years.ResultsDuring the median follow-up duration of 1780 days, MACE occurred in 22.0% of patients, with the highest-quartile group of %FMtrunk/FMtotal having a higher rate than the lowest quartile group (27.8% vs. 15.3%; log rank p = 0.026). The difference was driven by a higher rate of ischemia-driven TVR (25.9% vs. 9.9%; log rank p = 0.008). In multivariable Cox regression analyses, %FMtrunk/FMtotal was independently associated with MACE (hazard ratio: 1.075; 95% CI: 1.022–1.131; p = 0.005), but body mass index (BMI) was not.ConclusionsIn DES-treated patients, truncal fat distribution is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and is more clinically relevant than BMI.

Tu1921 - Liraglutide Treatment Modulates Regional Body Fat Distribution in Individuals with Obesity

Tu1921 - Liraglutide Treatment Modulates Regional Body Fat Distribution in Individuals with Obesity

Regional body fat distribution assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis and its correlation with anthropometric indices

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to assess the validity of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) to characterize the regional fat distribution among female and its correlation with anthropometric indices. Materials and methodsThe following indices were carried out: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist hip index (WC + HC) of random samples (209) of women (age, 32–85 years). The segmental body fat percentages were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Hand-to-Hand and Foot-to-Foot Body Analyzer devices were used to estimate upper and lower body fat percent (BF %), respectively. Upper and lower body fat measurements were used to calculate total body fat. Agreement between the variables was assessed by scatter plots. ResultsThe plots of upper and lower percent body fat (BF %) against waist and hip circumferences revealed significant correlation values of (r = 0.949) and (r = 0.942), respectively. The total of upper and lower body fat ratios showed a stronger correlation with the BMI than those of severally. Weak to fear correlations between upper and lower body fat percent, with BMI were observed. ConclusionThe results indicated that the BIA technique of estimating segmental body fat percent associated with the anthropometrical indices (WC, HC) has the potential to determine adiposity risk available for use in large epidemiological studies.

A Prevalence Study Based on Relationship of Obesity Indices with Different Anthropometric Parametrs in Two Communities

Overweight refers to an excess body weight compared to set standards. Obesity specially refers to having an abnormally high proportion of total body fat. Most health providers agree that men with more than 25% total body fat and women with more than 30% total body fat should be considered obese [1]. A more important aspect of obesity is the regional distribution of excess body fat. Our research is a prevalence study to find out the distribution of obese and overweight girls from two different communities distributing them according to different anthropometric parameters. The 1001 girls residing in different hostels from different colleges were selected for the study. Two groups were made and the total girls were categorized into Gujarati and Non Gujarati groups respectively. They were further classified according to categories like waist circumference, hip circumference, waist hip ratio, obesity indices, body fat percent, total body fat, lean body mass, skinfold thickness, family history and blood pressure. Fourteen percent were overweight and eleven percent girls were obese according to waist circumference. Seventy one percent had hip circumference of more than 36 inches; waist hip ratio of more than 0.85 was observed in 47% girls; Twenty four percent had high waist circumference, waist hip ratio and BMI&gt;25 kg/m2; Eighty percent had body fat percent &lt; 33%, 27% had total body fat &gt; 20 kg; Fifty six percent had lean body mass &gt; 42 kg and sixty nine percent had skinfold thickness &gt; 50 mm. Seventy eight percent girls were without any family history of disease and 53%/46% had high normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Low Plasma Adiponectin Concentrations Predict Increases in Visceral Adiposity and Insulin Resistance.

Context:Plasma adiponectin concentration has been shown to be inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance in cross-sectional research. However, it is unclear whether adiponectin predicts future body composition and insulin resistance.Objective:We aimed to investigate the potential relationship between adiponectin concentration and future regional body fat distribution and insulin resistance.Design and Setting:This was a community-based prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up.Participants:A total of 218 Japanese Americans without diabetes (79 men, 139 women, mean age 51.7 ± 10.1 years) were assessed at baseline and after 5 years of follow-up.Main Outcome Measures:Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat area and thigh subcutaneous fat area were measured by computed tomography (CT). Insulin resistance was evaluated by homeostasis model assessment 2 of insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR). Plasma total adiponectin was measured by radioimmunoassay.Results:Baseline adiponectin was inversely associated with abdominal visceral fat area (P = 0.037) and HOMA2-IR (P = 0.002) at 5 years in a multiple linear regression model after adjustment for baseline traits (including age, sex, BMI, abdominal visceral fat area, abdominal subcutaneous fat area, thigh subcutaneous fat area, HOMA2-IR) and weight change. However, no association was seen between baseline adiponectin concentration and BMI or other CT-measured regional fat depots at 5 years.Conclusions:Low plasma adiponectin concentration independently predicted future abdominal visceral fat accumulation and increased insulin resistance in Japanese Americans.