Regions Of Tamil Nadu Research Articles

Nutrient Variability Mapping and Demarcating Management Zones by Employing Fuzzy Clustering in Southern Coastal Region of Tamil Nadu, India

Nutrient Variability Mapping and Demarcating Management Zones by Employing Fuzzy Clustering in Southern Coastal Region of Tamil Nadu, India

Deep‐bed drying kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of high‐moisture parboiled paddy (ASD‐16) in a reversible airflow fixed bed dryer

AbstractReversible airflow fixed bed dryer (RAFBD) is an energy‐efficient, cost‐effective, and dependable dryer for using renewable energy sources in parboiling mills. In this study, a medium‐sized and high‐moisture parboiled paddy, ASD‐16, was dried in the RAFBD to determine its deep drying characteristics and thermodynamic properties. The chosen paddy variety is a commonly cultivated paddy in the southern region of Tamil Nadu, India. The RAFBD experimental setup was designed to dry 30 kg of parboiled paddy. For the statistical analysis, the experimental data for the deep‐bed drying at hot air temperatures 50–80°C and velocities of 0.1 and 0.15 m/s were used at constant specific humidity. To predict drying characteristics, 12 drying models were compared. Based on their statistical parameters, the Midilli et al. model was selected. For the tested conditions, the coefficients for effective moisture diffusion, heat transfer, and mass transfer were between 9.82 × 10−8 and 2.13 × 10−7 m2/s, 0.3802 and 1.325 W/m2 K, and 0.375 × 10−4 and 1.26 × 10−4 m/s, respectively. Furthermore, the determined activation energy ranged from 20.4964 to 20.4390 kJ/mol.Practical ApplicationsASD‐16 is one of the popular paddy varieties cultivated and used in parboiling mills in the study region. The outcome of this research can contribute to the application of a cost‐effective dryer for drying high‐moisture paddy. Furthermore, the drying time and bed height proposed in this work can reduce the drying time in the mills and improve energy efficiency. The drying kinetics and suitability of the models found in this study will contribute to the design and development of low‐cost dryers for the local parboiling industries. As rice husk, which is a waste from paddy processing, is used for the heating process, industries can reduce the cost of energy for closed‐roof drying. This study provides a clear insight to the researchers and designers in standardizing the capacity of the dryer, drying temperature, and airflow rate for any similar kind of paddy variety.

Demographic Incidence of Recumbent Cow Syndrome in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu, India

This study investigates the demographic incidences of recumbent cow syndrome in 156 recumbent cows over a period of 9-month in the Cauvery Delta region of Tamil Nadu, India. They were examined & categorized based on breed, age, and period of occurrences. The incidence of recumbent cow was higher incidences during May month and lower during November month. Whereas the highest incidence of recumbent cow syndrome was noticed in Jersey cross bred cow (69.8%) followed by Holstein Friesian cross bred (25.0%) and native breeds (5.1%) whereas higher incidence of recumbent cow syndrome was observed in cows with the age group of 6 to 8 years. These findings emphasize the need for targeted management strategies to address this challenging metabolic disorder in dairy farming, considering specific time period or season, breeds, and age groups.

Clinical Insights of Lumpy Skin Disease in Cauvery Delta Region of Tamil Nadu

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is a contagious and life-threatening affliction affecting both cattle and calves, marked by the emergence of nodules on the skin and various body areas. Notably, in calves, the impact extends beyond generalized lesions, leading to a frequent occurrence of respiratory distress. Secondary bacterial infection also often aggravates the condition. A total of 36 cases presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Orathanadu during the period of April to June 2023 with the history of eruptive lesions all over the body showing signs of Lumpy skin disease with various clinical manifestations like nodular lesions all over the body, fever, nasal discharge, lymphadenopathy, inspiratory dyspnoea, along with diffused edematous swelling of all limbs and diarrhoea in calves. In Indigenous adult cattle, diffused edematous swelling of limbs either unilateral or bilateral along with brisket and jowl edema were observed. Mortality rate in calves less than 3 months is 75 %. In adult animal the mortality rate was high in Indigenous breeds compared to cross bred cattle. Animals were treated to combat secondary bacterial infections with antibiotics along with supportive like Syr. Lavitone H 3ml per.os daily as prophylactic therapy to combat fungal pneumonia. The cases with severe clinical manifestation were even treated with steroid Inj. Prednisolone @1mg/kg b.wt. Animal treated for 15 days, gradual recovery was noticed. Vector control need to be implemented to prevent the disease associated with economic losses.

Study on the Ixodid ticks species diversity (Acari: Ixodidae) on domestic ruminants in different agro-climatic regions of Tamil Nadu.

A survey of Ixodid tick species diversity on domestic ruminants was conducted in seven agro-climatic regions of Tamil Nadu State, India. Tick surveys were conducted on domestic ruminants such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat in seven districts of Tamil Nadu. The overall tick infestation was 38.8%, 5.8%, 14.6%, and 40.8% on cattle, buffaloes, sheep, and goats, respectively. A total of 8068 ticks from 18 species belonging to four genera were recorded. Overall, Haemaphysalis intermedia was the predominant (51.38%) tick species which has a wide host range. The most prevalent tick species in cattle and buffalo were Rhipicephalus (B.) microplus (25.41%) and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides (56.69%), respectively. Haemaphysalis intermedia was the most prevalent in ticks in sheep (70.35%), goat (70.35%), and dog (55.79%). In the present study, local anomalies such as the ectromely of one leg and the absence of adanal plates were observed in Rh. haemaphysaloides. The study also found that local anomaly such as protuberances in the hind tarsal and atrophy of the adanal plate was observed in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. In addition, a general anomaly with three atrophy caudal appendages was also observed in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The overall prevalence of anomalies in Rh. haemaphysaloides and Rh. (B.) microplus was 0.3% (3/971) and 0.4% (3/678), respectively.

Water quality assessment: a case study in the Tuticorin district of Tamil Nadu in South India

ABSTRACT A hydro-geochemical study for water-quality assessment was conducted in the Tuticorin region of Tamil Nadu in southern India during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2022 and the water samples are examined to comply with BIS and WHO guidelines. In the present study, the values of TDS (75%), Mg (37.5%), and TH (25%) have exceeded the permissible limits namely 500, 100, and 600 mg/L, respectively. The WQI proposed by CCME is used to analyze water suitability. The Pearson correlation and principal component analysis are used to study the relationship between various physicochemical parameters and principal components of water quality, respectively. Piper & Gibbs diagrams are plotted to identify the water types and the main water type predicted by the piper plot is Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4 which makes up 74.3% of the the samples studied. WQI suggests that 22.5% and 50.0% specimens have excellent water quality during pre and post-monsoon seasons, respectively.

Distribution pattern and risk assessment of microplastics contamination in different agricultural systems

ABSTRACT To explore the existence of microplastics (MPs) in agricultural soils in the Coimbatore region of Tamil Nadu, India, this study was carried out in six agricultural sites with distinct agronomic practices and agricultural inputs. Using the density-digestion separation method, 81% of organic matter (OM) in soils was removed and MPs were quantified and characterised using a stereo microscope and ATR-FTIR. MP abundance of treated sewage irrigated field (1,650 items kg−1) > paddy field (1,500 items kg−1) > integrated farming system field (1,250 items kg−1) > inorganic fertilisers applied field (1,025 items kg−1) > organic manures applied field (1,000 items kg−1) > plastic mulched field (800 items kg−1) was assessed with more than 50% MPs at < 500 µm size, which exhibited that smaller MPs tend to transfer into soil layers and affect soil organisms through the food chain. The most prevailing MP colours were blue (37.71%), black (29.41%), and pink (23.87%) with polyethylene as a widely distributed polymer type among all MPs composition. The risk assessment revealed the highest hazard level in plastic mulched soil with category V contamination irrespective of the MPs abundance. This study emphasises the significant influence of agricultural inputs, irrigation practices, location, and atmospheric inputs of MPs in agricultural sites and provides a baseline for further research to understand the trophic transfer of MPs in agricultural ecosystems and its effects on the food chain.

Study on Regulatory Authority Guidelines for Fostering Affordable Housing Clusters in the Northern Coastal Region of Tamil Nadu, India

Study on Regulatory Authority Guidelines for Fostering Affordable Housing Clusters in the Northern Coastal Region of Tamil Nadu, India

Occupational Injuries and Health Status Among Rural Tribal Non-Traditional Fishing Communities in the Coastal Region of Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT Objectives This study evaluated the occupational injuries and health hazards associated with fishing as an occupation among non-traditional rural tribal fishing communities in the coastal region of Tamil Nadu, India. Methods This cross-sectional study included a total of 170 individuals belonging to a fishing community, comprising both male (n = 82) and female (n = 88) participants. The demographic details including occupational history, lifestyle characteristics, socio-economic status, personal habits, and health status were assessed through the questionnaire survey. Results The fishing community has a low socioeconomic status and poor literacy, lifestyle, and personal habits. The mean age of the participants was 38.8 yrs (male 34.8; female 39.9 yrs). Only 10% reported usage of personal protective equipment (PPE), and the work duration varied from 8 to 24 hrs in a day. While male subjects reported smoking habits (12%) and alcohol consumption (23%), none of the females reported alcohol consumption and smoking habits. The major occupational injuries that occurred were due to catfish (72%) and oysters (48%). A large number of female subjects reported musculoskeletal pains. The body mass index of about 28% of fishermen was above the normal range. Abnormal blood sugar, blood pressure, and respiratory and neurological symptoms were the other major health complaints. The major environmental hazards reported were salinity, solar radiation, tides, and high wind. Conclusion Injuries from handling fish and oysters were observed to be the major occupational burden. Additonally, a high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and chronic health illness was commonly observed among the fishers. Adequate training and awareness programs are required for effective management of occupational health hazards and health promotion.

Statistical Data Analysis in Emergency Management Elements of Indian State of Tamil Nadu Manufacturing Industries Utilising LPG

Introduction: Process safety is becoming more difficult as requirements increase. When balancing quality, volume, and safety on a budget, major accidents are unavoidable. The inability of organizations to absorb unwelcome and unanticipated disruptions is a major contributor to complacency and a decline in safety attitudes. The inability of industries to interpret standards impedes self-regulation. Methods: A total of 50 emergency management element questionnaires were developed to evaluate the state of an industry. These questionnaires were categorized as first aid, personal protective equipment (PPE), communication systems used in plants, safety education and training, occupational hygiene and health, management systems on accident reporting, safety and health, analysis and investigation, and procedures and protocols. From 32 LPG industries in Tamil Nadu districts, information for all 50 questions was gathered and the statistical tool "Analysis ToolPak" in Excel 2010 was used to analyze the data. Results: This study conducted a comprehensive statistical analysis of various aspects of industrial on-site emergency planning. The questionnaire's reliability was determined using Cronbach's alpha test. Utilizing descriptive statistics, t-tests for means, one-way ANOVA, and histograms, statistical evaluation was conducted. Encouragingly, all the results were favorable, providing compelling evidence that the LPG-utilizing industries in various regions of Tamil Nadu, India, are exceeding safety requirements. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings suggest that improved legal frameworks, laws, and implementation of EME in communication systems can greatly enhance the development of safety in plants, fire protection, and emergency health services. These measures can significantly reduce the occurrence of accidents and improve the response time to emergencies, ultimately saving lives and reducing property damage.

Quantitative determination of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in adult captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from Southern tropical regions of Tamil Nadu

Quantitative determination of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in adult captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from Southern tropical regions of Tamil Nadu

Challenges for Adopting Strategic Entrepreneurship in Small Businesses: A Study with Reference to the Southern Region of Tamil Nadu

The purpose of this study is to examine the challenges of small businesses in Tamil Nadu face when adopting strategic entrepreneurship. It seeks to understand how the demographic profiles like Age, gender and educational qualification are influence the challenges for adopting strategic entrepreneurship. This study used a qualitative approach was employed, utilizing a Stratified Random Sampling Technique to select the 380 Small businesses across various sectors in the southern region of Tamil Nadu. Structured Questionnaires were used to gather data on the challenges for adopting strategic entrepreneurship. The percentage analysis for demographic profile, weighted average for the rank of the challenges and Kruskal-Wallis test was utilized for the testing of hypotheses. The study revealed the 20 challenges faced by the small business for adopting the strategic entrepreneurship including limited financial resources, lack of skilled personnel, etc. The demographic profile of the respondents highlighted a predominance of middle aged and male entrepreneurs with more business experience. The weighted average shows that mindset of the employee and limited financial resources are the high mean score and rank. The Kruskal – Wallis test shows the result of the hypotheses. This study adds to the body of knowledge by highlighting specific challenges that small businesses confront. By considering demographic profiles, it offers valuable insights for policy makers and business stakeholders to develop targeted strategies. The utilization of the Kruskal-Wallis test provides a rigorous statistical analysis of the association between demographic profiles and challenges enhancing the originality and validity of the findings.

Outbreak of duck viral enteritis in the Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu

Outbreak of duck viral enteritis in the Cauvery delta region of Tamil Nadu

Floods and Freshwater Fish Strangulation in Sea: A Case Study in Karaikal Region of Tamil Nadu, India

The coalescence of freshwater and marine ecosystems during flood events introduces a distinctive ecological phenomenon wherein freshwater fish become entrapped in saline waters, an occurrence commonly referred to as “fish strangulation’’. This article presents a focused exploration of this phenomenon, in the Karaikal region in Tamil Nadu, India as a case study. This research aims to uncover the causes, assess the ecological impacts and delineate adaptive strategies employed by fish populations amidst the unprecedented convergence. The coastal region of Karaikal in Tamil Nadu, India, has long been characterized by its susceptibility to extreme weather events, particularly flooding resulting from monsoons and cyclonic activities. In recent years, a peculiar ecological phenomenon has emerged, drawing attention to the interactions between freshwater and marine ecosystems during flood events. This phenomenon involves the strangulation of freshwater fish within the saline waters of the sea, presenting a unique and poorly understood ecological challenge.

Attitude of Farmers towards In-situ Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Regions of Tamil Nadu

Attitude of Farmers towards In-situ Water Conservation in Semi-Arid Regions of Tamil Nadu

Evaluation of the proximate composition, minerals, and heavy metals of brown seaweeds: Sargassum wightii and Sargassum thunbergii collected from the Mandapam coastal regions, Tamil Nadu

A vital renewable resource for the marine environment, seaweed naturally supplies nutrients and has several health benefits. The nutritional properties of seaweed compounds have yet to be well investigated; much research has been done on their chemical and biological makeup. Seaweeds provide an alternate supply of these essential nutrients, including protein, fibre, and necessary and non-essential trace elements. In the present study, two brown seaweeds-Sargassum wightii and Sargassum thunbergii,collected from the Mandapam coastal region of Tamil Nadu, were assessed for their proximate composition, minerals, and heavy metals.The findings on dry weight basis showed that carbohydrates (65.1–67.9%) predominated in the proximal analysis, followed by ash content (12.5–16.3%). On a dry weight basis, the critical trace elements found in seaweeds, such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), were between 8.14–12.41 ppm, 3.95–4.86 ppm, and 648.92-898.45 ppm, respectively. Both seaweeds have a very high calcium (Ca) concentration, ranging from (14,805.08-16,235.62) ppm. The seaweed species did not contain any measurable levels of dangerous heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), beryllium (Be), lead (Pb), or mercury (Hg). The results demonstrated how seaweed or marine macroalgae may be helpful for essential nutrient supply.

Coastal vulnerability assessment for southeast coast of India using Coastal Hazard Wheel

Rapid urbanization coupled with climate change increases the vulnerability of coastal areas to different types of hazards. To understand and assess the vulnerability of the coastal environments, a published methodology Coastal Hazard Wheel (CHW) was adopted for the coastal taluks of Tamil Nadu. This methodology provides information on vulnerability of the coast by five major hazards. They are: Ecosystem Disruption, Gradual Inundation, Saltwater intrusion, Coastal Erosion and Flooding. The vulnerability assessment is carried out based on the datasets namely geomorphology, wave exposure, tidal range, flora/fauna, sediment balance and climate. The coastal regions of Tamil Nadu are evaluated based on the vulnerability severity levels of the hazards. The assessment depicts that 46% of the Tamil Nadu coastline is highly vulnerable to flooding, making flooding the most prevalent coastal hazard. About 10% of the coastal areas have very high vulnerability to saltwater intrusion, 43% of the coastal areas have high vulnerability to erosion, 54% of the coastal areas have high vulnerability to gradual inundation and 58% of the coastal areas are moderately vulnerable to ecosystem disruption. These appraisals are useful to support management decisions at local, regional and national level for the coastal management, mitigation and adaptation in response to climate and sea level change. Four types of ecosystems are based on their habitat type and distribution. They are marine, estuarine, coastal interface and coastal freshwater. The habitats on these ecosystems vary depending on their adaptability. These ecosystems also provide protection to coasts from the effects of climate change. They act as a basin during flooding from high rainfall and storm surges. Carbon sequestered within oceans is called blue carbon. Mangroves and salt marshes act as a reservoir of this carbon. Only 2% of the earth surface is covered by these ecosystems but stores ten times more carbon per unit area than other ecosystems. Non climatic pressure on ecosystems also increases rapidly due to rapid urbanization, industrial and agricultural outlets.

An Optimized YOLO v5 Model for Tomato Leaf Disease Classification with Field Dataset

Deep learning has gained widespread adoption in various fields, including object recognition, classification, and precision agriculture. This study aimed to investigate the use of deep convolutional neural networks for the real-time identification of diseases in tomato plant leaves. A customized field dataset was constructed, consisting of several images of tomato leaves captured using a mobile phone from agricultural fields in the Kerala and Tamil Nadu regions and classified into two categories: healthy and diseased. A YOLO v5 deep learning model was trained to classify images of tomato leaves into the respective categories. This study aimed to determine the most effective hyperparameters for the classification and detection of healthy and sick leaves sections, using both proprietary and publicly available datasets. The YOLO v5 model demonstrated a notable accuracy rate of 93% when evaluated in the test dataset. This method can help farmers quickly recognize diseased leaves and prompt the implementation of preventive measures to curtail the spread of tomato plant diseases.

Prevalence of groundnut dry root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.) and its pathogenic variability in Southern India.

Macrophomina phaseolina is the most devastating and emerging threat to groundnut production in India. An increase in average temperature and inconsistent rainfalls resulting from changing climatic conditions are strongly believed to aggravate the disease and cause severe yield losses. The present study aims to conduct a holistic survey to assess the prevalence and incidence of dry root rot of groundnut in major groundnut growing regions of Southern India, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Furthermore, the pathogenic variability was determined using different assays such as morphological, cultural, pathogenic, and molecular assays. Results indicate that disease incidence in surveyed locations ranged from 8.06 to 20.61%. Both temperature and rainfall played a major role in increasing the disease incidence. The pathogenic variability of M. phaseolina isolates differed significantly, based on the percent disease incidence induced on cultivars of JL-24 groundnut and K-6 groundnut. Morphological variations in terms of growth pattern, culture color, sclerotia number, and sclerotia size were observed. The molecular characterization of M. phaseolina isolates done by ITS rDNA region using ITS1 and ITS4 primers yielded approximately 600 bp PCR amplicons, sequenced and deposited in GenBank (NCBI). Molecular variability analysis using SSR primers indicated the genetic variation among the isolates collected from different states. The present investigation revealed significant variations in pathogenic variability among isolates of M. phaseolina and these may be considered important in disease management and the development of resistant cultivars against groundnut dry root rot disease.

Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of trace hazardous elements contamination in the coastal environment

Groundwater is the second largest water source for daily consumption, only next to surface water resources. Groundwater has been extensively investigated for its pollution level in urban areas. The groundwater quality assessments in industrial areas associated with every urban landscape are still lacking. In order to examine the spatial distribution characteristics, pollution levels, and sources of trace metals in the densely populated Chennai coastal region of Tamilnadu, India, physicochemical parameters and trace element concentrations have been determined in groundwater. 55 groundwater samples from Tamil Nadu's coastal region were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters such as pH, (EC), (TDS), and (TH) during the pre-monsoon (June 2015) and post-monsoon (January 2016) seasons. We used trace elements and analyzed them in this study (Mg, Zn, Pb, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, and Fe). Furthermore, anthropogenic input from industries and power plants exacerbates the pollution of Ni, Mg, Fe, and Mn. Due to evaporites and anthropogenic input, samples with excessive salinity, total hardness, and water quality are considered unsuitable for irrigation or drinking. The results demonstrated that seasonal, geogenic, and anthropogenic influences all have a significant impact on the heterogeneous chemistry of groundwater.