Region In June Research Articles

The water vapor transport model at the regional boundary during the Meiyu period

The water vapor transport model at the regional boundary in the Meiyu period is put forward through diagnostic analysis. The numerical simulation on the water vapor transport at the boundary of China in the heavy rainfall period during June–July 1998 shows that the feature of water vapor transport in June is different from that in July. The main body of the water cycle that forms the torrential rain in the Yangtze River Valley is made up of water vapor transport at the western and southern boundaries of the China region in June, whereas the water vapor flow at the western boundary in middle Tibet turns out to be the main body of water vapor sources in July. The water vapor transport at the western boundary of the Tibetan Plateau and the southern boundary of China plays an important role in the torrential rain in the Yangtze River Valley. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of water vapor flow at the regional boundary and their theoretical model would provide the scientific proof for the heavy rain forecasts in the Yangtze River Valley.

Performance of NCAR RegCM in the simulation of June and January climates over eastern Asia and the high‐resolution effect of the model

The performance of the NCAR regional climate model (RegCM) for east Asia, where topography and shoreline are rather complex, is examined through experiments to simulate the climate during 1 month using ECMWF data as lateral boundary conditions, before its application in the nested GCM/RegCM method to predict future climate changes caused by global warming. In this study, June and January climates, in which typical precipitation phenomena in Japan such as “bai‐u” and winter snow are observed, are simulated using the model with lateral resolutions of 50 km (Base case) and 25 km (High case). The resolution effects of the model are also examined using a series of sensitivity studies. The main results are as follows: (1) In June and January, while cyclones passing over the inner region tend to be more intensified in the model (sometimes unrealistically) than those observed, weak cyclones in the outer region are usually not well simulated in the model. This seems to be due to the stronger control by the lateral boundary conditions. Anticyclones are stronger in the simulation than those observed, especially in the inner region, which leads to overestimation of the sea level pressure there. (2) The model yielded a lower surface air temperature than that observed, especially in January, which may depend on the performance of BATS or the radiative transfer scheme. (3) The model tends to overestimate the regional mean precipitation in the inner region and underestimate it in the outer region in June, while it was slightly underestimated in the inner and outer regions in January. Overestimations are caused by overdeveloped simulated cyclones or by the large amount of precipitation on the unrealistic topography such as a steep slope facing a moist tongue. Underestimation is due to stronger control by the lateral boundary conditions that prevent the development of cyclones or fronts. (4) In the high‐resolution models, weak cyclones in the outer region and anticyclones in the inner region are more realistically simulated, although they do not greatly improve the model results in the Base case. Precipitation is increased by ∼10–15% of that in the Base case in the inner region in June and January due to enhancement of cyclones or fronts, where the high‐resolution effect of topography is only ∼1/5 of the total high‐resolution effect of the model in June. In January, for northwestern Japan, high model resolution contributes to the correction (increase) of precipitation there. Generally, the high‐resolution effect of the model on the surface air temperature does not systematically improve the results but does vary locally by the improvement of model topography. To improve the model results, the lateral boundary should be moved outward (the domain of the model should be extended to the west and south) and/or the precipitation scheme should be improved, including the adjustment of parameters. BATS or the radiative transfer scheme should be improved. More recommendations for the improvement of the model are proposed.

CONDITIONAL SAMPLING AND SCALE ANALYSIS OF THE MARINE ATMOSPHERIC MIXED LAYER -- SOFIA EXPERIMENT

During the SOFIA experiment, performed in the Azores region in June 1992, airborne missions were conducted in the atmospheric boundary layer with two aircraft instrumented for turbulence measurements. We show how the conditional sampling technique, applied to the velocity, temperature and moisture fluctuations, is able to describe the various parcels which constitute the turbulent field. Each parcel, so identified, is characterized by its fractional area and by its contribution to the transfers of sensible heat and latent heat. On the other hand, a scale analysis is conducted by filtering the turbulent signals in five non-overlapping frequency bands, defined according to the characteristic turbulent scales. The contribution of each band to the turbulent energy and to the transfers is thus presented. The importance of the lowest frequencies, which are generally removed from the signals by high-pass filtering before computing turbulent fluxes, is shown. In the final section, the conditional sampling technique is applied to the signals filtered in the various bands. Despite a slight deformation of the eddies due to the filtering technique, the contribution of each parcel can be estimated at the various scales analysed.

Urbicides, massacres, common graves

As Chechnya becomes the platform on which the Kremlin's political power struggle is being fought out, peace hangs in the balance. There is no certainty that the Chechen leadership will play along with one more broken promise from Moscow. A distinguished Spanish journalist, who travelled through the region in June describes scenes of devastation and remembers the long history of Chechen-Russian wars

Alberta's Acute Care Funding Plan: Update to December 1994

From 1990 until 1994 Alberta Health adjusted the acute care portion of hospital budgets based on a case mix index, initially called the Hospital Performance Index (HPI). The HPI formula method was a temporary measure; in November 1993, Alberta Health announced that, commencing in 1994, hospitals would be funded on a prospective basis, although they would still use the core of the HPI in the setting of funding rates. The creation of 17 health regions in June 1994 created the need for a new system of funding which would supplant the modified prospective system. In this paper we review the evolution of the HPI plan and its individual components-patient data, patient classification, funding weights, inpatient costs and adjustment factors.

Minimum Magnitude of Completeness and Rates of Seismicity in the New Madrid Region

Abstract We apply the Schuster test to an augmented Central Mississippi Valley (CMV) seismic catalog to determine the minimum magnitude of completeness (MMC). We test the null hypothesis that the events in the catalog are distributed as a Poissonian process at a period of 24 hours. The test is based, in part, on the assumption that event detection is modulated by differences between day and night noise. We tested different temporal portions of the catalog corresponding to the whole catalog, 1974 – 1990; the period of network improvement in 1980 – 1987; and post-1987. The minimum magnitude of completeness between 1980 and 1987 is 1.8 within the region reported in the CMV Earthquake Bulletin. The catalog shows anomalous distribution after 1987, which may be related to a combination of mistaken identification of blasts as earthquakes and changes in network personnel. A significant (better than 95% confidence) increase in the rate of seismicity above magnitude 2.0 occurred in the central New Madrid seismic zone in 1981, followed by the Arkansas swarm less than a year later and by a significant rate increase in the enveloping region less than two years later. A significant rate decrease occurred in the whole region in June 1987, although the anomalous nature of the post-1987 catalog makes this change suspect. We suggest that the early rate increase is caused by a change in local (New Madrid) fault conditions, rather than a change in far-field conditions, because the rate increase appears first in the central region.

3A. Acid rain failed on Kagoshima region in June 15, 1987.(Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Spring Meeting of the Society)

3A. Acid rain failed on Kagoshima region in June 15, 1987.(Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Spring Meeting of the Society)

A simulation study of two major events in the heliosphere during the present sunspot cycle

The two major disturbances in the heliosphere during the present sunspot cycle, the event of June–August 1982 and the event of April–June 1978, are simulated by the method developed by Hakamada and Akasofu (1982). Specifically, we attempt to simulate effects of six major flares from three active regions in June–July 1982 and April‐May 1978, respectively. A comparison of the results with the solar wind observations at Pioneer 12 (∼0.8 AU), ISEE 3 (∼1 AU), Pioneer 11 (∼7–13 AU), and Pioneer 10 (∼16–28 AU) suggests that some major flares occurred behind the disk of the sun during the two periods. Our method provides qualitatively some information as to how such a series of intense solar flares can greatly disturb both the inner and outer heliospheres. A long lasting effect on cosmic rays is discussed in conjunction with the disturbed heliosphere.

Dysesthesia in alopecia mucinosa. A possible diagnostic sign.

Ferreira-Marques reported 1 a case of alopecia mucinosa in which sensory dysesthesia of a peculiar sort was demonstrated in the skin lesions. The patient felt light touch, pain, and cold less well in the lesions than in the adjacent normal skin, but perceived hot water (at 44-50 C) as hotter in the lesions than elsewhere. A part of these observations has been confirmed in a case recently seen by me. Report of Case An 11-year-old Caucasian girl noticed an oval area of coarsely shagreen-like roughness and hypopigmentation of the skin of the right biceps region in June, 1961; but as it was neither itchy nor sore, she ignored it. After it had begun to get smoother, in early September, she reported to her father than she could not feel as well within this area as in the surrounding skin. Since they had been living in the Western Pacific area (on

An Annotated List of the Psocoptera of the Flint-Chattahoochee-Apalachicola Region of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama

The Flint-Chattahoochee-Apalachicola Region of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama has been of interest to students of natural history in the Southeastern States for many years. A survey of the biota of this region was undertaken by the Florida State Museum when part of the area became threatened with inundation (Hubbell et al., 1956). In order to collect psocids for the survey, I visited this region with other biologists from the University of Florida in June, 1953, and again in March, 1954. Prior to the initiation of the survey, I had made two collecting trips to Torreya State Park, Florida. This paper is based primarily on the specimens taken on these four trips. In addition, some specimens are treated which were collected by P. B. Kannowski and T. J. Cohn on a trip to this region in June, 1956. I also include the very few literature records of psocids from the area (distribution records of Chapman, 1930). To date only 38 species of psocids have been found in the region under consideration. I believe that this represents less than half of the number of species which actually occur there, for the Florida psocid fauna far exceeds 100 species, and the great variety of habitats in the Flint-Chattahoochee-Apalachicola region probably harbor many species. Also, the fact that two undescribed species known only from this region are represented by a single specimen each, indicates that much more collecting is needed before the fauna becomes well known. Until 1952, the states of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama comprised almost virgin territory for psocid collecting. This is still true of Georgia and Alabama, but Florida is now somewhat better known. Nevertheless, very little conclusive evidence can be presented about the ranges of the species treated in this paper. HABITATS: After much collecting over a wide area, one becomes aware that certain situations merit close attention for psocid habitation in contrast to a set of situations in which psocids cannot live. Generally, any terrestrial community is liable to have at least a few psocids. Hence, psocids are to be found in all of the terrestrial communities discussed by Hubbell et al. (1956: 29-38), with the possible exception of lawns and grazed meadows, and bulldozed floodplain areas. Generally, psocids are more abundant and varied in forest communities than in those of shrub and grassland. The small size and poor mobility of a psocid restrict its ability to utilize the environment offered by a major plant community. Therefore, such a community offers a whole host of habitats, each with its assemblage of psocids, consisting frequently of a few obligate species and many facultative species. The major plant community determines the distribution of these assemblages only insofar as it determines the distribution of their habitats. Thus an accumulation of leaf litter from broadleaved trees may carry the same obligate species of psocids in a dry oak-

Some investigations in hydrological forecasting

In the northern parts of Sweden precipitation falls during the winter as snow which melts only in spring, i. e. in April and May, or in the northern mountainous regions in June or even in July. Under natural conditions the water level and the flow are high during late spring and summer and low in winter. In order to reach a better utilization of the water power storage magazines have been created and thus the flow can be regulated in order to obtain more power during the winter time. To be able to do this in the most profitable way it is necessary to find the relations between the net influx and the relevant meteorological factors and then to make forecasts concerning the water supply for rather long periods. Some results from such already established forecast relations are discussed. There forecasts are concerned with the total flow of water during the spring time and are based only upon the amount of precipitation during the winter. Some preliminary results are also given from trials, just being started and aiming at forecasts of the variation with time of the flow during the spring.