Destination Regions Research Articles

Securitization and Forced Migration in Kenya: A Policy Transition from Integration to Encampment

AbstractThis article explores forced migration and policy transition in East Africa using the case study of Kenya—a key regional destination for forced migrants. Using a descriptive and historical approach to highlight the dynamics of forced migration (1990–2021), the study emphasizes on what factors underlie the change of policy from integration to encampment. The author argues that central to this transition are discourses on national security, domestic, and regional politics. Using the theory of securitization, the study finds that assumptive blames on forced migrants expose them to greater vulnerabilities, while failure to recognize the challenges facing host states also undermines the management of forced migrants. The author concludes that the principles of global cosmopolitanism should underlie response and that when critical national interests necessitate stricter limitations on the extent to which forced migrants can enjoy certain rights and freedoms, then the international community must strive to play a greater role to minimize risks to both host nations and forced migrants.

The ‘Invisible’ Indians Right to Life: The Quest for Redressal of Social Citizenship

Migration is today, as it has always been, a function of the search for greater opportunity. It is a well-known fact that the economic growth of a region rests on economic agents moved from less affluent places to an employment-oriented industrial sector. Development gains result in both the sending and receiving regions. However, it has been observed that a close relationship exists between development gains resulting from migration and protection of rights of potential actors in the growth of the economy of origin and destination regions. The place from which these workers come and those in which they work have a shared responsibility to lessen the burdens on them by protecting and promoting their rights.

Antecedents of Employees’ Perception and Attitude to Risks: The Experience of Egyptian Tourism and Hospitality Industry

ABSTRACT Employees have different perceptions and attitudes toward risks linked to the industry of tourism and hospitality and tend to be risk-taking or risk-averse by putting themselves in risky situations or exposing others to harm. Therefore, this paper tries to identify the antecedents that form their perceptions and attitudes to risks in Egyptian hotels and travel agencies and examines the mediating role of risk perception as well. One of the study’s key advantages is the respondent-matching data, derived from 18 privately-owned hotels and 22 travel agencies. As a result, based on horizontal segregation, the study’s target sample was non-administrative responsibility occupations. Findings revealed that employees’ accumulated beliefs and knowledge were found to have a positive impact on risk perception and risk attitude. Importantly, risk perception plays a mediating role between the identified constructs and employees’ risk attitudes. The originality of this study lies in its attempt to analyze the perception and attitude of employees, not tourists or customers, and focus on two destination regions that witnessed human-made risks.

Tourism pressure as a driver of social inequalities: a BSEM estimation of housing instability in European urban areas

There is a certain agreement in the regional economics literature on tourism development as a lever of territorial cohesion and regional convergence. Yet, evidence about its impact on social inclusion within destination regions is scant. The emerging literature placing tourism development as a driver of inequality relies mostly on qualitative methods and individual case studies, thus overlooking a cross-national perspective. In this article, we address this gap by estimating the impacts of tourism growth between 2013 and 2018 on housing instability through its effects on rents and the perceived financial burden of housing costs. Based on a combination of data sourced from Eurostat and a geo-located dataset of Airbnb listings, a Bayesian path analysis model was specified with a sample of densely populated areas in 85 European regions. Results reveal the controversial influence of tourism on urban destinations, indicating how the increase in the number of visitors may benefit mean incomes and relieve the pressure on housing costs, while at the same time, driving a higher dispersion of income and residential displacement. A clear difference is established between homeowners and tenants to this regard: the former can use the opportunities of rent extraction in the platform economy to withstand the economic pressure of tourism, while the latter are more exposed to the risk of having to leave their homes.

Assessing the ability of regions to attract foreign tourists: The case of Italy

This study examines the ability of Italian regions to attract foreign tourists and the factors influencing the choice of regional destinations using a novel Stochastic Frontier Demand Model. The results show that several factors including climate, seasonality, cultural heritage and infrastructures influence tourism performance. Easy accessibility to World Heritage Sites drives international tourism demand too. On average, Southern regions lie below the stochastic frontier and are inefficient, while Northern regions tend to be efficient. Calabria, Sardinia and Molise have a low ability to entice foreign tourists, while Veneto maximizes the number of tourist arrivals, overnight stays and expenditures. JEL Classification: C51; R11; Z32.

Study Of Tourism Travel Patterns In Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Post Pandemic Covid-19


 This study aims to create a pattern of tourist travel in Yogyakarta, especially in Bantul Regency with the approach of Complex Neighborhood, Destination Region Loop, and Chaining Loop. The method used in the preparation of this travel pattern is through a qualitative approach by using primary data and secondary data. The qualitative data (narrative) is then described, grouped, analyzed, and mapped to be made into an image/pattern that can describe a travel pattern. Primary data was obtained through surveys, observations, and interviews with tourism stakeholders. Meanwhile, secondary data was obtained from databases and statistical data available at the Bantul Tourism Office and Yogyakarta Special Region Tourism Office, final reports and the results of relevant activities/research, as well as various other academic references. The results showed that the most visited tourist destinations were Baru Beach, Goa Cemara Beach, Pandansari Beach, Warung Ndeso, Krebet Tourist Village, Tourist Village, Kasongan, Natadamar Mangunan Coffee Shop, Seribu Batu, Glam Camp Bukit Lintang Sewu Mangunan, Tourist Village Banyusumurup
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Estrategias de prevención del VIH/sida en hombres mayas migrantes de Yucatán: aportes desde la mercadotecnia social

There has been an increase in the amount of research that shows how migration status influences an increased risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS. The findings show that structural conditions of inequality lead to greater vulnerability. In Mexico, those who come from rural or indigenous populations face greater material shortage and abuses of their human rights. To achieve a better impact on prevention, less explored health promotion models need to be applied. The present work, carried out in two localities in southern Yucatan, shows how social marketing is a relevant and effective tool to build HIV/AIDS prevention strategies among the male Mayan population migrating to regional destinations. The research was carried out in two stages: a) the collection of data through the application of surveys that explore socio-demographic data, vulnerability factors, knowledge about HIV/AIDS and risk practices, which served as input for the second stage; b) the collaborative development of a prevention strategy based on Lee and Kotler Social Marketing model. With this we identified the desired outcomes for health; the threats to achieving those outcomes; the behavioral changes sought; the main barriers; the messages to be strengthened in interpersonal communication; the attitudes and knowledge that existed in response to the phenomenon. Finally, in collaboration with the participants we created a video and a play that were accepted in both communities.

Spatial Dependence, Social Networks, and Economic Structures in Japanese Regional Labor Migration

This study empirically analyzes the determinants of regional labor migration in Japan, where small towns are disappearing due to the shortage of labor. Using spatial models of origin–destination flows and considering network effects of labor and economic structures, we obtain results more consistent with the standard migration theory, compared to previous studies. In particular, we find that migration decisions are based on economic motivations and that high (low) unemployment rates in origin (destination) regions and low income in origin regions are important determinants of labor migration flows. Second, we report that network effects, which help reduce migration costs, play a significant role in the relocation of labor. Finally, considering different definitions of spatial weights based on distance, the volume of traded goods, and economic structures, we show that regional dependence is most appropriately defined by the similarity in economic structures. In other words, migration patterns are similar between regions that rely on analogous economic activities.

Key informant perspectives on sexual health services for travelling young adults: a qualitative study

BackgroundInternational travel has become increasingly popular among young adults. Young adults often engage in casual sexual relationships abroad, exhibit sexual risk behaviours and may thus be at risk of contracting sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections. Pre-travel interventions and consultations may mitigate this risk. At present, we know little about sexual health-related pre-travel interventions. The aim of this study was therefore to document key informants’ experiences, perceptions and recommendations in the context of sexual health of young adult travellers.MethodsKey informants were professionals working in Ottawa, Canada travel clinics, travel organizations or sexual health clinics with a young adult clientele. This study used a qualitative approach and consisted of 13 in-person or Skype semi-structured interviews with key informants. Thematic content analysis was informed by a sexual health framework, with themes emerging both inductively and deductively.ResultsSexual health was not common in pre-travel interventions described by key informants. Risk-assessment, and practical or purpose-driven pre-travel interventions were identified, resulting in risk mitigation strategies tailored to the destination region and/or mission/culture of the travel organization. Dissemination (e.g. limited time, lack of training) and uptake (e.g. young adults’ embarrassment, provider discomfort, financial constraints) barriers limited in-depth discussions of pre-travel interventions related to sexual health. Key informants acknowledged the importance of early sexual health education, and recommended ongoing, comprehensive sexual education for both youth and young adults.ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that more time and resources should be allocated to the topic of sexual health during pre-travel interventions with young adults. Professionals who guide and prepare young adults for travel must develop concomitant skills in sexual health promotion. Early, comprehensive sexual education is recommended to improve overall sexual health in young adults and mitigate risk behaviours during travel.

Spatial Structure of Youth Migration in Indonesia: Does Education Matter?

It is broadly understood that migration works in a selective way, particularly by age and education. However, little is known about the variation of the spatial structures of migration by educational background. Using migration data from Indonesia’s 2000 and 2010 population censuses, this study examined the education-specific youth migration flows in Indonesia by highlighting interactions between origin and destination regions and examining factors contributing to the migration structure. Strong interactions were found amongst regions located in the same island or in close geographic proximity for all education levels. More dispersed patterns of origin–destination pairs were observed in tertiary-educated migration structure. The effects of economic opportunities appear to have had more pronounced effect in the migration structure of the least educated group. The findings highlight the increasing importance of rural areas in highly educated migration flows and the greater attractiveness of more developed regions for the lower educated migration structure. The spatial structures of education-specific youth migration flows reinforce the wide inequality gap in education and employment opportunities across regions in Indonesia.

Push and pull factors in Tunisian internal migration: The role of human capital

AbstractThis paper examines the pull and push factors of interregional flows in Tunisia, focusing on the role of differences in human capital. Using data from the 2004 and 2014 Tunisian censuses, we estimate a gravity model augmented with proxies capturing high‐ and low‐skilled level human capital and an original nighttime light proxy for regional GPD. We consider both unemployment rate differential and road distance as multilateral resistance variables, and we add cultural and quality of life variables. We find that the macroeconomic variables are the main determinants of interregional flows. As for human capital, high skilled level acts as a pull factor while low skilled level acts as a restraining factor in the destination regions. Furthermore, non‐economic variables have a significant impact on migration flows: Tunisians leave their origin regions not only in search of job opportunities but also in search of better living conditions.

Abstract 26: Timing The Optimal Transfer Modality For Suspected Large-vessel Stroke Patients: A Post-hoc Analysis Of The Racecat Trial

Introduction: Current recommendations for regional stroke destination suggest that patients with an acute severe stroke should be triaged based on estimated time to arrival to a thrombectomy-capable center. We aimed to evaluate which time period available at the time that patient is triaged is able to discriminate which transfer modality should be chosen. Methods: We built and ordered logistic regression model adjusted for multiple comparisons with the RACECAT trial population using time periods available during triage: time from onset to emergency medical services (EMS) evaluation, estimated time of arrival to the thrombectomy-capable center and between centers distance. Estimated times were computed using a distance matrix API. Primary outcome was disability at 90 days, as assessed by the shift analysis on the modified Rankin score. Results: Of the 1369 patients evaluated, median time from onset to EMS evaluation, estimated time to arrival to the thrombectomy-capable center and between centers distances were 65 minutes (interquartile ratio (IQR) 43 to 138), 61 minutes (IQR 36 to 80) and 62 minutes (IQR 36 to 73), respectively. In patients transferred to local stroke centers, delay in EMS evaluation was associated with higher degrees of disability (for each 30 minutes delay, adjusted common odds ratio (acOR) 1.035, 97.5% confidence interval (CI) 1.005 to 1.066), with no influence in patients directly transferred to thrombectomy-capable centers (for each 30 minutes delay, acOR 0.999, 97.5% CI 0.981 to 1.018) (p interaction =0.048). In patients evaluated by EMS above 120 minutes after stroke onset, direct transfer to a thrombectomy-capable center was associated with lower degrees of disability (acOR 1.494, 95% CI 1.026 to 2.174). Conclusion: In the RACECAT trial, delay in EMS evaluation was associated with higher degrees of disability in patients transferred to local stroke centers and may serve as a potential biomarker for prehospital triage optimization.

COVID-19: Impacts on air fares and air connectivity in the European Union

Air transport in the European Union was particularly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper investigates in detail the impact of the pandemic on air fares and connectivity indicators in the European Union using data from a global distribution system provider for air tickets for the period between 2018 and 2021. In order to identify heterogeneous effects of COVID-19 on air fares and connectivity, separate analyses are conducted for different destination regions and airline types. The results of this paper reveal that connectivity was stronger affected than air fares. For most indicators, a steady recovery is observable after a sharp initial shock in April 2020. A regression analysis indicates that the impact of COVID-19 on air fares and connectivity in 2020 differed considerably seasonally and geographically.

Culture-shaped Mental Models and the Governance of Innovation in Tourist Destinations – Comparative Evidence from Ecuador and Azerbaijan

Destinations in Developing Countries often display shortages when it comes to the creation and use of new innovative knowledge, thus inhibiting their possibilities to unfold the potential of tourism as a means for sustainable regional development. Findings from tourism research increasingly point to the nature of tourism stakeholders' mindsets as an inhibiting factor in this regard. However, empirical evidence is scarce on the complex structure and (culture -shaped) development -processes of those mental models that form the basis of these mindsets. This comparative study of two regional destinations in both Azerbaijian and Ecuador presents a new qualitative approach, based on the GABEK semantic modelling technique, where latent and manifest forms of collective mental models are uncovered together with the cultural “traces” left by their formation -process. As a main result, intervention areas for a targeted “cultural engineering” are identified on the basis of the extracted mental models that may serve as a starting point for a more systemic governance of innovation in DC -destinations

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ПРИНИМАЮЩЕГО РЕГИОНА НА МИГРАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В РОССИИ

Despite growing interest to clarification of role of psychological factors in migratory processes, this domain is typically studied at the individual level. The current study examines the association between personality and intellect of the destination region in Russia on the one hand and migratory processes in this region. Given the lack of any preceding aggregate-level research of psychological characteristics in context of migratory processes in Russia, the study was explanatory in this part. The estimates of regional intelligence and personality were calculated using data collected during voluntary online testing of the male respondents representing all subjects of the Russian Federation, in 2012-19. Regional net migration indices were calculated on the basis of data from the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics «Regions of Russia» by means of averaging of annual indices for the same period. Seven regions were excluded for sound reasons and four subjects the Russian Federation were pooled by pairs. It reduced number of regions to 76 and number of respondents to 206,363. Correlation and stepwise multiple regression procedures were used to determine relations between net migration and the psychological variables. The results suggest that migration across regions is significantly related to differences in some psychological features of destination regions: the share of variance accounted for net migration by regression model based on five personality traits is about 45%. In spite of the fact that the intelligence significantly correlates with a net migration, its contribution to model did not reach significance. It is established that net migration is higher in regions where population is more assertive, self-controlled and less antagonistic in average; style of responding on questionnaire items in such regions tended to be more discriminative and open. Future research is needed to better understand and measure the impact of more diverse spectrum of aggregated psychological, social, economic and geographical features on migratory processes in regions.

Guest Houses, Drought and Water Management Strategies in the Cape Winelands, South Africa

Tourism is a dynamic system essentially connected to all aspects of human and natural environments. Among these tourism systems and products, providers of tourist accommodation stand out. Within this context, water provision is crucial for tourist accommodation. Unfortunately, climate variability, and therefore, water availability, can and does impact tourism systems and tourism products, perhaps disproportionately so. In South Africa generally, and in an established tourism destination region such as the Cape Winelands in particular, guest houses are key role-players in the tourist industry. Nonetheless, from 2015 to 2018, this destination region experienced a crippling long-lasting drought, leading to fears of an imminent “Day Zero” – a point at which taps run dry. This would have been calamitous for tourism. To avert this, various water management strategies were implemented by Stellenbosch guest houses – the focal point of the Cape Winelands tourism region – to cope with and adapt to the drought. This study sought to examine the water management strategies manifested in the study region. It is concluded that various strategies were followed, and some appear to be permanent, rather than once-off responses. While these strategies might lead to more responsible water management strategies in tourist accommodation going forward, it appears that adopting sustainable water use practices was only done under duress and serious resistance from some guests resulted. It may be that water supply augmentation is the only way to preserve the tourism industry.

The interaction effect of severe weather and non-weather factors on freeway travel volume

The existing literature has confirmed that extreme weather such as wind, rain, and snow have a negative impact on cross-sectional traffic flow. However, travel activities with different destination regions, travel distances and vehicle types may have different responses to severe weather. We employ the multilevel mixed-effects negative binomial (MENB) model to explore the interaction effect of severe weather and non-weather factors on intercity origin-destination (OD) demand, based on the data from freeway toll stations in Shandong Province from March 2011 to February 2012. The MENB model is superior to the SNB model in that the former has both smaller AIC (456,645.4 < 4,586,877.2) and BIC (456,963.4 < 458,975.8) values and log-likelihood ratio tests. The results indicate that weather impact on freeway travel to the same metropolitan area is homogeneous, and the impact in different metropolitan areas is heterogeneous. Besides, there is an interaction effect between severe weather (strong wind, fog, heavy rain, snow) and travel distance on freeway OD volume. With increasing travel distance, the impact of both strong wind and heavy rain decreases gradually, while the impact of both fog and snow increases. In addition, heat (0.0351 > 0.0201), strong wind (0.0930 > 0.0454), and heavy rain (0.1245 > 0.1044) have a greater impact on passenger car volume than on truck volume, while fog (0.4340 < 0.4802) and snow (0.4383 < 0.4884) have a less significant impact on passenger car volume. The findings of this study provide some deep insights into the relationship between severe weather factors and intercity travel demand, which suggests that different strategies of travel demand management should be adopted for different travel distances and different vehicle types under various weather conditions.

Revealing the component structure of the world air transportation network

Air transportation plays an essential role in the global economy. Therefore, there is a great deal of work to understand better the complex network formed by the links between the origins and destinations of flights. Some investigations show that the world air transportation network exhibits a community and a core-periphery structure. Although precious, these representations do not distinguish the inter-regional (global) web of connections from the regional (local) one. Therefore, we propose a new mesoscopic model called the component structure that decomposes the network into local and global components. Local components are the dense areas of the network, and global components are the nodes and links bridging the local components. As a case study, we consider the unweighted and undirected world air transportation network. Experiments show that it contains seven large local components and multiple small ones spatially well-defined. Moreover, it has a main global component covering the world. We perform an extensive comparative analysis of the structure of the components. Results demonstrate the non-homogeneous nature of the world air transportation network. The local components structure highlights regional differences, and the global component organization captures the efficiency of inter-regional travel. Centrality analysis of the components allows distinguishing airports centered on regional destinations from those focused on inter-regional exchanges. Core analysis is more accurate in the components than in the whole network where Europe dominates, blurring the rest of the world. Besides the world air transportation network, this paper demonstrates the potential of the component decomposition for modeling and analyzing the mesoscale structure of networks.

Kewenangan Pengelolaan Wisata Alam Sebagai Destinasi Wisata Daerah di Wilayah Kecamatan Padarincang Kabupaten Serang Berdasarkan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 8 Tahun 2014 tentang Rencana Induk Pembangunan Kepariwisataan Kabupaten Serang Tahun 2014-2025

Padarincang sub-district has tourism potential because it has good natural resources, including many mountains and very large rivers so that there are many natural attractions. The existence of this potential provides opportunities for tourism management to local governments and the community to increase natural tourism in Padarinenag sub-district so that it becomes a leading tourist destination in Serang Regency and has an impact on the welfare of the community. This potential must be followed by better management, therefore this study will discuss about how to manage natural tourism as a regional tourist destination in the Padarincang sub-district based on Serang district regulation number 8 of 2014 ?. What are the obstacles for the attacking district government in exercising its authority over the management of natural tourism as a regional tourist destination in the Padarincang sub-district area? The research method used is juridical empirical, namely research that sees law as a rule in society to be obeyed, with descriptive analysis specifications that discuss the management of natural tourism as a regional destination in the Padarincang sub-district which is sourced from primary data through field research and primary legal materials, namely legislation. -laws, books, journals of legal science, as well as other library materials that are analyzed juridically analytic. The results of this study, that the Serang Regency Tourism Office is tasked with managing the tourism of the serang regency area with the aim of increasing the prosperityand walfare of the serang regency area. The management of natural tourism carried out by the Serang Regency Tourism Office on natural tourism in the Padarincang District area is already good and is in accordance with the duties and functions based on Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2014 concerning Serang Regency tourism development master plan in 2014-2025. However, in carrying out its management there are a few obtstacles and this is an obstacle to natural tourism in order to become a superior and enchanting tourism destination. Thus the Tourism Office must improve its performance in managing tourist destinations on the chat, especially eliminhating these obstacles.

Refugee Camp: A Tool for Dignity and Security

Migration is the main challenge of the 21st century. With 272 million people migrating in 2019, of whom 80 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide, their security and the security of those living in the destination countries or regions is a major concern. One of the decisive factors in protection and security is the planning and management of the camps where millions of refugees and internally displaced people are hosted, in several cases, for many years. Well planned and well-organized camps do not only provide assistance and ensure the dignity to those displaced, help the effective work of the aid workers, but can also contribute to reducing crime and gender-based violence, furthermore decrease security threats and concerns. This paper examines how migrant settlement options, especially camps can be a tool for upholding the dignity of those in the camp whether they are refugees, internally displaced persons or different kinds of migrants, but at the same time how they can provide the safety and security for both the hosted population and the hosting community. For this very reason, the purpose of a shelter, the advantages and disadvantages of camps, furthermore setting and planning of camps will be discussed.