Regional Differences Research Articles

The prevalence of HPV in Chongqing, China from 2017 to 2022: a retrospective cohort study

Background and aimsHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection is widespread. The regional differences in infection rates and dominant HPV types are a significant aspect of the virus’s epidemiological characteristics. In China, these differences are further influenced by the country’s diverse ethnic composition, as well as varying economic and cultural conditions across regions. Additionally, factors such as population migration contribute to the exacerbation of these regional disparities in HPV infection rates.MethodsWe conducted an analysis of the current prevalence of HPV among 108,863 patients in Chongqing from 2017 to 2022, along with an investigation into the interaction between HPV and vaginal microbiota. Additionally, we explored the relationship between HPV clearance time and disease outcomes.ResultsOur findings revealed an overall HPV positive rate of 30.14% (32,813/108,863) in Chongqing, China. The top five HPV positive rates were as follows: HPV52 (7.78%), HPV16 (5.85%), HPV58 (4.41%), HPV53 (3.17%), and HPV39 (2.47%). The age-related trend of HPV infection exhibited a bimodal curve. Importantly, the positive rate of high-risk HPV (BV: 24.74%, AV: 24.38%, VVC: 18.19%, TV: 22.81%) was significantly higher than those in the control group (all P<0.05). Follow-up for 4 years, we observed an overall clearance rate of HPV at 92.20%, with a median clearance time of 13 (1-61) months.ConclusionThese findings hold significant implications for the Chinese government in evaluating the prevalence of HPV in the Chongqing region and formulating effective HPV prevention strategies. Moreover, these findings could contribute to the enhancement of public health initiatives related to HPV in the region.

Regional differences and catch-up analysis of energy efficiency in China’s manufacturing industry under environmental constraints

For coordinated regional growth and the development of high-quality manufacturing, China must narrow its regional energy efficiency gap and catch up inter-regionally. This paper focuses on whether China’s inter-provincial manufacturing energy efficiency has technological diffusion and a catch-up effect and explores its possible influencing factors, which are important for narrowing the differences in China’s manufacturing energy efficiency and promoting the improvement of the overall level of efficiency. Between 2011 and 2020, 30 Chinese manufacturing industries will be evaluated using a non-radial distance function model under environmental conditions. By employing the Dagum Gini coefficient method, regional disparities were analyzed, with hyper-variable density and efficiency discrepancies between regions making a noteworthy contribution. This paper evaluated a catch-up effect by constructing a frontier productivity model that considered the influence of China’s manufacturing energy efficiency. Results show a general rise in energy efficiency, particularly in coastal regions, higher than inland ones. The Gini coefficient of energy efficiency in manufacturing experienced a slight increase; however, when comparing it to the regional efficiency frontier, the catch-up effect and technology diffusion effect of China’s provincial manufacturing energy efficiency become more pronounced when taking into account the national efficiency frontier; the sub-regional manufacturing energy efficiency catch-up effect has different performances; the catch-up and technology diffusion effect is more evident after controlling for Economic development, innovation levels, the environmental regulation, and the proportion of high-energy-consumption output value and other influencing factors.

Different roads take me home: the nonlinear relationship between distance and flows during China’s Spring Festival

Human mobility modelling has attracted scholarly attention from physics-based methods and social science explanatory approaches. However, there is limited knowledge of the nonlinear relationship of flows and distance in intercity mobility and regional differences in the nonlinear relationship. Focusing on China’s long-distance and large-scale mobility during the Spring Festival, this paper develops a framework to explain the nonlinear relationship. Using the Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) model and Tencent Big Data, we find that there are three types of nonlinear relationships, namely plateau (almost zero distance decay parameter), drop (decreasing distance decay parameter) and rebound (increasing distance decay parameter after decreasing). The provincial differences also reveal that the nonlinear relationships depend on the domestic relative location and the intra-provincial urban system. This result shows that the cities in the coastal province enjoy a more inclusive spatial structure, which supports the migration from the periphery of the province. In contrast, the inland cities are concerned with embracing the migrants and settling them down.

Current situation and trends of radiation therapy in Japan based on the National Database Open Data.

This study aimed to visualize the current situation and trends in radiation therapy in Japan using open data from the Japanese National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups (NDB). We downloaded the NDB open data from the website of Japan's Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and used Python libraries to analyze the receipt data related to radiation therapy from fiscal year 2014 to 2022. The number of radiation therapy plans peaked in 2019, temporarily declined and subsequently showed a gradual increase. Conversely, the total points associated with radiation therapy have consistently increased without any decline. The use of high-precision radiation therapies such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has increased over time. Significant regional differences exist, with the Chubu and Kyushu regions showing higher total points and receipts per certified radiation oncologist. A correlation was observed between the number of IMRT plans per population and the number of certified radiation oncologists. Males exhibited a sharp peak in their early 70s, while females demonstrated a mild peak from their 40s to 80s. In recent years, the points for males in their early 70s have rapidly increased. We used the NDB open data to illustrate the current situation and trends in radiation therapy in Japan, highlighting reduced costs and workloads. This study underscored the regional differences in radiation therapy and emphasized the need to discuss strategies for meeting future demand.

Forecasting Carbon Dioxide Emission Regional Difference in China by Damping Fractional Grey Model

The emission of carbon dioxide is the main reason for many global warming problems. Although China has made tremendous efforts to reduce carbon emission, the space–time dynamics of the carbon emission trend is still imbalanced. To forecast CDED in China, the Dagum Gini coefficient was applied to measure regional CDED. Then, a grey correlation model was used to select potential influence factors and a wrapping method for selecting the optimal subset. DGMC is proposed to forecast CDED. The research results showed that the DGMC generalization performance is significantly superior to other models. The MAPE of DGMC in six cases are 1.18%, 1.11%, 0.66%, 1.13%, 1.27% and 0.51%, respectively. The RMSPEPR of DGMC in six cases are 1.08%, 1.21%, 0.97%, 1.36%, 1.41% and 0.57%, respectively. The RMSPEPO of DGMC in six cases are 1.29%, 0.69%, 0.02%, 0.58%, 0.78% and 0.32%, respectively. In future trends, the eastern carbon dioxide emission intraregional differences will decrease. Additionally, the intraregional differences in western and middle-region carbon dioxide emissions will expand. Interregional carbon emission difference will display a narrowing trend. Compared with the traditional grey model and ANN model, integrating the influence factor information significantly improved forecasting accuracy. The proposed model will present better balanced historical information and accurately forecast future trends. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed based on the research results.

Improvements and Heterogeneities of the Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog

Abstract Earthquake catalogs are heterogeneous, especially those developed over long time spans. Changes in seismological monitoring, which provides the records on which these catalogs are based, are common. Typically, instruments and networks become more sensitive over time, allowing for the detection and characterization of smaller earthquakes. In pursuit of improvement, new methods for routine data analysis are occasionally introduced, modifying the procedures for catalog compilation. The resulting heterogeneities may not be evident to users, but they should be unveiled and considered in any application of the catalog, especially in statistical seismology, which analyzes large earthquake data sets. The Global Centroid Moment Tensor catalog is considered the most homogeneous database of global seismicity. However, a detailed analysis of its heterogeneities has been lacking. This work reviews changes in the catalog’s development from 1976 to 2023 and reveals how these have caused improvements and heterogeneities in the resulting data. Several periods are distinguished, separated by milestones in the methods employed for moment tensor inversion and catalog compilation, as well as by the advent of global broadband monitoring in 2004. These changes are shown to have caused variations in the catalog’s completeness and in the determinations of centroid depths, scalar seismic moments, and moment tensors. The magnitude of completeness is measured here in detail, both temporally and spatially. It has decreased over the years and shows spatial variations within each period, correlated to regional differences in network monitoring and compilation biases. Moment tensor determinations have been significantly different since 2004, resulting in a different frequency distribution of rake angles and a different dependence of the double-couple component as a function of rake. This work is expected to benefit all future uses of the catalog, enabling better characterization of seismicity properties and improved building and testing of models for earthquake occurrence.

Measurement and Analysis of The Development Level of Open Economy: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province

In recent years, the international landscape has rapidly evolved, presenting new challenges and opportunities for open economies. Using Jiangsu as a case study, this article assesses the province's open economy level through global factor and cluster analysis. Research has found that the overall development level of open economies in various cities has shown a tortuous growth trend, with significant regional differences between cities, indicating that the previous model of winning by quantity is no longer applicable. This article further analyzes the existing problems and provides relevant basis for policy improvement.

Prevalence of Borrelia and Rickettsia in Ixodes ricinus from Chosen Urban and Protected Areas in Poland and the Czech Republic

(1) Background: Ixodes ricinus is responsible for the spreading of medically important pathogens. Monitoring the level of tick infection in various areas is essential for determining the potential tick-born risk. This study aimed to detect Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia spp. in I. ricinus ticks collected in urban and protected areas both in Poland and the Czech Republic. (2) Methods: Ticks were collected by flagging in the years 2016–2017. Borrelia spp. was detected using nested PCR targeting the flaB gene and Rickettsia spp. using nested PCR targeting gltA. (3) Results: In total, DNA of Borrelia spp. was detected in 25.9% of samples. Ticks collected in Poland were more infected compared to the Czech Republic and ticks collected in protected areas were more infected with Borrelia spp. than ticks collected in urban areas. The RFLP analysis showed the occurrence of B. afzelii and B. garinii in both countries, and additionally B. valaisiana, B. burgdorferi s.s., and B. miyamotoi in Poland. Rickettsia spp. was detected in 17.4% of I. ricinus, with comparable infection level in both countries; however, regional differences were observed. (4) Conclusion: The regional differences in Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia spp. prevalence in I. ricinus indicate the complexity of factors influencing the level of infection and underline the need for adaptation public health surveillance strategies in each region.

Regional Differences in Vascular Graft Degradation and Regeneration Contribute to Dilation.

Severe coronary artery disease is often treated with a coronary artery bypass graft using an autologous blood vessel. When this is not available, a commercially available synthetic graft can be used as an alternative but is associated with high failure rates and complications. Therefore, the research focus has shifted toward the development of biodegradable, regenerative vascular grafts that can convert into neoarteries. We previously developed an electrospun tropoelastin (TE)-polyglycerol sebacate (PGS) vascular graft that rapidly regenerated into a neoartery, with a cellular composition and extracellular matrix approximating the native aorta. We noted, however, that the TE-PGS graft underwent dilation until sufficient neotissue had been regenerated. This study investigated the mechanisms behind the observed dilation following TE-PGS vascular graft implantation in mice. We saw more pronounced dilation at the graft middle compared with the graft proximal and graft distal regions at 8 weeks postimplantation. Histological analysis revealed less degradation at the graft middle, although the remaining graft material appeared pitted, suggesting compromised structural and mechanical integrity. We also observed delayed cellular infiltration and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition at the graft middle, corresponding with the area's reduced ability to resist dilation. In contrast, the graft proximal region exhibited greater degradation and significantly enhanced cellular infiltration and ECM regeneration. The nonuniform dilation was attributed to the combined effect of the regional differences in graft degradation and arterial regeneration. Consideration of these findings is crucial for graft optimization prior to its use in clinical applications.

Single-neuron representations of odours in the human brain.

Olfaction is a fundamental sensory modality that guides animal and human behaviour1,2. However, the underlying neural processes of human olfaction are still poorly understood at the fundamental-that is, the single-neuron-level. Here we report recordings of single-neuron activity in the piriform cortex and medial temporal lobe in awake humans performing an odour rating and identification task. We identified odour-modulated neurons within the piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex and hippocampus. In each of these regions, neuronal firing accurately encodes odour identity. Notably, repeated odour presentations reduce response firing rates, demonstrating central repetition suppression and habituation. Different medial temporal lobe regions have distinct roles in odour processing, with amygdala neurons encoding subjective odour valence, and hippocampal neurons predicting behavioural odour identification performance. Whereas piriform neurons preferably encode chemical odour identity, hippocampal activity reflects subjective odour perception. Critically, we identify that piriform cortex neurons reliably encode odour-related images, supporting a multimodal role of the human piriform cortex. We also observe marked cross-modal coding of both odours and images, especially in the amygdala and piriform cortex. Moreover, we identify neurons that respond to semantically coherent odour and image information, demonstrating conceptual coding schemes in olfaction. Our results bridge the long-standing gap between animal models and non-invasive human studies and advance our understanding of odour processing in the human brain by identifying neuronal odour-coding principles, regional functional differences and cross-modal integration.

Referral to pulmonary rehabilitation and palliative care services in people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in England, 2010–2019

The benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) and palliative care (PC) as non-pharmacological therapies for people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) are increasingly being recognised but in the UK the proportion of people with this life-limiting condition who are referred to such services is thought to be low. This retrospective cohort study aimed to describe trends in referrals to PR and PC services among people with IPF over a 10-year period and to identify factors associated with non-referral. Our study cohort was drawn from the UK’s pseudonymised Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) Aurum primary care database and comprised 17,071 individuals diagnosed with IPF between 2010 and 2019. While 12.0% of IPF patients were offered a referral to PR, less than 2% completed a PR programme. Around a fifth (19.4%) received a referral to generic PC support services; however, this is well below reported PC referral rates for lung cancer patients. Moreover, the majority of PC referrals occurred late; among those who died, 31% were referred within a month and 70% within 6 months of death. Referrals to PR and PC had however increased (by around 2–fold and 4-fold, respectively) over the course of the study period. Factors associated with non-referral to PR included female sex, older age and co-diagnosis of dementia; barriers to PC referral included being female or of Asian or Black ethnicity. We also found evidence of regional differences in referrals. These findings confirm that PR and PC service provision for people with IPF across England is suboptimal.

Evolving trends, regional differences, determinants, and disease sources of provincial-level health inequalities in china 1990–2019: a temporal convergence and novel triple decomposition analysis

BackgroundPromoting health equity has been a worldwide goal, but serious challenges remain globally and within China. Multiple decomposition of the sources and determinants of health inequalities has significant implications for narrowing health inequalities and improve health equity.MethodsLife expectancy (LE), healthy life expectancy (HALE), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) rates in 31 provinces of mainland China were selected as health status indicators, obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. Temporal convergence analysis was used to test the evolving trends of health status. Dagum’s Gini coefficient decomposition was used to decompose the overall Gini coefficient based on intraregional and interregional differences. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was used to calculate contributions of determinants to interregional differences. The factor-decomposed Gini coefficient was used to analyze the absolute and marginal contribution of each component to overall Gini coefficients.ResultsFrom 1990-2019, China witnessed notable improvements in health status measured by LE, HALE, ASMR and age-standardized DALY rates.Nevertheless, the three regions (East, Central and West) exhibited significant inter-regional differences in health status, with the differences between the East and West being the largest. The adjusted short-term conditional β-convergence model indicated that the inter-provincial differences in LE, HALE, ASMR, and age-standardized DALY rates significantly converged at annual rates of 0.31%, 0.35%, 0.19%, and 0.28% over 30 years. The overall Gini coefficients of LE, HALE, and age-standardized DALY rates decreased, while the ASMR exhibited an opposite trend. Inter-regional and intra-regional differences accounted for >70% and<30% of overall Gini coefficients, respectively. Attribution analysis showed that socioeconomic determinants explained 85.77% to 91.93% of the eastern-western differences between 2010-2019, followed by health system determinants explaining 7.79% to 11.61%. The source-analysis of Gini coefficients of ASMR and age-standardized DALY rates revealed that noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) made the largest and increasing absolute contribution, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNDs) had a diminishing and lower impact. However, NCDs exerted a negative marginal effect on the Gini coefficient, whereas CMNNDs exhibited a positive marginal effect, indicating that controlling CMNNDs may be more effective in reducing health inequities.ConclusionsRegional differences are a major source of health inequities in China. Prioritizing prevention and control of CMNNDs, rather than NCDs, may yield more pronounced impacts on reducing health inequalities from the perspective of marginal effect, although NCDs remain the largest absolute contributor to health inequalities.

Head and neck cancer mortality in the United States: Regional differences in hospice use and place of death

Head and neck cancer mortality in the United States: Regional differences in hospice use and place of death

Temporal Variation and Regional Differences in Deaths Related to Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis of Two Decades

Temporal Variation and Regional Differences in Deaths Related to Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in the United States: A Retrospective Analysis of Two Decades

Storm frequency, magnitude, and cumulative storm beach impact along the US east coast

Abstract. This study extracted historical water level data from 12 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration tide gauge stations, spanning the period from the early 20th century to 2022 from central Maine to southern Florida, in order to determine if temporal and spatial trends existed in the frequency and magnitude of storms along the US Atlantic Ocean coast. We used the Storm Erosion Potential Index (SEPI) to identify and quantify storms. We then use the timing and magnitude of those storms to determine the cumulative effect of storm clustering and large-magnitude storms on sandy beaches using the cumulative storm impact index (CSII) empirical model. The results from this study showed (1) no appreciable increase in storm frequency at any of the stations (except for sheltered stations susceptible to storm tide augmentation), (2) statistically significant but modest increases in storm magnitudes over time for 8 of the 12 tidal stations, (3) regional differences in storm magnitudes (SEPI) and cumulative storm impacts (CSII) characteristic of more frequent extratropical storms (temporal clustering) in the north and less frequent tropical storms in the south, and (4) a 4- to 10-year recovery period for regional beach recovery.

A protocol for identifying the needs related to drug use, health and social (re)integration of people living in prison within five European countries

BackgroundCompared to the general population, people living in prison are at an increased risk to experience negative (mental) health outcomes. Moreover, delinquency and drug use have many risk factors in common. A need exists for increasing the knowledge about health needs, drug use patterns and the coverage of drug-related interventions in prison within Europe. The current protocol describes the design of a study about wellbeing, drug use and related care in prison.Methods/designA multicentre mixed method design is implemented in five European countries (Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Lithuania and Luxembourg). Qualitative and quantitative data collection tools are combined in order to generate complementary and comprehensive results. First, a cross-sectional survey among people living in prison is conducted. This survey is based on a model questionnaire, the European Questionnaire on Drug use among people living in Prison, developed by the European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drugs Addiction. Second, people living in prison and people who have been recently released from prison are involved in qualitative semi-structured face-to-face interviews. The main topics of interest are the use of drugs and other health related topics such as loneliness, anxiety, depression, infectious diseases, suicide and treatment. Third, data regarding health and social reintegration measures in prison is collected through a quantitative survey addressed to the prison authorities.DiscussionThis study protocol presentes a European study which aims to assess drug use among people living in prison and recently released people who use drugs as well as the existing care services in prisons. Hereby, factors related to the prison environment and their needs, both inside and outside prison are taken into account. Importantly, this study protocol describes a methodology which is developed to be executed in different prison settings within different countries simultaneously. Accordingly, for each country the protocol is adjustable to specific national legal requirements, regional differences and distinct local regulations of prison administrations. However, extensive modularity inevitably comes with significant limitations of comparability and generalizability of the results.

A prediction of mutations in infectious viruses using artificial intelligence.

Many subtypes of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged since its early stages, with mutations showing regional and racial differences. These mutations significantly affected the infectivity and severity of the virus. This study aimed to predict the mutations that occur during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and identify the key characteristics for making these predictions. We collected and organized data on the lineage, date, clade, and mutations of SARS-CoV-2 from publicly available databases and processed them to predict the mutations. In addition, we utilized various artificial intelligence models to predict newly emerging mutations and created various training sets based on clade information. Using only mutation information resulted in low performance of the learning models, whereas incorporating clade differentiation resulted in high performance in machine learning models, including XGBoost (accuracy: 0.999). However, mutations fixed in the receptor-binding motif (RBM) region of Omicron resulted in decreased predictive performance. Using these models, we predicted potential mutation positions for 24C, following the recently emerged 24A and 24B clades. We identified a mutation at position Q493 in the RBM region. Our study developed effective artificial intelligence models and characteristics for predicting new mutations in continuously evolving infectious viruses.

Insurance loss model vs. meteorological loss index – how comparable are their loss estimates for European windstorms?

Abstract. Windstorms affecting Europe are among the natural hazards with the largest socio-economic impacts. Therefore, many sectors like society, the economy, or the insurance industry are highly interested in reliable information on associated impacts and losses. In this study, we compare – for the first time – estimated windstorm losses using a simplified meteorological loss index (LI) with losses obtained from a complex insurance loss (catastrophe) model, namely the European Windstorm Model of Aon Impact Forecasting. To test the sensitivity of LI to different meteorological input data, we furthermore contrast LI based on the reanalysis dataset ERA5 and its predecessor ERA-Interim. We focus on similarities and differences between the datasets in terms of loss values and storm rank for specific historical storm events in the common reanalysis period across 11 European countries. Our results reveal higher LI values for ERA5 than for ERA-Interim for all of Europe (by roughly a factor of 10), coming mostly from the higher spatial resolution in ERA5. The storm ranking is comparable for western and central European countries for both reanalyses, confirmed by high correlation values between 0.6 and 0.89. Compared to the Aon Impact Forecasting model, LI ERA5 shows comparable storm ranks, with correlation values ranging between 0.45 and 0.8. In terms of normalized loss, LI exhibits overall lower values and smaller regional differences. Compared to the market perspective represented by the insurance loss model, LI seems to have particular difficulty in distinguishing between high-impact events at the tail of the wind gust distribution and moderate-impact events. Thus, the loss distribution in LI is likely not steep enough, and the tail is probably underestimated. Nevertheless, it is an effective index that is suitable for estimating the impacts of storm events and ranking storm events, precisely because of its simplicity.

Manifold increase in the spatial extent of heatwaves in the terrestrial Arctic

It is widely acknowledged that the intensity, frequency and duration of heatwaves are increasing worldwide, including the Arctic. However, less attention has been paid to the land area affected by heatwaves. Here, using atmospheric reanalysis and global climate models, we show that the area covered by heatwaves is substantially expanding in the terrestrial Arctic. Compared to the mid-20th century, the total land area affected by severe heatwaves in the Arctic has doubled, the area of extreme heatwaves has tripled, and the area of very extreme heatwaves has quadrupled. Furthermore, climate model projections suggest that the extent of heatwaves will continue to increase in the 21st century, but with large regional differences in heatwave magnitudes due to summer intraseasonal temperature variability. Our findings underscore the growing vulnerability of the Arctic region to extreme heat, potentially leading to severe impacts on both ecosystems and societies.

Farmland Degradation in the Czech Republic: Drivers and Barriers of Mitigation Strategies in Agricultural Soils

ABSTRACTIn line with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15.3, which aims to restore degraded land and soil, and the priorities of the Common Agriculture Policy (CAP) to mitigate environmental issues caused by intensive agriculture, understanding the factors influencing farmers' adoption of soil conservation practices (SCPs) is crucial. However, there is still a limited understanding of these specific factors, particularly in the context of the Czech Republic. This study investigates the perceptions and determinants influencing the adoption of SCPs among farmers in the Czech Republic. We analyzed 358 randomly selected farm households using probit and multivariate probit models. Our results show that a significant number of farmers perceive soil degradation as an important problem, attributing it to factors such as low soil nutrient content, declining soil humus, water and wind erosion. The results of our analysis showed positive associations for perceived effectiveness and profitability, indicating that farmers tend to adopt practices such as minimum tillage, mulching, mixed cropping, cover cropping, and continuous soil cover when these methods are perceived to be effective and profitable. Conversely, negative associations are found for perceptions of soil degradation and education, suggesting potential barriers to adoption with higher levels of perceived soil degradation and education. The study also highlights the complex interplay of information sources on adoption, with both positive and negative trends. In light of these findings, we propose recommendations, including that awareness campaigns should be tailored to address perceptions of soil degradation, and that the use of peer networks and information dissemination from research institutions can bridge the gap between scientific recommendations and on‐farm practices. Policy makers and agricultural extension services should work together to develop targeted strategies that take into account regional differences in the factors influencing adoption and ultimately promote widespread adoption of SCPs.