Experimental Regimes Research Articles

Models of the formation of roughness on the surface of materials and the movement of molten flows under the laser melting processes

We used the nonlinear hydrodynamic model of the motion of molten flows to determine the basic geometric characteristics of the resulting coatings in a laser experiment. To test the capabilities of the developed algorithm, a series of calculations was performed for various values of Reynolds numbers (Re) and certain sizes of the computational domains with several cavities with different configurations. The influence of the channel geometry is clearly noticeable in the case of a deep depression. The direction of motion of different structures (e.g. the vortex) was predicted. Using the convection model, we estimate the temperature field and velocity distribution in the system under consideration for various initial conditions and experimental regimes selected. The profile of the arising island on the surface was modeled by a scaling computational domain with the number of particles N = pS, where the parameter p – determined the viscosity of melted material, and S - the area of the computational domain. The influences of the two key parameters, i.e. probability of adhesion (sc) and viscosity (p), on the obtained surface profile of materials can be estimated by our approach, and result in different deposition images, being finally principal for functional characteristics of the samples under the specific regimes of laser treatment.

Breakup Processes and Droplet Characteristics of Liquid Jets Injected into Low-Speed Air Crossflow

The breakup processes and droplet characteristics of a liquid jet injected into a low-speed air crossflow in the finite space were experimentally investigated. The liquid jet breakup processes were recorded by high-speed photography, and phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) was employed to measure the droplet sizes and droplet velocities. Through the instantaneous image observation, the liquid jet breakup mode could be divided into bump breakup, arcade breakup and bag breakup modes, and the experimental regime map of primary breakup processes was summarized. The transition boundaries between different breakup modes were found. The gas Weber number (Weg) could be considered as the most sensitive dimensionless parameter for the breakup mode. There was a Weg transition point, and droplet size distribution was able to change from the oblique-I-type to the C-type with an increase in Weg. The liquid jet Weber number (Wej) had little effect on droplet size distribution, and droplet size was in the range of 50–150 μm. If Weg > 7.55, the atomization efficiency would be very considerable. Droplet velocity increased significantly with an increase in Weg of the air crossflow, but the change in droplet velocity was not obvious with the increase in Wej. Weg had a decisive effect on the droplet velocity distribution in the outlet section of test tube.

Protective effects of fucoidan against 4-nitroquinolin-1-oxide provoked genetic damage in mouse bone marrow cells.

Fucoidan is a unique bioactive and dietary polymer enriched mainly in the cell wall matrix of the brown seaweeds. This present study was intended to reveal the antigenotoxicity effect of fucoidan on 4-nitroquinolin-1-oxide (4-NQO) induced genetics damage and apoptosis in mice bone marrow cells. The 4-NQO caused genetic damages in the form of chromosome/chromatic breakage was estimated by micronuclei assay whereas apoptosis by annexin-V FITC kit and DNA damage by comet assay kit. In addition, oxidative damage in terms of plasma lipid peroxidation (LPO) and 8-OHdG was also estimated. In the experimental regime, six groups with each in five either sex of mice were used. Fucoidan constituted (50,100,200 mg/kg bwt) by orally for 5 days consequently and on 6th day, 4-NQO was administered (7.5 mg/kg bwt) by i.p. The results clearly show that negative control (H2O) and fucoidan alone constituted mice were not exhibited significant effect on LPO, genetic damages whereas positive control group (4-NQO 7.5 mg/kg bwt, i.p.) showed significant effect on genetic damage by showing increased level of LPO (6.25 vs 1.3 μM MDA), 8-OHdG (12 vs 4%), micronuclei about six-fold, 5-fold of comet, and 4-fold of apoptosis when compared with negative control, 11.6 ± 2.07, 5.00 ± 1.58, and 4.14 ± 0.65 respectively. Fucoidan pretreatment significantly protected the 4-NQO-induced genetic damage by 77% decreased level of micronuclei and 96% comet at dose of 200 mg/kg bwt over the positive control whereas LPO, 8-OHdG, and apoptosis were restored as equal to negative control. This study found as fucoidan possessing significant antigenotoxicity property by protecting 4-NQO-induced genetic damage in mice bone marrow cells as dose dependent manner suggest as valuable food supplements and medicine for mankind from environmental toxicants.

Exploiting geometric similarity for statistical quantification of fluorescence spatial patterns in bacterial colonies

BackgroundCurrently the combination of molecular tools, imaging techniques and analysis software offer the possibility of studying gene activity through the use of fluorescent reporters and infer its distribution within complex biological three-dimensional structures. For example, the use of Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CSLM) is a regularly-used approach to visually inspect the spatial distribution of a fluorescent signal. Although a plethora of generalist imaging software is available to analyze experimental pictures, the development of tailor-made software for every specific problem is still the most straightforward approach to perform the best possible image analysis. In this manuscript, we focused on developing a simple methodology to satisfy one particular need: automated processing and analysis of CSLM image stacks to generate 3D fluorescence profiles showing the average distribution detected in bacterial colonies grown in different experimental conditions for comparison purposes.ResultsThe presented method processes batches of CSLM stacks containing three-dimensional images of an arbitrary number of colonies. Quasi-circular colonies are identified, filtered and projected onto a normalized orthogonal coordinate system, where a numerical interpolation is performed to obtain fluorescence values within a spatially fixed grid. A statistically representative three-dimensional fluorescent pattern is then generated from this data, allowing for standardized fluorescence analysis regardless of variability in colony size. The proposed methodology was evaluated by analyzing fluorescence from GFP expression subject to regulation by a stress-inducible promoter.ConclusionsThis method provides a statistically reliable spatial distribution profile of fluorescence detected in analyzed samples, helping the researcher to establish general correlations between gene expression and spatial allocation under differential experimental regimes. The described methodology was coded into a MATLAB script and shared under an open source license to make it accessible to the whole community.

Dung beetles of an Australian tropical savanna: Species composition, food preferences and responses to experimental fire regimes

AbstractDung beetles are an ecologically important group of insects globally, but the ecology of the Australian fauna is poorly known. Here, we report on the first ecological study of dung beetles in an Australian tropical savanna, documenting species composition, food preferences and responses to fire. Dung beetles were baited using dung from five types of vertebrates as well as mushrooms. We sampled at nine plots subject to experimental fire regimes (three replicates each of high fire severity, moderate fire severity and unburnt over 15 years) at the Territory Wildlife Park near Darwin. Our samples were comprised entirely of nine native species of Onthophagus. Dog dung was the most attractive bait, recording all nine species and nearly 80% of all individuals, whereas no beetles were recorded at either wallaby or magpie‐goose dung. Dung beetle abundance was highest under high fire severity and was negatively correlated with the cover of woody vegetation, a result driven by the two most common species, O. minsiculus and O. nr. quadripunctulatus. Our results indicate that Onthophagus is the dominant genus in dung‐beetle assemblages of monsoonal Australia, as it is in open habitats of the Australian wet tropics. All our species of Onthophagus are relatively small (≤10 mm body length) and are ‘tunnellers’, storing dung and other food resources in tunnels dug immediately below the food source. Such an overwhelming dominance by small tunnellers does not occur in African savannas, reflecting the far lower availability of large mammalian dung in Australia.

Numerical study of operational processes in a GOx-kerosene rocket engine with liquid film cooling

Combustion process inside kerosene-GOx rocket combustor with kerosene film cooling is studied, and a modeling approach is proposed. The paper suggests to use the Lagrangian particle tracking technique to model fuel film behavior while the continuous fluid is simulated via the Navier-Stokes system of Favre-averaged equations. The approach is validated over the 12 experimental regimes by the criterions of characteristic velocity and pressure. The numerical study of film mass flow using the applied methodology shows significant influence on the adiabatic wall temperatures and relatively low impact on the pressure. In general, due to the application of the Lagrangian tracking and mostly simple models for main physical phenomena, the calculation of operational processes becomes fast and robust yet precise enough for engineering studies, which is helpful for parameterized routine calculations during the design process.

CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals coated paper substrate as atmospheric humidity sensor

Abstract All inorganic perovskite nanocrystals attracted the scientific community owing to its interesting properties. Even though lead halide perovskites having many advantages, the decomposition in the presence of moisture is its major limitation. Herein, we are using this phenomena for the sensing of atmospheric humidity. A cost-effective sensor was developed by the dip-coating of CsPbBr3 to Whatman 40 filter paper. The complete disappearance of the emission from this perovskite coated filter paper was monitored using an ultraviolet chamber. Interestingly, with the increase in the relative atmospheric humidity, the decomposition of CsPbBr3 was found to be faster. In our experimental regime, 30–95% relative atmospheric humidity, we found the sensor is active. Apart from the sensing activity, by knowing the kinetics of decomposition of CsPbBr3 perovskites, new methodologies can be adopted for stabilizing solar cells made of lead halide perovskite as active material.

Regulatory Sandboxes (Experimental Legal Regimes) for Digital Innovations in BRICS

Step by step, new digital technologies are capturing different spheres of our life. The opportunities of their application are almost infinite, and potential is very promising. But digital innovations as a trend represent a challenge for every modern state. Especially for member-countries of the BRICS union who seek to become the world’s leading countries. For this reason, the most important task for the members of BRICS is to create adequate “smart” regulation, which offers alternative ways of regulatory impact on transforming business relations. Using the regulatory sandbox as an experimental legal regime is one of the ways to test the creation, production, and realization of digital innovation. Having been first applied in 2016 in the United Kingdom, nowadays this model is successfully implemented in such countries as Singapore, Australia, and the United Arab Emirates. Member-countries of BRICS are only beginning to adopt this unorthodox tool; in most of its countries the legal framework is ongoing now. The aim of this research is to analyze current legislation and legal framework on the regulatory sandboxes in BRICS countries, define features of national models, difficulties and further prospects of its usage. This research is based on the comparative and formal juridical analysis of legislation, draft laws, and research papers dedicated to regulatory sandboxes in BRICS. The authors identify different barriers and risks of using regulatory sandboxes for the digital innovations successfully and offer some ways to overcome these challenges, including the formulation of guidelines for operating regulatory sandboxes based on a balance of public and private interests. The authors conclude that it is necessary to update legislation on the regulatory sandboxes for reaching positive effect from the digital transformation and make several suggestions for optimization its provisions. The results achieved in research paper can be used both in the lawmaking process as well as the foundation for further scientific researches.

Effective Property Uncertainty of Graphite Electrodes from Computed Tomography Using Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks

In recent years there have been great advances in using 3D tomography in battery research, providing the ability to see as-manufactured electrodes at the mesoscale. These structures are subsequently used to find effective properties or perform detailed electrochemical simulations. A key step of this analysis is image segmentation, which differentiates particle and void phases. Image segmentation, however, is painstaking and fraught with subjectiveness. Removing this subjectiveness is paramount in having credible direct numerical simulations to bridge the gap of the computational and experimental regimes. To improve the image segmentation process and quantify its uncertainty, a Bayesian convolutional neural network (BCNN) is implemented to segment greyscale tomograms of graphite electrodes. The use of a BCNN allows for native and explainable uncertainty estimates. Two manually segmented tomograms were used to train the BCNN, which was in turn used to segment an additional four tomograms. This process was effective in creating high quality binary stacks, which in some cases presented a subjectively superior segmentation compared to the manual process. Additionally, BCNN-generated uncertainty estimates provide a range of possible image segmentations and structures. These nominal and uncertainty ranged structures are propagated through simulations of effective electrical conductivity and pore phase tortuosity, providing both nominal property predictions and geometric uncertainty estimates of those predictions. This work demonstrates a new method for quantifying geometric uncertainty from as-manufactured electrode images and the impact of that uncertainty regarding battery-relevant physical phenomena.

Liquid bridge length scale based nondimensional groups for mapping transitions between regimes in capillary break-up experiments

Criteria to identify transitions between dynamic self-similar linear thinning regimes of liquid bridges are of utmost importance in order to accurately interpret results in capillary break-up rheometry. Currently available criteria encompass many experimental difficulties or rely on numerical approaches. Here, we introduce a different set of nondimensional groups, OhL=ηin/γρL and a=R/L, based on the experimentally relevant axial length scale of a liquid bridge L, for viscous-dominated fluids undergoing capillary break-up in air. This framework is further extended to encompass the effect of outer viscous fluids. As a result, we present a two-dimensional operating map in which the boundaries are set by fluid properties and a single geometrical parameter, related to the experimental configuration. This approach establishes guidelines to correctly interpret experimental data and identify transitions in capillary break-up experiments of liquid bridges surrounded by fluids of different viscosities.

Olive cake in the feeding of fattening rabbits

Nutritive effect of different levels (10% and 20%) of dried olive cake on the body mass, feed conversion ratio and histopathological changes in tissues in conventionally bred Hyla rabbits was investigated. During a 56-day experimental feeding regime, 60 rabbits were divided into a control group and two experimental groups with 20 animals each (10 males and 10 females). Control group received no olive cake, while the first experimental group received 10% and the second experimental group 20% of dried olive cake throughout the whole feeding period. No significant differences in the body mass were found between the groups in the trial. In both experimental groups, feed conversion was better than in the control group. Histopathological tests were performed on a total of 28 rabbits. Histopathological changes observed in the brain, heart and kidneys of rabbits were the consequence of pathological activity of microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi found in all groups. In the rabbits of both experimental groups fed with olive cake, deposition of fat in the heart, liver, lymph nodes, thyroid gland, adrenal gland and pancreas might be explained by the greater amount of fat from olive oil in the meal. Statistically significant was only the fat deposition in the liver, namely, in hepatocytes. Histopathological screening identified pathological action of fungus Cyniclomyces guttulatus in the digestive tract of all rabbit groups which caused inflammation of the mucous membranes (enteritis) of the entire digestive system (from the stomach to the large intestine) and therefore possibly interfered with the absorption of certain nutrients (vitamins, minerals, etc.).

Normoxic post-ROSC ventilation delays hippocampal CA1 neurodegeneration in a rat cardiac arrest model, but does not prevent it.

The European Resuscitation Guidelines recommend that survivors of cardiac arrest (CA) be resuscitated with 100% O2 and undergo subsequent-post-return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)-reduction of O2 supply to prevent hyperoxia. Hyperoxia produces a "second neurotoxic hit," which, together with the initial ischemic insult, causes ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, heterogeneous results from animal studies suggest that normoxia can also be detrimental. One clear reason for these inconsistent results is the considerable heterogeneity of the models used. In this study, the histological outcome of the hippocampal CA1 region following resuscitation with 100% O2 combined with different post-ROSC ventilation regimes (21%, 50%, and 100% O2) was investigated in a rat CA/resuscitation model with survival times of 7 and 21days. Immunohistochemical stainings of NeuN, MAP2, GFAP, and IBA1 revealed a neuroprotective potency of post-ROSC ventilation with 21% O2, although it was only temporary. This limitation should be because of the post-ROSC intervention targeting only processes of ischemia-induced secondary injury. There were no ventilation-dependent effects on either microglial activation, reduction of which is accepted as being neuroprotective, or astroglial activation, which is accepted as being able to enhance neurons' resistance to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Furthermore, our findings verify the limited comparability of animal studies because of the individual heterogeneity of the animals, experimental regimes, and evaluation procedures used.

Modeling radiative-shocks created by laser–cluster interactions

Radiative-shocks induced by laser–cluster interactions are modeled using radiation-hydrodynamic simulations. A good agreement—in both shock velocity and density profiles—is obtained between experiment and simulations, indicating that non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) radiative effects are important in the experimental regime examined, particularly at early times (≤30 ns) due to the elevated temperatures (≥35 eV). The enhanced NLTE radiative emission causes the shock to be reduced in amplitude, increased in width, and reduced in propagation velocity, while the amplitude of the radiative precursor is increased. As the density and temperature conditions are relatively modest, this potentially has important implications for the scalings that are used in laboratory–astrophysics to transform between laboratory and astrophysical scales, which do not hold for non-LTE systems.

Response of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to Abrupt Chilling as Reflected by Changes in Freezing Tolerance and Soluble Sugars

Abrupt-chilling events threaten the survival of alfalfa plants, the ability to cope with such condition should be considered during cultivar selection in the production. To assess biochemical and molecular responses of alfalfa to abrupt chilling, the cultivars “WL440HQ” (WL) and “ZhaoDong” (ZD) were subjected to a five-phase experimental regime that included two abrupt-chilling events. The freezing tolerance of the crown was determined as the semi-lethal temperature (LT50) calculated from electrolyte leakage. Soluble sugar concentrations were quantified by ion chromatography. The mRNA transcript levels of four genes encoding enzymes (β-amylase, sucrose phosphate synthase, galactinol synthase, and stachyose synthase) involved in sugar metabolism and two cold-regulated genes (Cas15A and K3-dehydrin) were quantified using quantitative real-time PCR analysis. During the abrupt-chilling events, the LT50 decreased significantly in ZD but not in WL. The rapid response of ZD to abrupt chilling may have been due to the large increases in raffinose and stachyose concentrations, which were consistent with increased transcript levels of the galactinol synthase and stachyose synthase genes. Transcript levels of the cold-regulated genes Cas15A and K3-dehydrin were correlated with increased freezing tolerance under abrupt chilling. The results provide a reference for selection of appropriate cultivars to reduce the risk of crop damage in production areas where early autumn or late spring frosts are likely.

Variability of root traits in sesame genotypes under different irrigation regimes

Water and nutrient absorption is closely associated with the root system structure and root characteristics. This study was designed to evaluate root characteristics of six sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) genotypes grown under full and deficit irrigation regimes in two-year rhizotube experiments. The results revealed that deficit irrigation regime resulted in higher root depth and root to shoot ratio, but the lower root length compared with that in the full irrigation regime. In addition, all the genotypes respond to deficit irrigation by increasing root depth. Although root depth increased in response to deficit irrigation, Sudan-94 genotype showed the maximum increase (44%), followed by USA-ns-96 genotype (35%). Similarly, root to shoot ratio increased due to deficit irrigation and Oltan and USA-ns-96 genotypes showed the maximum increase. Under deficit irrigation regime, root biomass decreased with increasing soil depth in Naz, Dashtestan-2, Darab-1, Oltan and USA-ns-96 genotypes; however, root biomass increased in Sudan-94 with increasing soil depth until a reduction was found at a depth of 0.6–0.9 m. The maximum values for dry root weight (10.89 g) and root length (25,875 mm) were related to USA-ns-96, but Sudan-94 showed the maximum root depth (114 cm) and root to shoot ratio (0.36) compared with other genotypes. Sudan-94 genotype was the only genotype in which all root traits increased due to deficit irrigation, suggesting that Sudan-94 genotype may be associated with increased tolerance to drought stress and can be considered as a desirable genotype in breeding programs.

Genomic processes underlying rapid adaptation of a natural Chironomus riparius population to unintendedly applied experimental selection pressures.

Evolve and Resquence (E&R) studies are a useful tool to study genomic processes during rapid adaptation, e.g., in the framework of adaptive responses to global climate change. We applied different thermal regimes to a natural Chironomus riparius (Diptera) population in an E&R framework to infer its evolutionary potential for rapid thermal adaptation. We exposed two replicates to three temperatures each (14°C, 20°C and 26°C) for more than two years, the experiment thus lasting 22, 44 or 65 generations, respectively. The two higher temperatures presented a priori moderate, respectively strong selection pressures. Life-cycle fitness tests revealed no appreciable adaptation to thermal regimes but a common adaptation of all six replicates probably due to the rearing conditions, presumably increased larval density and water quality. Genomic analyses showed a strong, genome-wide selective response in all replicates (mean s of selected SNPs=0.305). This genomic response was significantly similar at all genomic levels among all replicates (SNPs, 10kb windows, genes, exons, regions of elevated allele frequency change [REA]). The intersections among the replicates exposed to the same temperature were either insignificant or underrepresented. This confirmed a selective response to identical selection pressure(s), however, not to thermal regime. Genes closest to the SNP with the highest selection coefficient per REA were enriched for GO terms related to ion transport, regulation of transcription and signal transduction, which supported the presumed acting selection pressures. Our study showed the evolutionary potential for rapid adaptation by genome-wide and probably polygenic selection on standing genetic variation in C.riparius. However, because of the impossibility to accurately predict the acting selective regime in evolutionary experiments, we discuss the sobering perspectives for inferring the evolutionary potential of natural populations with this approach.

Urea-aromatic interactions in biology.

Noncovalent interactions are key determinants in both chemical and biological processes. Among such processes, the hydrophobic interactions play an eminent role in folding of proteins, nucleic acids, formation of membranes, protein-ligand recognition, etc.. Though this interaction is mediated through the aqueous solvent, the stability of the above biomolecules can be highly sensitive to any small external perturbations, such as temperature, pressure, pH, or even cosolvent additives, like, urea-a highly soluble small organic molecule utilized by various living organisms to regulate osmotic pressure. A plethora of detailed studies exist covering both experimental and theoretical regimes, to understand how urea modulates the stability of biological macromolecules. While experimentalists have been primarily focusing on the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, theoretical modeling predominantly involves mechanistic information at the molecular level, calculating atomistic details applying the force field approach to the high level electronic details using the quantum mechanical methods. The review focuses mainly on examples with biological relevance, such as (1) urea-assisted protein unfolding, (2) urea-assisted RNA unfolding, (3) urea lesion interaction within damaged DNA, (4) urea conduction through membrane proteins, and (5) protein-ligand interactions those explicitly address the vitality of hydrophobic interactions involving exclusively the urea-aromatic moiety.

The mechanism of regulatory sandboxes for introducing digital innovations: the practice of implementing experimental legal regimes at national and supranational levels

Introduction. The legal mechanism of regulatory sandboxes is implemented in a number of countries to foster the development of the digital economy. Regulatory sandboxes act as a legal mechanism that allows introducing a special legal regime for new products and services and conducting experiments (with certain restrictions) with their practical usage without violating the national law. The national program “The Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” sets the goal of the development of digital innovations and the corresponding legal regulation. The implementation of transnational strategies of digital development for the EAEU, the CIS, BRICS is considered as a new challenge to the common economic development.Materials and methods. The research is based on the national and international legal acts as well as on national and international strategies of economic development. Among the methods used are comparison, generalization, qualitative and descriptive analysis and case-study method.Results. The study has identified the main forms of regulatory experiments that are implemented in the modern practice of public regulation. The paper proves that the various forms of regulatory experiments (including regulatory sandboxes) are an effective instrument of regulation of the digital innovations. The authors have found the main pass through technologies that are the object of experimental regulation in international practice. The paper sets the criteria for a successful implementation of the concept of supranational regulatory sandboxes that are implemented in several jurisdictions simultaneously.Discussion and conclusion. The study described the main patterns of implementation of regulatory sandboxes for digital innovations; the main characteristics of the regulatory sandboxes’ design were revealed; the general economic activities that can be enhanced by the instrument of regulatory sandboxes for digital innovations were defined.

Analysis of Chemical and Electrochemical Lithiation/Delithiation of a Lithium-Ion Cathode Material

Redox targeting reactions between lithium-ion battery materials and redox shuttles have been proposed to design high energy density redox flow batteries. Designing these batteries would require a deeper understanding of the kinetics of redox targeting reactions and the phase transformation of the materials involved. In this study, the oxidation and reduction of lithium iron phosphate, LiFePO4, via chemical and electrochemical routes will be compared. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy was used as a technique to characterize the extent of chemical lithiation/delithiation during chemical redox of LiFePO4, while the electrochemical redox was characterized using battery coin cells. The kinetic parameters extracted using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Erofeyev–Kolomogorov model suggested that chemical redox was slower than electrochemical redox within the experimental regimes. Calculated apparent activation energies suggested the limitations in the chemical redox rate were due to different processes than the electrochemical redox. In addition, asymmetry observed for oxidation and reduction of LiFePO4 materials will be discussed. As pairs of solid battery electroactive particles and soluble redox shuttles are designed, tools and analysis such as those in this study will be needed for interrogating and comparing electrochemical and chemical oxidation and reduction of the solid particles to understand and design these systems.

Controllable quantum interface between itinerant optical photon and microwave photonic memory

We propose a scheme for controlling the quantum interface between the travelling optical wave packet and microwave photonic memory. The effective coupling between the optical and microwave modes is mediated by the rare earth doped crystal as first proposed by Williamson et al. [L.A. Williamson, Y.H. Chen, J.J. Longdell, Phys. Rev.Lett. 113, 203601 (2014)], and can be modulated by a time-dependent coherent driving field. With the effective model, we obtain the fidelity of the write process for arbitrary input wave packet as well as driving field, and investigate its optimization in two cases. In the first case of constant coupling, the optimal input wave packet is analytically derived to maximize the fidelity, while in the latter case of tunable coupling, the sequence of coherent driving field is numerically optimized for arbitrary given input wave packet. The write process for the Gaussian input wave packet can be explicitly characterized in the tunable parameter regime of real experiments, revealing that the fidelity can reach 0.974η (η being the coupling efficiency of the optical cavity). Based on these advantages, the proposal will have potential applications for the investigation of quantum networks.