Regime In Spain Research Articles

Франсиско Франко и социальная поли-тика в Испании в 1960-1970-е гг.

Social policy has been an important part of Francoist ideology since the early years of the regime. However, it was only in the 1960s, when the social security system in Spain appeared. During this time, the country experienced high economic growth, which allowed the Franco regime to increase social spending. For Francisco Franco himself, social policy in the 1960s became an important source of legitimacy of his rule. At the legislative level, the term "social services" appeared, and the state rather than private enterprises was made responsible for their provision. As a result, over the last 15 years of the Franco regime in Spain, a number of laws sought to unify the system of social services and gave more people access to them. Despite the progress, Franco's social policy preserved some previous shortcomings, i.e. a number of special social programs for certain categories of the population, as well as the fact that a significant part of social security was funded by the employees themselves.

The Double Logic of Internal Purges: New Evidence from Francoist Spain

States often engage in internal purges to eliminate political dissidents within their own ranks. However, partly because of the absence of reliable data, we know little about the logic and dynamics of these purges, particularly of lower-rank members of the state. Why do state authorities persecute these individuals when they do not entail a clear threat to the regime? We focus on the purges of public-school teachers during the early years of Francisco Franco’s regime in Spain. Using detailed historical sources, we explore whether teachers were more likely to be purged following the two main cleavages in 1930s Spain: the left-right divide and the center-periphery (i.e., nationalist) cleavage. Our results suggest that while the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) was still unfolding Francoist authorities targeted mainly teachers from leftist localities, thus focusing on potential security threats behind the frontlines. After winning the war, Francoists started to target more intensively teachers from national minority groups in order to promote nation-building policies leading to their assimilation. Our findings highlight the double logic of purging as both a preemptive measure against internal threats and as a nation-building tool.

Levinas’ notion of neighbor as an approach to understand Pío Baroja, otherness and modern Spain.

The Cold War era touched Spain only subtly. Because of the geopolitical situation of Europe during the second half of the 20th century, Spain remained almost isolated from macro politics, attempting impossible alliances with Italian and German fascism. For instance, whilst the rest of the world witnesses the beginning of the Cold War in 1947 and the Space Race, Spain’s history is marked by the death of a “matador”, Manuel Laureano Rodriguez “Manolete”, who copes the newspapers’ front pages for days and is followed by popular grief and controversy. Four decades before, Miguel de Unamuno already coins this ancestral voice of the Spaniard consciousness as “casticismo” and “intrahistoria”. However, in literary terms, Iberian literature showed clear signs of modernity, and sometimes, even of hybridity. The Iron Curtain did not cover the shame of a dictatorship regime in Spain, and yet, authors like Baroja describe that atmosphere at a great extent, even, as this paper wants to show, anticipates the Cold War psycho-social atmosphere. Authors like Levinas, on the other hand, provide a philosophical and theoretical frame to understand better both the Cold War period and the literary experimentation of Iberian authors towards the concept of the Other. In this piece, I discuss the proximity of the notion of the Other in Levinas and Baroja, and contrast this approach with the canonical vision of Baroja in Iberian literature.

The Impact of Neoliberal Policies During the Great Recession on Youth Transition Regimes in Spain and the UK

This article analyses the impact of the 2008 recession and subsequent austerity policies on the youth transition regimes of Spain and the UK. These two countries have different employment and social support models. However, both applied similar economic and policy responses to the 2008 recession, which had a marked neoliberal character. The article identifies whether or not the impact of these policies blurred the defining characteristics of their transition regimes. To do so, an analysis of employment and welfare policies is undertaken, and two key dimensions of youth transition regimes are critically analysed: the characteristics of employment and the forms of independent living. Our findings show that market dependence and the importance of class-related factors have been reinforced. Nevertheless, these similar patterns of change go together with the persistence of differences among regimes, which suggests that the effect of neoliberal policies is far from being uniform and systematic.

Forest commons, traditional community ownership and ecological consequences: Insights from Spain

With a terrestrial surface increasingly dominated by human activities, conservation scholars nowadays seek to reconcile extractive land uses, such as low-intensity agriculture, forestry or agroforestry, with biodiversity conservation. This approach has been widely adopted by the international forestry community, which advocates for implementing management strategies both favourable to forest biodiversity and economically profitable. Along these lines, considerable attention is being given to the potential of traditional community management for guaranteeing long-term forest-related resources conservation. Here, we extend this line of research to explore whether certain local forms of use and governance of traditional community forests contribute to the conservation of biodiversity-rich habitats by examining the historical evolution of collective property regimes in Spain. The establishment of a political and economic framework by the late eighteen century that did not recognize community ownership as a form of property, largely disrupted the traditional management systems of Spanish community forests, offering a unique context to analyse the ecological consequences of replacing traditional forms of forest use by other management systems. Results of our historical analysis illustrate that the abolition of traditional uses had negative ecological consequences. In the short term, the privatization of forest commons resulted in a decline of forest cover due to the cut of the woodlots acquired by the new owners, causing flooding and soil erosion. In the long term, the limitation of traditional land uses due to State interventionism of the forest commons not privatized seems to have favoured the decline of biodiversity-rich semi-natural habitats dependent on human practices and the simplification of the rural landscape mosaic. These findings further support the idea that traditional community management can provide useful insights for designing forest management strategies reconciling economic benefits and forest biodiversity conservation. Additionally, the historical evolution detailed in this manuscript helps to understand the multiple legacies of community-ownership forests recognized in Spanish present-day legal code.

The double logic of internal purges: New evidence from Francoist Spain

States often engage in internal purges to eliminate political dissidents within their own ranks. However, partly because of the absence of reliable data, we know little about the logic and dynamics of these purges, particularly of lower-rank members of the state. Why do state authorities persecute these individuals when they do not entail a clear threat to the regime? We focus on the purges of public-school teachers during the early years of Francisco Franco’s regime in Spain. Using detailed historical sources, we explore whether teachers were more likely to be purged following the two main cleavages in 1930s Spain: the left-right divide and the center-periphery (i.e. nationalist) cleavage. Our results suggest that whilst the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was still unfolding Francoist authorities targeted teachers from leftist localities, thus focusing on potential security threats behind the frontlines. After winning the war, Francoists switched their targeting to teachers from national minority groups in order to promote nation-building policies leading to their assimilation. Our findings highlight the double logic of purging as both a preemptive measure against internal threats and a nation-building tool.

Arsenical Pesticides in Early Francoist Spain: Fascism, Autarky, Agricultural Engineers and the Invisibility of Toxic Risks

Abstract Lead arsenate was introduced on a massive scale in agriculture in Spain in the early 1940s. With the support of a network of agricultural engineers, the new Francoist state encouraged the production and use of lead arsenate as the main weapon against a newly arrived pest, the Colorado potato beetle. In this paper I discuss arsenical pesticides as sociotechnological products which played a pivotal role in the joint production of both chemical-based agriculture and the emerging Francoist regime in Spain during the 1940s. I review the campaigns organized by agriculture engineers and the making of the new National Register for Phytosanitary Products in 1942. The new regulations promoted research in pesticide quality control but also contributed to concealing the health hazards. This invisibilization of the risks took shape in the confluence of interests of the emerging Francoist state, the new pesticide industry, and the large network of agricultural engineers.

Wage Differentials by Bargaining Regime in Spain (2002-2014): An Analysis Using Matched Employer-Employee Data

This research examines wage differentials associated to different collective bargaining regimes in Spain and their evolution over time based on matched employer-employee microdata. The primary objective is to analyse the wage differentials associated to the presence of a firm-level agreement and how they have evolved, taking into account the changes in the economic cycle and the recent labour reform of 2012. The second objective of the study is to examine the impact on wages of an absence of a collective agreement. This regime has become more prevalent due to the regulatory changes associated to the labour reform. From the evidence obtained it may be concluded that, although the higher wages observed in company-level agreements are systematically explained by the better characteristics of firms with labour agreements, there is a positive wage premium that favours workers mostly in the middle and upper-middle end of the wage distribution. This premium has remained relatively stable over time and does not seem to have been affected by the reform, although a degree of cyclical evolution cannot be ruled out. With respect to the impact on wages of the absence of a collective agreement, the results suggest that this level of bargaining, which is still fairly scarce, despite displaying an increasing trend, is associated, on average, to comparatively low wages, and, consequently, to higher wage flexibility. The principal explanatory cause for this wage differential is the existence of a negative wage premium for workers of firms covered by sectoral agreements, particularly those at the lower end of the distribution.

Female Figures and Censorship: The Reception of Stefan Zweig in Spain (1946-1960)

The works of Stefan Zweig have always experienced a very lively reception in Spain from its very first publication in this country in the 1930s. Since the early 2000s his works have been reedited and everything that contains his signature easily finds a readership. This broad reception in Spain has inspired me to explore the nature of the success of Zweig’s stories. As the focus of my research paper is set how Zweig reception was possible during Franco’s regime in Spain. How it was possible despite the topics and the female image they show, and how publishing houses never stop trying to publish new editions, they knew that readership were demanding it. This descriptive study has been conducted following the evidence that is possible to find in Archivo General de la Administración and studying the comments and reason given by censors in the different reports about in his novellas Amok, Vierundzwanzig Stunden aus dem leben einer Frau and Brief einer Unbekannten in order to find an explanation that can justify the success or failure of Zweig works in Spain during this historical period

Buying a hotel room in Spain: the “condohotels”

PurposeThe “condohotel” is a type of condominium, which is most commonly used in tourist buildings, such as hotels, where investors can buy a private room/unit and offer it to a hotel company, which manages the “condohotel” and offers the units to guests through an accommodation contract. According to the Spanish regions called autonomous communities that provide a special legal framework for “condohotels”, room owners are also permitted to use their units for a specific period. However, residential use is prohibited. In exchange, the hotel company pays a part of its profit to those owners. This paper aims to analyse how the “condohotel” regime works in Spain and what the main weaknesses are that explain its limited success, despite the importance of the real estate and tourist sectors and the popularity of the condominium regime in this country.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the complex concept of “condohotel” is explained. The role of the participating parties is examined along with the supplementary legal regimes that are applied to identify the reasons why it has had a limited success and how its regulation could be improved.FindingsThis paper identifies the changes that are needed to address the relative failure of this regime in Spain, as “condohotels” can be an attractive type of alternative accommodation for someone interested in hotel services or for retired people who want to stay some months of the year in the beautiful and sunny Spain with all the amenities of a hotel or for those who need to live in a place for a few months for work reasons.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper identifies different contracts to cede private units to hotel company. However, further research is necessary to identify which contract is the best option or if it could be a mixture of them.Originality/valueThe “condohotels” facilitate becoming an owner of a hotel room or unit of another tourist establishment under the condominium regime. However, the unit can only be used for tourist purposes. Despite this limitation, “condohotels” might potentially be used not only as a second residence or a tourist solution but also as a temporal housing solution or as an investment to obtain some extra income. Thus, it is worthwhile improving the legal framework and offering more legal certainty to the parties that intervene in this regime.

The Changing Nature of Modernization Discourses in Documentary Films.

Argument Franco's fascist regime in Spain (1939-1975) offers the possibility of exploring the complex relationship between media communication practices and the processes of production, circulation, and management of knowledge. The regime persistently used film, and later on television, as indoctrination and disciplining devices. These media thus served to shape the regime's representation, which largely relied on the generation of positive attitudes of adherence to the rulers through people's submission and obedience to experts. This article examines the changing nature of modernization discourses and practices, as a fundamental element of the regime's propaganda strategies, and as portrayed in documentaries produced under its rule. The rhetoric of modernization involved an explicit deficit model of knowledge management, which aimed at legitimating the regime's deeds and policies in its first decades, as we shall see regarding colonial-medical documentaries produced for the official newsreel in the 1940s. However, the focus of such rhetoric, despite its enduring political aims, had to somehow open up as the relationship between experts and non-experts changed, both in epistemological and practical terms, such as in wildlife documentary films produced for television in the 1970s, the regime's last decade.

Wage Differentials by Bargaining Regime in Spain (2002–2014). An Analysis Using Matched Employer-Employee Data

This research examines wage differentials associated to different collective bargaining regimes in Spain and their evolution over time based on matched employer-employee microdata. The primary objective is to analyse the wage differentials associated to the presence of a firm-level agreement and how they have evolved, taking into account the changes in the economic cycle and the recent labour reform of 2012. The second objective of the study is to examine the impact on wages of an absence of a collective agreement. This regime has become more prevalent due to the regulatory changes associated to the labour reform. From the evidence obtained it may be concluded that, although the higher wages observed in company-level agreements are systematically explained by the better characteristics of firms with labour agreements, there is a positive wage premium that favours workers mostly in the middle and upper-middle end of the wage distribution. This premium has remained relatively stable over time and does not seem to have been affected by the reform, although a degree of cyclical evolution cannot be ruled out. With respect to the impact on wages of the absence of a collective agreement, the results suggest that this level of bargaining, which is still fairly scarce, despite displaying an increasing trend, is associated, on average, to comparatively low wages, and, consequently, to higher wage flexibility. The principal explanatory cause for this wage differential is the existence of a negative wage premium for workers of firms covered by sectoral agreements, particularly those at the lower end of the distribution.

Recesión, austeridad y sus efectos en los regímenes de transición juvenil en España y Reino Unido

En el artículo se abordan los cambios en la emancipación residencial de los jóvenes españoles y británicos (personas entre 20 y 35 años) ocurridos tras el inicio de la recesión económica en ambos países. Mediante el uso de la información relativa a la emancipación residencial proveniente de la base de datos EU-SILC se comprueba que el impacto de la crisis ha sido parecido en ambos países, y ello a pesar de pertenecer a regímenes de transición juvenil con características diferentes. Estas similitudes en el impacto de la crisis son el resultado de unas políticas de regulación del mercado de trabajo similares y de la falta de apoyos institucionales orientados a favorecer la transición a la vida adulta.

Lawmaking in Authoritarian Regimes: Spain and Argentina in Comparative Perspective

The literature on authoritarian regimes assumes legislatures are inconsequential for lawmaking because dictators ultimately retain their hold on power. However, the comparative evidence available shows there is significant variation in the outcomes of lawmaking activity. Based on the premise that once legislative institutions are set up as centerpieces of power-sharing arrangements they become costly for dictators to ignore, and are consequently likely to affect both the lawmaking process and its outcomes, we propose that the extent to which legislatures are central to such arrangements is contingent on how each regime designs its power-sharing. We test this argument by comparing the performance of the Cortes under Franco's regime in Spain and the Legislative Advisory Commission (CAL) under Argentina's last military dictatorship, two cases for which significant information is available and with contrasting differences in both the dependent and independent variables. The comparison suggests that legislatures in authoritarian regimes can be consequential for lawmaking when the power-sharing arrangements within which they are incepted establish collective Executives that require lawmaking processes apt to enable different factions to revise and amend legislative initiatives.

The analysis of Basque conflict and ETA in the 1990s: The kidnapping of Miguel Angel Blanco

Since the fall of the Franco’s regime in Spain, the Spanish governments have been dealing with the low-intensity conflict in their country, namely the Euskadi Ta Askatusuna (ETA) attacks. This article analyzes the Basque conflict within the framework of the conflict analysis and resolution perspective. First, it highlights the conflict issues among the Basque conflict parties. Second, it clarifies the conflict issues by focusing on kidnapping and assassination done by the ETA during 1990s. The special case of Miguel Angel Blanco who was a local Basque councilman is a case study. In order to shed light on the Blanco case, it is necessary to focus the conflict resolution dynamics of the Basque conflict. Third, the paper aims to examine the Blanco case in terms of conflict issue identification, conflict issue clarification, and conflict cultural analysis perspectives. The issue identification perspective focuses on identity, face, and instrumental issues of the Basque conflict. The issue clarification perspective concentrates on two conflicting parties’ perceptions and positions in the conflict. The cultural analysis perspective mainly attempts to analyze the cross-cultural differences between ETA and the Spanish government. Based on the analysis of Miguel Angel Blanco, this study concludes that it is necessary to reframe, re-identify and re-clarify the Basque conflict within the framework of conflict and peace studies.

Edición escolar en España, identidad, cultura política y contexto: la Enciclopedia Dalmau Carles-Pla

This article makes a comparative analysis of the ideological contents (identity, political culture, citizenship) of the editions of the Cyclic-Pedagogical Encyclopedia (intermediate level) of the Dalmau Carles-Pla publishing house in 1927 (Primo de Rivera’s dictatorship, although the draft still corresponds to the prior Restoration), 1936 (Second Republic) and 1953 (Franco’s regime). The outstanding ideological features of the 1927 edition are corporativism, elitism, a liberalism respectful of the historical constitution (Monarchy, Catholicism) and a Spanish patriotism compatible with the foralism and catalanism. Monarchism, Catholicism, corporativism, elitism, patriotism.... These are all values shared by Franco’s regime: the 1953 edition retains many of the previous texts although it introduces several modifications that serve to legitimize the Franco regime, root out the Catalonian nationalism and exalt Spanishheritage. The 1936 edition legitimizes the Republican legal framework, but as it preserves the corporativism, elitism, monarchism and Catholicism... from previous drafts, it does not legitimize Republican values such as freedom of conscience, secularism, social reformism.... This tells us something about the difficulties involved in altering the value system imposed by the oligarchy which established the liberal regime in Spain.

The Hybrid Model of Long Term Care to People in Dependency Situation in Spain: a Decade of Legislative Changes and Budget Adjustments

Promotion of Personal Autonomy and Care for People in Dependency Situation Act 39/2006, is one of the most significant advances in social policy in the Welfare State in recent decades in Spain. This legal standard, in line with all European countries in our environment, seeks to respond mainly to the new demands for long-term care as a result of the increase in life expectancy in the population. One of the most novel aspects incorporated by act is the subjective right of citizenship to receive care. In this way, the role of the State in social protection is reinforced within a family model where families, especially women, have traditionally acted as care providers. Ten years after the adoption of the act, it is relevant in the analysis of the policies and public administration, to know the model of social protection of dependency that is being implemented nowadays. For that, we first approach aging of the population in advanced societies. Secondly, the most relevant theoretical contributions in relation to the configuration of the act and its overlap with social welfare regime in Spain. Then, the most important normative changes in the system of attention to dependency from the beginning of its application to the present time. Fourth, it is carry out an analysis of secondary data on act management. Finally, it is exposed what are the characteristics that identify the model of social protection of dependency in Spain.

Impacto del levantamiento de Varsovia de 1944, visión oficial en España durante el franquismo / The Impact of the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. Spanish Official View during Franco Regime

For Franco regime it was hard to assimilate the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. It involved mostly Polish catholic patriots, against the protestant fascists who had occupied them during five years, but it would be different if the rebels were accused to fight alongside the communist block. After consulting the diplomatic, press and bibliographical sources about the Warsaw Uprising generated during the Franco regime in Spain, the purpose of this article is to expose and contextualize the diplomatic one, present a significant number of newspaper and analyze the bibliography. It will make possible to estimate the overall impact of the Warsaw Uprising on Spanish sources during Francoist stage in Spain.

Ciencia, arte y feminismo: perfiles de la trayectoria intelectual de María Laffitte

This paper explores the biographical and intellectual profile of the writer Maria Laffitte (1902-1986) drawing from three thematic areas ever present in her projects: the scientific breakthroughs, the women sociocultural circumstances and the modern art. This study of her ideas allows to deepen in the knowledge of a progressive and enlightenment woman, who knew how to argue the imposed meanings by the francoist regime in Spain, proposing new ideas connected with claims and some achievements of the early democracy.

Colonial scientific-medical documentary films and the legitimization of an ideal state in post-war Spain.

This paper explores the role of film and medical-health practices and discourses in the building and legitimating strategies of Franco's fascist regime in Spain. The analysis of five medical-colonial documentary films produced during the 1940s explores the relationship between mass media communication practices and techno-scientific knowledge production, circulation and management processes. These films portray a non-problematic colonial space where social order is articulated through scientific-medical practices and discourses that match the regime's need to consolidate and legitimize itself while asserting the inclusion-exclusion dynamics involved in the definition of social prototypes through processes of medicalization.