Global Regime Research Articles

Behind the Huawei sanction: national security, ideological prejudices or something else?

Digital supremacy is fundamental to national security and global economic competitiveness. An imperative of protecting critical information infrastructure (CII) is the theoretical basis for cybersecurity policies. The cyber competition has the potential to reshape global tech supply chains and international economic governance. The winner will make standards and rules that can take the most advantage of a first mover. The assumption that governments across jurisdictions embrace similar policies, regardless of their ideologies, is not a paradoxical proposition any more in the time of globalisation 2.0. Both the US and China use law enforcement power to advance their national strategic interests. The imposition of sanctions against Huawei is an epitome of the current US–China cyber competition game far beyond the mere economic scenario. This study seeks to explore whether the unilateral approaches would be well justified in a new normal of the decoupling era and how to establish a viable global cyber governance regime.

Flow pattern visualization and definition of transition criteria for two-phase flow in Chevron-type corrugated channels

This study aims to highlight the factors influencing flow patterns in Plate Heat Exchangers (PHEs) operated with two-phase flows. Our focus is on providing precise definitions of flow regimes and proposing transition boundaries by comparing diverse experimental datasets. To accomplish this, we designed an experimental apparatus for flow visualization through high-speed videos. The videos clarify flow patterns in an upward-flowing air-water mixture within a chevron-type plate heat exchanger. We introduce a new, clearly defined nomenclature and present the results in the form of a flow regime map. Moreover, we reclassify previously documented flow patterns in the literature using our established nomenclature, creating a unified and comparable database of visualization data. Subsequently, we explore semi-theoretical transition criteria and establish new transition boundaries based on the compiled experimental data. These newly determined transition lines are integrated into a comprehensive global flow regime map, advancing our understanding of two-phase flow behavior in PHEs.

Bifurcations and global dynamics of a predator–prey mite model of Leslie type

AbstractIn this paper, we study a predator–prey mite model of Leslie type with generalized Holling IV functional response. The model is shown to have very rich bifurcation dynamics, including subcritical and supercritical Hopf bifurcations, degenerate Hopf bifurcation, focus‐type and cusp‐type degenerate Bogdanov–Takens bifurcations of codimension 3, originating from a nilpotent focus or cusp of codimension 3 that acts as the organizing center for the bifurcation set. Coexistence of multiple steady states, multiple limit cycles, and homoclinic cycles is also found. Interestingly, the coexistence of two limit cycles is guaranteed by investigating generalized Hopf bifurcation and degenerate homoclinic bifurcation, and we also find that two generalized Hopf bifurcation points are connected by a saddle‐node bifurcation curve of limit cycles, which indicates the existence of global regime for two limit cycles. Our work extends some results in the literature.

Money Lightens: Global Regimes of Racialized Class Mobility and Local Visions of the Good Life

Money Lightens: Global Regimes of Racialized Class Mobility and Local Visions of the Good Life

Justifying attacks on nuclear facilities

The recent Russian military attacks on nuclear facilities in Ukraine raise questions about the normalization of kinetic military operations carried out by states against nuclear facilities. Although doubts persist about their practical efficacy, the first and second amendment protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions expressly prohibit kinetic attacks on nuclear facilities. Nonetheless, the practice of targeting nuclear facilities as a tool of statecraft has been gradually normalized. This article seeks to explore the reasons behind this trend through a historical analysis of past instances of attacks on nuclear facilities, with a particular emphasis on the rationale offered by the attacking states and the subsequent political responses of the international community. The analysis reveals that the lax legal regulation of such attacks is not a flaw but rather a feature of the global nuclear-nonproliferation regime. Because these kinds of attacks are seen as playing an important role in that regime, there has been an enduring endeavor to maintain the practice, which has prevented the establishment of a more stringent legal framework. As a consequence, this practice continues to be permissible as a mechanism of coercion inherent in the regime. But it also has been applied outside that context, in Ukraine.

Assessing changes in global fire regimes

BackgroundThe global human footprint has fundamentally altered wildfire regimes, creating serious consequences for human health, biodiversity, and climate. However, it remains difficult to project how long-term interactions among land use, management, and climate change will affect fire behavior, representing a key knowledge gap for sustainable management. We used expert assessment to combine opinions about past and future fire regimes from 99 wildfire researchers. We asked for quantitative and qualitative assessments of the frequency, type, and implications of fire regime change from the beginning of the Holocene through the year 2300.ResultsRespondents indicated some direct human influence on wildfire since at least ~ 12,000 years BP, though natural climate variability remained the dominant driver of fire regime change until around 5,000 years BP, for most study regions. Responses suggested a ten-fold increase in the frequency of fire regime change during the last 250 years compared with the rest of the Holocene, corresponding first with the intensification and extensification of land use and later with anthropogenic climate change. Looking to the future, fire regimes were predicted to intensify, with increases in frequency, severity, and size in all biomes except grassland ecosystems. Fire regimes showed different climate sensitivities across biomes, but the likelihood of fire regime change increased with higher warming scenarios for all biomes. Biodiversity, carbon storage, and other ecosystem services were predicted to decrease for most biomes under higher emission scenarios. We present recommendations for adaptation and mitigation under emerging fire regimes, while recognizing that management options are constrained under higher emission scenarios.ConclusionThe influence of humans on wildfire regimes has increased over the last two centuries. The perspective gained from past fires should be considered in land and fire management strategies, but novel fire behavior is likely given the unprecedented human disruption of plant communities, climate, and other factors. Future fire regimes are likely to degrade key ecosystem services, unless climate change is aggressively mitigated. Expert assessment complements empirical data and modeling, providing a broader perspective of fire science to inform decision making and future research priorities.

Beyond AOSIS: small island states’ presence and participation at COP27

ABSTRACT Small islands are at the frontline of climate change – and of climate negotiations. Yet while the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) has allowed small islands to collectively become a key player in UN climate negotiations, a focus on the group level masks important inequalities within AOSIS. This paper hence goes beyond the level of AOSIS to understand the power and agency of small island states in the global climate regime. We are interested in how islands experience and navigate the complex and unequal climate negotiations, and specifically explore the presence and participation of individual small island states at COP27. Drawing mainly on collaborative event ethnography at COP27, our analysis shows indeed stark differences across island states. Whether we look at mere presence, participation in formal negotiations or engagement ‘on the sides’, we notice that some island states are much more active than others, as a result of not only different capacities but also and importantly because of the personal commitment and engagement of individual island negotiators. Overall, this seems to reflect cultural and power inequalities within the group, but does not detract from AOSIS' overall success, as seen in the long-sought fund for loss and damage adopted at COP27.

The specter of race in global Covid-19 responses: the future is decolonial.

The Covid-19 pandemic reified pre-existing inequalities predicated on anti-Black racism, imperial geographical cartography, and the violent language of biomilitarism. In this reflective essay I deploy tools of historical sociology to underscore the importance of race, racism, racialization, and global responses to pandemics. I considerer the following questions. First, how can world society develop ideas and concepts for the imagination of a post-imperial global health regime? Second, can alternative futures be imagined if the monopolistic control of power, global scientific processes and knowledge regime is framed around a problematic lexicography of a Eurocentric totalizing project of being human? Lastly, if there is a scientific consensus that we need alternative futures, what kinds of knowledge is needed to bring about a post-imperial liberated order? The future of global health regime is a decolonial one predicated on a new biopolitics. I provide four paradigmatic approaches to subvert imperial global health: (i) pivoting ecocide in the imperial global health regime; (ii) abandonment of a Eurocentric conceptualization of racial hierarchy and modernity; (iii) disbanding the commodification of public health; and (iv) organizing a new world order through health reparations.

When contestation legitimizes: the norm of climate change action and the US contesting the Paris Agreement

In 2017 US president Trump announced the intent to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. This was widely perceived as a major challenge to continued cooperation to counter climate change. A feared consequence was further member withdrawal leading to the weakening of the Paris agreement and thus, the climate change action norm. Yet instead, states and non-state actors recommitted to the agreement and further legitimated the norm. How did this contestation of the US withdrawal announcement contribute to the further legitimation of the climate change action norm? I argue that this is due to climate change action being established as a legitimate, institutionalized norm within a diverse community in the global climate regime, especially by the UNFCCC’s effort. Contestation and legitimation are connected in a holistic process. Trump’s contestation therefore triggered legitimation rather than de-legitimation. Based on 26 interviews with UNFCCC officials, COP negotiators and non-state actors, I show that the announcement can be perceived as catalyst to the norm legitimation. This article contributes to the literature on the legitimation and contestation of norms, especially those facilitated by international organizations in the global climate regime.

Econometric modeling of tobacco exports in the milieu of changing global and national policy regimes: repercussions on the Indian tobacco sector

IntroductionTobacco, an important commercial crop, plays a crucial role in farmers' incomes and livelihoods to a sizable population and contributes significant exchange earnings to the Indian economy. Currently, India is the second-largest tobacco producer after China, with a production of 758 million kg (13% of global production) and exports of ~190 million kg of tobacco (9% of global tobacco export volume). However, there are uncertainties surrounding the tobacco sector, such as growing public health and environmental issues associated with tobacco production and consumption and changing national and international tobacco-related policy regimes. In this context, the current study investigates the determinants of tobacco exports and geographical shifts in export destinations over the years.MethodsThe statistical models employed are co-integration, and vector error-correlation models to test the short-run and long-run dynamics relationship between tobacco exports and the explanatory variables, and the Markov chain approach to find out geographical shifts in export destinations.Results and discussionThe econometric model estimated the relationship between the tobacco export volume with domestic production, export price, and global demand for Indian tobacco, and investigated the geographical shift in export destinations of tobacco in the context of changing global and national policy regimes on the sector. The econometric modeling framework confirms that there exists a statistically significant relationship between Indian tobacco export demand, domestic production, export price, and world demand for Indian tobacco. The geographical shift was evident in major export destinations during the post-WHO-FCTC (Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) regime. The model findings direct that India should take advantage of the export price, and global demand for tobacco as India ratified WHO-FCTC; there is no scope for horizontal expansion of the area under tobacco. This modeling framework aids as a tool to direct and explore the possible options with a greater emphasis on export-centric farming system in tobacco production by augmenting crop compliance and quality to meet the standards of international markets.

Beyond The Nuclear Explosion Verification Monitoring, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Offers A Strong Capacity Building System Support

Purpose: The United Nations (UN) General Assembly, as part of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament measures to prohibit nuclear test explosions and any other nuclear explosions in all environments (in the atmosphere, oceans, and underground) adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Thus, it ultimately enhances international peace and security. It is an essential step aimed at making the world a safer place. States that agree to sign on to this Treaty will be contributing to the protection of human health and the environment against nuclear test explosions and their severe impacts. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the CTBT beyond its global prohibition measure against all nuclear explosions, is offering a strong Capacity Building System support to State Signatories such as the Republic of Ghana. The CTBT global verification regime is built to monitor States Signatories compliance with the Treaty. CTBT Organization (O) through the International Data Centre (IDC) provides States Signatories with technical assistance to support their verification responsibilities to ensure effective global monitoring.
 Methodology: The Republic of Ghana through the Capacity Building project under the IDC technical assistance to States Signatories is a beneficiary of equipment support commissioned in July 2021. Under this project the GCI-III/VSAT equipment set was received from the IDC, establishing a new communication link for forwarding IMS waveform data from some selected stations in Africa in near-real-time to the National Data Centre – Ghana (NDC – GH). The IMS seismic data also contributes to prompt access to information on seismic events within our respective geographic territories globally, thus playing a complementary role.
 Findings: The monitoring data generated provides essential civil and scientific applications to greatly support to mitigate the effects of natural or man-made disasters. This is an example of what the CTBT is providing to Member States beyond the Treaty’s main purpose.
 Unique contributor to theory, policy and practice: It is therefore important for the international community to fashion out other multilateral agreements considering the possibility of incorporating the potential additional benefits States can derived from such agreements.

Containing the ‘Suspect’ Other: Perpetuating Colonial Spaces Through a Global Counterterrorism Regime in Nairobi

ABSTRACT Global counterterrorism has deeply influenced urban arrangements in cities across the world, so too in Nairobi. After the Westgate attack in 2013, new modes of security governance have appeared and actively changed neighbourhoods in the capital. These new urban security arrangements build on and perpetuate, however, existing security dispositifs in the city rooted in British settler colonialism. This article therefore discusses how global counterterrorism structures manifest in and sustain racialised local security arrangements, investigating the role of spatiality within counterterrorism narratives. Taking the case of the postcolonial city of Nairobi, the article explores the two neighbourhoods of Karen and Eastleigh where security arrangements manifest in distinct ways, namely through safeguarding affluent communities from the ‘suspect’ Other who needs to be surveilled and policed. To that end, two historical security systems are embedded in urban space: Private security guarding in Karen and Nyumba Kumi in Eastleigh. The authors hence critically analyse how space governs communities, shapes subjectivities and contributes to sustaining racialised violence in the postcolonial city of Nairobi.

Empirical Analysis of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Post-Soviet Eurasia: Do They Matter for Foreign Policy?

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth in post-Soviet Eurasian countries by employing panel data from 15 countries from 1996 to 2018. The results reveal that the contribution of renewable energy consumption (REC) to economic growth is greater than non-renewable energy consumption. The overall findings imply that the transformation of energy consumption from non-renewable to renewable offers environmental advantages and growth opportunities. Furthermore, the transition to renewables may also expand the range of foreign relations policy options available for these countries, which, in turn, might contribute to a better alignment with evolving global regimes. Transition demands towards the long-term sustainability of global energy sources put pressure on countries to expand their domestic policy efforts and join international cooperation efforts. Therefore, post-Soviet Eurasian countries should develop strategic policy mechanisms and reforms designed to accelerate investments in renewable energy technologies.

Global Snow Seasonality Regimes from Satellite Records of Snow Cover

Abstract Snow cover provides distinct seasonal controls on the exchange of energy between Earth’s surface and atmosphere, and on hydrologic cycling, and holds considerable importance to communities and ecosystems worldwide. In this work, we tackle a comprehensive review of existing snow classification approaches and the development of new globally applicable snow cover–based rules for delineating snow seasonality classes. Snow classification rules are defined using machine learning approaches, which are then applied to the 22-yr record of snow cover (2000–22) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on a 0.01° global grid. For the MODIS period of record, we find the global land surface can be effectively partitioned into five snow seasonality classes: no snow, ephemeral, transitional, seasonal, and perennial snow regimes which on average cover extents of approximately 76 (52% of global land areas), 19 (13%), 16 (11%), 18 (13%), and 16 million km2 (11%), respectively. Using the multidecadal dataset, we explore changes within snow regimes and find significant increases in the areal extent of no snow (approximately +70 000 km2 yr−1) as well as apparent losses in perennial (−3600 km2 yr−1) and seasonal snow regime coverage (−38 000 km2 yr−1). The resulting classification maps have strong agreement with in situ snow depth observations and present similar patterns to existing snow and climate classifications with notable discrepancies in cold arid regions. The framework’s ability to accurately capture variations in snow persistence, snow accumulation, and melt cycling is shown, providing a reference to the current state of global snow seasonality. Significance Statement Following a review of existing snow classification approaches, this study focuses on improving our understanding of snow-cover variability on Earth by using satellite-based observations of snow-covered area to derive a new snow classification. Satellite observations provide the best means of measuring snow cover at a global scale, helping to identify regions where its influence on energy, water, and climate is changing. The results are compared to existing climate and snow summaries, ground observations of snow depth, and include trends in snow cover over recent decades (2000–22). The resulting datasets are also made available to the broader scientific community.

Finite size corrections for real eigenvalues of the elliptic Ginibre matrices

In this paper, we consider the elliptic Ginibre matrices in the orthogonal symmetry class that interpolates between the real Ginibre ensemble and the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. We obtain the finite size corrections of the real eigenvalue densities in both the global and edge scaling regimes, as well as in both the strong and weak non-Hermiticity regimes. Our results extend and provide the rate of convergence to the previous recent findings in the aforementioned limits. In particular, in the Hermitian limit, our results recover the finite size corrections of the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble established by Forrester, Frankel and Garoni.

Is a Woman a Better Refugee Than a Man? Gender Representations of Refugees in the Polish Public Debate

Within the framework of global mobility regimes, some bodies are encouraged to move while others are pushed back. Nation-states create control mechanisms to block those who are “undesirable”. Apart from political utility, the colour of the bodies is indicated by the critics as the main criterion of division. However, one more important dimension that intersects with race here is the gender of these bodies. A woman fits the figure of an ideal victim better due to the nationalist patterns of femininity: she is vulnerable, submissive, and deprived of agency. Contrary to a man: his duty in the context of war is to remain in his homeland and fight for it. A man who does not do that, seeking asylum in Europe, is morally doubtful: he is a migrant posing a threat to “our” prosperity and security. This is how people crossing the Polish-Belarusian border are presented to public opinion and contrasted with female Ukrainian refugees. The article offers a critical analysis of gender representations of refugees in the Polish public debate through the prism of postcolonial theory, demonstrating that gendered and racialised colonial discourses underpin rationalisations about who has and who does not have a right to be a refugee.

The Climate Risk of Green Industrial Policy

The proliferation of green industrial policy strategies around the world is taking place within a broader global context of a turn toward deglobalization and the pursuit of national self-sufficiency. The political economy of domestic renewable energy support and the basic principles of global trade regimes are in direct conflict, with direct implications for nations’ abilities to transition to low-carbon economies. Many are calling for decoupling clean energy supply chains from China, yet such responses could slow the global clean energy transition, increasing the cost of deployment in developing countries.

UNVEILING DUALITIES: US RHETORIC AND REALITY IN GLOBAL NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION UNDER TRUMP AND BIDEN ADMINISTRATIONS

The image the United States has always projected of itself in the international community is that of a state that is nuclear responsible and bears the responsibility to keep nuclear proliferation in check. To this effect, it uses sanctions, international pressure, and harsh language with states it deems to be in violation of the obligations of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime. On the other hand, however, there is doubt about the United States' own dedication to the cause of nuclear non-proliferation. This paper is an attempt to examine the role the US has played vis-à-vis nuclear proliferation. It deals with the question: what role US has played in promoting nuclear non-proliferation and what its probable effects are on the international nuclear non-proliferation landscape. It argues that the US has not only engaged in excessive nuclear proliferation since 1945 but has also damaged the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, thereby reduced restraints, and set dangerous precedence for other states. The paper recommends that US may lead the world towards nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament by example rather than unfair coercion. Bibliography Entry Rashid, Asma and Aiman Saif Ullah. 2023. "Unveiling Dualities: US Rhetoric and Realty in Global Nuclear Non-Proliferation under Trump and Biden Administrations." Margalla Papers 27 (2): 60-70.

Overcoming hybridisation in global welfare regime classifications: lessons from a single case study

Abstract The hybridisation of welfare regimes is a critical issue in social policy literature due to the lack of a uniform dependent variable and the comparative, international scope of social policy analysis, and data availability. We argue that what is presented in the global welfare regime literature as an analytical problem of classification or transitioning could also, in fact, be treated as a methodological issue. Based on this, we aim to establish a criterion for determining the membership of a welfare regime by capturing the presence of hybridisation of welfare regimes in a given country at a particular time. We present a novel methodological approach based on multistage sampling to capture the hybridisation of distinct welfare regimes and determine the most populous cluster in Pakistan. Establishing criteria for capturing and determining welfare regime membership can improve the understanding of welfare regime dynamics and factors that contribute to hybridisation. Ultimately, this knowledge can inform policy decisions and contribute to the development of more effective welfare systems for diverse populations.

The Impact of the Global Minimum Tax Regime (Pillar Two) on Taiwan’s Businesses

The Impact of the Global Minimum Tax Regime (Pillar Two) on Taiwan’s Businesses