Regenerative Efficiency Research Articles

A myogenic regulatory factor is required for myogenesis during limb regeneration in the Chinese mitten crab

Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) are a group of transcription factors that regulate the activity of skeletal muscle cells during embryonic development and postnatal myogenesis in various vertebrate species. However, the role of MRFs in limb regeneration remains poorly understood in crustaceans. In this study, we identified a full-length cDNA encoding a myogenic regulatory factor from Eriocheir sinensis (EsMRF) and evaluated its mRNA expression profile during muscle development, growth, and regeneration. The expression of EsMRF was found to correlate with the onset of muscle formation during development and with the regeneration process following limb autotomy. To elucidate the function of MRF during limb regeneration in E. sinensis, we assessed regenerative efficiency using RNA interference (RNAi) targeting EsMRF. Our findings revealed that the blockade of MRF delayed limb regeneration by disrupting the proliferation and myogenesis of blastema cells at the basal growth stage. Furthermore, luciferase assays results demonstrated that EsMRF can transcriptionally activate target myogenic genes, either through direct binding to their promoters or by interacting with co-regulators such as EsHEB or EsMEF2. This study identifies a novel MRF in E. sinensis and elucidates its function during limb regeneration, thereby contributing to our understanding of muscle growth and regeneration mechanisms in crustaceans.

Role of nanocomposites and nano adsorbents for heavy metals removal and dyes. An overview

Water scarcity and wastewater treatment are major concerns due to increased urbanization, industrialization, and anthropogenic practices. Various toxic heavy metals, dyes, pollutants, and chemicals are a matter of concern as they have severe environmental and ecological damage and health effects. Various advancements are being introduced in the field of adsorption using nano adsorbents and composites to deal with wastewater treatment problems. Nanocomposites are intelligent to eliminate bacteria, viruses, and inorganic and organic pollutants from wastewater due to precise binding action (chelation, absorption, ion exchange). Nanocomposite materials, such as metal nanocomposite, metal oxide nanocomposite, carbon nanocomposite, polymer nanocomposite, and membrane nanocomposite, are active in water purification. Nanoparticles (N.P.s) are important for remediation because of their large surface area, size, reactivity, and active sites. For high adsorption of pollutants, N.P.s were treated by increasing the electron density and surface area and adding functional groups. They are more capable of eliminating hazardous organic-inorganic pollutants, pathogens, and heavy metals from wastewater. This nanotechnology treatment technique has no hazardous by-products; these techniques have various regenerative efficiencies. Among various treatment methods, the adsorption process is considered one of the most highly effective treatments of heavy metals, and the functionalization of adsorbents can fully enhance the adsorption process. Therefore, four adsorbent sources are highlighted: polymeric, natural mineral, industrial by-product, and carbon nanomaterial adsorbent. The major purpose of this review is to gather up-to-date information on research and development on various adsorbents in the treatment of heavy metal and dyes from water by emphasizing the adsorption capability, the effect of pH, isotherm and kinetic model, removal efficiency, and the contact of time of every adsorbent.

Integrated analysis of on-road energy consumption and range optimization in the conversion of an IC engine vehicle to a battery-electric vehicle: a comprehensive research study

Abstract A major goal of this research project was to analyze how energy consumption and range of electric vehicles are affected by a variety of factors. The study includes an analysis of data based on factors such as state of charge, wheel traction power, power due to drag and aerodynamics, potential and kinetic energy changes, elevation, current, voltage, speed, and total loss due to traffic, and their effect on the consumption of energy and range of the electric vehicles. The data was analyzed using statistical methods such as MATLAB, Excel, and Python to find correlations between the various factors mentioned above. This research paper thoroughly explores the intricate relationships governing consumption of energy and range of the electric vehicles. Notably, this paper discovered connections between altitude and state of charge, current and state of charge, and even speed and voltage drop, highlighting the interplay of these elements. This paper also explored how factors like vehicle speed, slope, current, wheel traction power, and power due to gravity collectively shape EV propulsion dynamics. In simpler terms, this paper quantified energy losses due to traffic and emphasized how efficient motors and regenerative systems can significantly reduce these losses. Notably, regenerative efficiency stands out, cutting total energy losses by nearly half compared to scenarios where it is not used. These findings contribute to academic discussions and offer practical insights that undergraduate students can grasp, informing future EV designs and operations and promoting an energy-conscious transportation landscape.

Study on the effect of explant size on direct shoot regeneration capability of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii(Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in Vietnam

Direct regeneration is a biological technique used to create a large quantity of seaweed seedlings from mother plants. In this experiment, Kappaphycus alvarezii, ranging in size 0.25-2.0 cm, was cultivated in a Provasoli's Enriched Seawater (PES) medium supplemented with 5 mg/l of Indole-3-acetic acid combined with 1 mg/l of N6-benzyladenine. After 60 days of the experiment, the size of the explant significantly affected the direct regenerative capability of Kappaphycus alvarezii. The 0.25 cm-sized explants showed the lowest survival and regeneration rates 13.33±3.34%, with an average shoot count of 3.08±0.14 shoots/explant and an average shoot length of 1.16±0.56 mm. The 0.75 cmsized explants exhibited high regenerative efficiency, with the best shoot formation time (12 days of cultivation), a shoot formation rate of 83.33±3.34%, an average shoot count of 3.77±0.18 shoots/explant, an average shoot length of 6.37±0.55 mm, and the highest growth rate of 1.13±0.02% per day. The 1.5 and 2 cm-sized explants produced the highest shoot count (8.05±0.32 and 11.54±0.25 shoots/explant, respectively), corresponding to an average shoot length of 1.45±0.27 and 1.21±0.12 mm, and growth rates of 0.72±0.08 and 0.70±0.04% per day, respectively. The results indicated that the 0.75 cm-sized explants are considered the best choice for the clonal propagation of K. alvarezii seaweed. The regenerated seaweed was then transferred to a nursery tank and showed a good adaptation with a survival rate of 100% and a growth rate of 1.79±0.32%/day.

Manifestation of UiO-66-Zr MOF-enabled photocatalytic membranes for successive separation and degradation of dye mixtures in water remediation

The use of metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles both as a separation-enhancer and as a photocatalyst has been demonstrated by suitably embedding them into polysulfone (PSU) membranes. These MOF-nanoparticles with Zr-metal and 2-aminoterephthalic-ligand, namely UiO-66-NH2, are synthesized via solvothermal and embedded into the PSU-membranes via solvent-casting process, confirmed via XRD and IR analysis. The skin-deep presence of MOFs and enhancements in the depth of pore-channels within membrane are confirmed through FESEM images. A favorable surface-charge and hydrophilic nature of the MOF-membrane are confirmed via zeta-surface potential and water contact angle analysis, respectively. Consequently, the water-flux efficacy of the optimized MOF-embedded membrane is estimated to be ∼59 L/m2h, while it is ∼20 L/m2h for pristine-membrane. The flux of MOF-membrane against the dye solutions containing rhodamine B (RhB), Congo red (CR), and their mixtures (RhB+CR) is estimated to be ∼39.9, 42.7 and 28.8 L/m2h, which is ∼3.6 times more than the pristine-membrane. Correspondingly, a rejection of ∼81.6, 77.6, and (87.2+79.2%) is estimated for RhB, CR and RhB+CR, respectively, which is ∼2.3 times higher the pristine-membrane. Furthermore, under sunlight irradiation, the MOF-membrane degrades ∼10.1, 7.1 and (7.3+4.2%) of RhB, CR and (RhB+CR) dyes, respectively. The parameters indicating regenerative efficiency, such as flux recovery ratio, reversible, irreversible, and total fouling are found to be enhanced for MOF-membranes compared to pristine-membrane. Overall, the incorporation of MOFs as additives enhances both separation and regeneration efficiency of membranes through photocatalytic process. This process holds promise as a reliable strategy for developing smart-membranes for energy-efficient real-time water treatment applications.

Hedgehog signaling is essential in the regulation of limb regeneration in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis.

Tissue autotomy is a unique adaptive response to environmental stress, followed by regeneration process compensating for the loss of body parts. The crustaceans present remarkable activity of appendage autotomy and regeneration, however, the molecular mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the Eriocheir sinensis Hedgehog (EsHH) and Smoothened (EsSMO) were identified in the regenerative limbs, and the function of Hedgehog signaling pathway on limb regeneration was evaluated. At the blastema growth stage of limb regeneration, the expression of EsHH and EsSMO was up-regulated in response to limb autotomy stress, and down-regulated at blastema differentiation stage. To clarify the effect of Hedgehog pathway during limb regeneration, the regenerative efficiency was evaluated with Smoothened inhibitor cyclopamine or RNAi (ds-HH) injection. We observed that the regenerative efficiency was significantly repressed with blockage of Hedgehog pathway at both the basal growth stage and the proecdysial growth stage, which was indicated by the delay of wound healing and blastema growth, as well as a decrease in the size of newly formed limbs. In addition, gene expression and BrdU incorporation assay showed that the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of blastema cells were suppressed with either cyclopamine or ds-HH injection. Thus, these results suggest that Hedgehog signaling pathway is essential for the establishment of limb regeneration in E. sinensis through promoting the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of blastema cells.

Modern views on the correction of violations of the vaginal biotope in perimenopause

ABSTRACT. Ensuring the quality of life of women in the climacteric period remains today the most urgent problem of modern medicine. The goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of the antiseptic Ginodec in the treatment of mixed vulvovaginal infection in perimenopausal women. Materials and methods. We monitored 52 patients with mixed bacterial and candidal infection aged 44 to 52 years. The diagnosis of non-specific bacterial and candidal infection was verified according to the data of clinical and laboratory research methods. The criteria for the effectiveness of the treatment were complete clinical and bacterial sanitation. Patients with bacterial candidal infection received 5 ml of Ginodek vaginal gel once a night for 7 days. The results. Analysis of clinical effectiveness after treatment showed that in perimenopausal women, complaints of vaginal discomfort and vaginal discharge decreased by 4 times, dyspareunia was noted by only 5.8 % of patients compared to 69.2 % before treatment. Regenerative efficiency of vaginal epithelial cells in patients also improved, their maturity index increased to 75-80. Bacteriological examination carried out 2 weeks after the end of the course of treatment confirmed the effectiveness of the Ginodek drug against bacterial infection in 92.3 % of cases, candidal - in 86.5 %. Conclusions. Bacterial-fungal associations of microorganisms in the vaginal biotope in women in the perimenopausal period lead to the formation of a complex complex of unclear clinical symptoms, which makes it difficult to make a timely diagnosis. The drug Ginodek demonstrates high microbiological effectiveness in mixed bacterial-candidal infection in patients in perimenopause, and also increases the functional activity of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the vagina, which is especially important in this period of a woman's life.

Highly resilient and fatigue-resistant poly(4-methyl-ε-caprolactone) porous scaffold fabricated via thiol-yne photo-crosslinking/salt-templating for soft tissue regeneration

Elastomeric scaffolds, individually customized to mimic the structural and mechanical properties of natural tissues have been used for tissue regeneration. In this regard, polyester elastic scaffolds with tunable mechanical properties and exceptional biological properties have been reported to provide mechanical support and structural integrity for tissue repair. Herein, poly(4-methyl-ε-caprolactone) (PMCL) was first double-terminated by alkynylation (PMCL-DY) as a liquid precursor at room temperature. Subsequently, three-dimensional porous scaffolds with custom shapes were fabricated from PMCL-DY via thiol-yne photocrosslinking using a practical salt template method. By manipulating the Mn of the precursor, the modulus of compression of the scaffold was easily adjusted. As evidenced by the complete recovery from 90% compression, the rapid recovery rate of >500 mm min−1, the extremely low energy loss coefficient of <0.1, and the superior fatigue resistance, the PMCL20-DY porous scaffold was confirmed to harbor excellent elastic properties. In addition, the high resilience of the scaffold was confirmed to endow it with a minimally invasive application potential. In vitro testing revealed that the 3D porous scaffold was biocompatible with rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), inducing BMSCs to differentiate into chondrogenic cells. In addition, the elastic porous scaffold demonstrated good regenerative efficiency in a 12-week rabbit cartilage defect model. Thus, the novel polyester scaffold with adaptable mechanical properties may have extensive applications in soft tissue regeneration.

A concise in vitro model for evaluating interactions between macrophage and skeletal muscle cells during muscle regeneration.

Skeletal muscle has a highly regenerative capacity, but the detailed process is not fully understood. Several in vitro skeletal muscle regeneration models have been developed to elucidate this, all of which rely on specialized culture conditions that limit the accessibility and their application to many general experiments. Here, we established a concise in vitro skeletal muscle regeneration model using mouse primary cells. This model allows evaluation of skeletal muscle regeneration in two-dimensional culture system similar to a typical cell culture, showing a macrophage-dependent regenerative capacity, which is an important process in skeletal muscle regeneration. Based on the concept that this model could assess the contribution of macrophages of various phenotypes to skeletal muscle regeneration, we evaluated the effect of endotoxin pre-stimulation for inducing various changes in gene expression on macrophages and found that the contribution to skeletal muscle regeneration was significantly reduced. The gene expression patterns differed from those of naive macrophages, especially immediately after skeletal muscle injury, suggesting that the difference in responsiveness contributed to the difference in regenerative efficiency. Our findings provide a concise in vitro model that enables the evaluation of the contribution of individual cell types, such as macrophages and muscle stem cells, on skeletal muscle regeneration.

YAP‐Suppressive Nanodrug Crosslinked Self‐Immunoregulatory Polysaccharide Injectable Hydrogel for Attenuating Cardiac Fibrosis to Treat Myocardial Infarction

AbstractThe cardiac fibrosis caused by excessive deposition of collagen and the fibro‐inflammatory cascade reaction severely impedes the cardiac regenerative efficiency after myocardial infarction (MI) so that the onefold treating target is far from satisfying therapeutic efficacy. Herein, a yes‐associated protein (YAP)‐suppressive nanodrug‐crosslinked self‐immunoregulatory polysaccharide injectable hydrogel is fabricated for the first time. To this end, cationic liposomes loading YAP inhibitor verteporfin (Lipo‐VP) is prepared and coated with oxidized fucoidan (OFu), a unique anti‐inflammation polysaccharide, to form anti‐fibrotic and immunoregulatory nanodrug (OFu‐Lipo‐VP). The coated fucoidan itself acts as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and inflammation regulator, thus facilitating angiogenesis function by eliciting endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor secretion of macrophages. Then an injectable hydrogel (termed as OFu‐Lipo‐VP‐PGA) is formed through addition reaction between the aldehyde groups of OFu‐Lipo‐VP and the thiol groups of thiol‐modified poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (PGA‐SH), where the thiol groups can also aid in eliminating ROS. The acute MI models are established and the infarcted male rats are treated with this injectable OFu‐Lipo‐VP‐PGA hydrogel after MI. The outcomes at 28 days post‐surgery indicate efficient restoration of cardiac functions and attenuation of cardiac fibrosis. This study opens up a new possibility for MI treatment with immunoregulatory and antifibrotic injectable polysaccharide‐based hydrogel.

Combination of Biomaterials and Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem-Cells: New Therapeutic Strategies for Skin-Wound Healing

Hard-to-heal chronic wounds associated with aging and high-prevalence pathologies, such as diabetes, are a global health problem. Therefore, it is necessary to advance effective treatments to accelerate wound healing. Among these potential treatments are new therapies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their secretomes, including extracellular vesicles (EV). They have an important therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic ulcers, due to their immunomodulatory activity, as well as their ability to induce angiogenesis, cell proliferation and cell migration. The use of MSC-derived EV in regenerative medicine involves cell-free therapies that decrease risks associated with cell therapies, such as the potential development of tumors. However, the short half-life of MSC-EV is a limitation for their clinical use. A therapeutic strategy to increase the regenerative efficiency of EV in wounds is to encapsulate them in biomaterials. The latter must protect and progressively release EV in damaged tissues, optimizing healing. Biomaterials that can be used include hydrogels. These, in addition to acting as a vehicle for sustained application of EV, can create favorable environments for wound healing. Thus, the aim of this review is to critically describe the latest advances in the development of such therapeutic strategies. It highlights the significance and clinical potential of these new therapies, as well as the need to develop clinical trials, to ascertain their performance.

A Review of Electromagnetic Energy Regenerative Suspension System &amp; Key Technologies

The active suspension has undoubtedly improved the performance of the vehicle, however, the trend of “lowcarbonization, intelligence, and informationization” in the automotive industry has put forward higher and more urgent requirements for the suspension system. The automotive industry and researchers favor active energy regeneration suspension technology with safety, comfort, and high energy regenerative efficiency. In this paper, we review the research progress of the structure form, optimization method, and control strategy of electromagnetic energy regenerative suspension. Specifically, comparing the pros and cons of the existing technology in solving the contradiction between dynamic performance and energy regeneration. In addition, the development trend of electromagnetic energy regenerative suspension in the field of structure form, optimization method, and control technology prospects.

α-Calcium sulfate hemihydrate bioceramic prepared via salt solution method to enhance bone regenerative efficiency

α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (α-HH) was synthesized by salt solution methods to prepare a promising biomaterial for bone tissue repair and regeneration. The successful synthesis of α-HH was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) scanning. The sterility of α-HH before and after irradiation with gamma ray was firstly confirmed by Colonies Forming Units (CFU) counting assay, to target the surgical grade application. In vitro tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, crystal violet (CV) and acridine orange (AO) staining was performed to assess the initial cytotoxicity and cell attachment ability of α-HH. Further in vivo implantation into rabbit distal femoral condyles defect exhibited the ability of salt solution-synthesized α-HH to promote the localization of osteocytes and osteoblasts, which improve the bone tissue repair and regeneration. The findings suggested that α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate synthesized by salt solution method is a potential material that can be used as bone substitutes.

Selective rubidium recovery from seawater with metal-organic framework incorporated potassium cobalt hexacyanoferrate nanomaterial

Rubidium (Rb) is a highly-priced metal due to its scarcity in ore form. Seawater is a promising alternate source for recovering Rb. Potassium cobalt hexacyanoferrate (KCoFC) ion exchange nanomaterial achieves high selective Rb recovery in seawater; however, its performance is impaired by high potassium concentration in seawater. To address this issue, this study modified the structure of KCoFC by grafting zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF) with KCoFC to synthesize KCoFC@ZIF. Detailed physicochemical characterization showed the successful synthesis of KCoFC@ZIF. KCoFC@ZIF increased the surface area of the material but reduced its pore diameter, which was influenced by 2-methylimidazole (HMIM) concentration. Reducing HMIM composition to a ratio of KCoFC:HMIM:Zn 1:12:5 (KCoFC@ZIF(d)) achieved a reasonable balance in increasing the material surface area by 63 % to that of KCoFC while reducing the pore diameter by only 30 %. Rb uptake capacity of KCoFC@ZIF(d) (Langmuir qmax 1279.35 mg/g) was 8-folds higher with accelerated kinetics compared to KCoFC (qmax 143.21 mg/g). The capacity of both KCoFC and KCoFC@ZIF(d) was reduced by about 45 % in seawater due to the presence of potassium. Nevertheless, KCoFC@ZIF(d) maintained a relatively high Rb uptake of 236 mg/g in seawater due to its high Rb selective capacity; consequently, demonstrating its potential for Rb extraction from seawater. KCoFC@ZIF(d) demonstrated a similar peak structure after five consecutive operative cycles, thus, establishing its regenerative efficiency. Overall, it can be indicated that KCoFC controls the selective Rb uptake of KCoFC@ZIF. At the same time, the grafted ZIF layer acts as a catalytic layer that increases the surface area and ion dehydration of KCoFC@ZIF to enhance the Rb diffusion into the core structure of KCoFC.

REVIEW ARTICLE Engineering bio-inks for 3D bioprinting cell mechanical microenvironment.

144Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has become a promising approach to constructing functional biomimetic tissues for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In 3D bioprinting, bio-inks are essential for the construction of cell microenvironment, thus affecting the biomimetic design and regenerative efficiency. Mechanical properties are one of the essential aspects of microenvironment, which can be characterized by matrix stiffness, viscoelasticity, topography, and dynamic mechanical stimulation. With the recent advances in functional biomaterials, various engineered bio-inks have realized the possibility of engineering cell mechanical microenvironment in vivo. In this review, we summarize the critical mechanical cues of cell microenvironments, review the engineered bio-inks while focusing on the selection principles for constructing cell mechanical microenvironments, and discuss the challenges facing this field and the possible solutions for them.

Experiment and characterization of dynamic thermal storage characteristics of porous media thermal storage system

The aim is to understand the thermal storage characteristics of porous media thermal storage materials under thermal dynamic conditions, and obtain the dynamic thermal storage characteristics parameters of thermal storage materials. In the 120 kW thermal dynamic thermal storage system of porous media, we studied the dynamic thermal storage characteristics of honeycomb porous ceramic thermal storage materials with different pore diameters (2.9, 4, 5.5 mm) and lengths (100–400 mm) under different hot flue gas conditions include thermal storage rate, thermal storage efficiency and storage. The results show that the relationship between the heat storage rate and time is parabolic, and the heat storage efficiency gradually decreases with the heat storage time. At the same time, the regenerative rate and unit regenerative resistance loss increase with the increase of specific surface area or the decrease of pore diameter of regenerator, and the regenerative efficiency increases with the increase of regenerator length. According to the experimental research and analysis, the dynamic heat storage characteristics of porous regenerator can be characterized by heat storage rate, heat storage efficiency and unit heat storage resistance loss.

An alkali metal thermoelectric converter/thermally regenerative electrochemical cycles/absorption refrigerator coupling system for power and cooling

The performance of an alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) is restricted by the generation of surplus waste heat, so utilizing waste heat is a potential way to enhance the energy exchange efficiency of AMTEC. In this work, a novel coupling system comprised of an AMTEC, thermally regenerative electrochemical cycles (TRECs) and an absorption refrigerator (AR) is proposed, in which the waste heat is spilt into two parts to drive TRECs and AR to content with the actual demand for power and cooling. Taking into account the external heat leakage as well as the principal irreversible losses in the system, the equivalent power output and efficiency of the system are expressed mathematically. Furthermore, the generic performance features are demonstrated as well as optimum operation regions of the coupling system are obtained. After optimizing the proportional coefficient of heat flow distribution and the current density of the AMTEC, the maximum power output (MPO) and maximum efficiency (ME) could reach 29.49 W and 0.35, respectively. Meanwhile, the MPO and ME of the coupling system are 45 % and 28 % larger than the separate AMTEC system, and are also significantly higher than AMTEC/TRECs and AMTEC/AR. Finally, the impacts of the critical parameters on the systemic performance are evaluated, including the temperature-independent exchange current coefficient, the internal resistance, the regenerative efficiency and the heat-transfer coefficients. The present study may provide a new route for AMTEC to improve the conversion efficiency.

An improved parallel regenerative braking system for small battery electric vehicle

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to design an improved parallel regenerative braking system (IPRBS) for electric vehicles (EVs) that increases energy recovery with a constant brake pedal feel (BPF).Design/methodology/approachThe conventional hydro-mechanical braking system is redesigned by incorporating a reversing linear solenoid (RLS) and allowed to work in parallel with a regenerative brake. A braking algorithm is proposed, and correspondingly, a control system is designed for the IPRBS for its proper functioning, and a mathematical model is formulated considering vehicle drive during braking. The effectiveness of IPRBS is studied by analyzing two aspects of regenerative braking (BPF and regenerative efficiency) and the impact of regenerative braking contribution to range extension and energy consumption reduction under European Union Urban Driving Cycle (ECE).FindingsIPRBS is found to maintain a constant BPF in terms of deceleration rate vs pedal displacement during the entire braking period irrespective of speed change and deceleration rate. The regenerative ratio of IPRBS is found to be high compared with conventional parallel regenerative braking, but it is quite the same at high deceleration.Originality/valueA constant BPF is achieved by introducing an RLS between the input pushrod and booster input rod with appropriate controller design. Comparative analysis of energy regenerated under different regenerative conditions establishes the originality of IPRBS. An average contribution ratio to energy consumption reduction and driving range extension of IPRBS in ECE are obtained as 18.38 and 22.76, respectively.

A bioactive material with dual integrin-targeting ligands regulates specific endogenous cell adhesion and promotes vascularized bone regeneration in adult and fetal bone defects.

Significant progress has been made in designing bone materials capable of directing endogenous cells to promote vascularized bone regeneration. However, current strategies lack regulation of the specific endogenous cell populations for vascularized bone regeneration, thus leading to adverse tissue formation and decreased regenerative efficiency. Here, we engineered a biomaterial to regulate endogenous cell adhesion and promote vascularized bone regeneration. The biomaterial works by presenting two synthetic ligands, LLP2A and LXW7, explicitly targeting integrins α4β1 and αvβ3, respectively, expressed on the surfaces of the cells related to bone formation and vascularization, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and endothelial cells (ECs). In vitro, the LLP2A/LXW7 modified biomaterial improved the adhesion of MSCs, osteoblasts, EPCs, and ECs via integrin α4β1 and αvβ3, respectively. In an adult rat calvarial bone defect model, the LLP2A/LXW7 modified biomaterial enhanced bone formation and vascularization by synergistically regulating endogenous cells with osteogenic and angiogenic potentials, such as DLX5+ cells, osteocalcin+ cells, CD34+/CD45- cells and CD31+ cells. In a fetal sheep spinal bone defect model, the LLP2A/LXW7 modified biomaterial augmented bone formation and vascularization without any adverse effects. This innovative biomaterial offers an off-the-shelf, easy-to-use, and biologically safe product suitable for vascularized bone regeneration in both fetal and adult disease environments.

Performance evaluation of an integrated photovoltaic module and cascading thermally regenerative electrochemical devices system

To capture the broadband sunlight, a novel coupled system composed of a photovoltaic module (PVM), the thermally regenerative electrochemical cycles (TRECs), and the thermally regenerative electrochemical refrigerators (TRERs) is proposed. The short-wave sunlight is sent to PVM to generate electricity, while the relatively long-wave sunlight (larger than 920 nm) is provided to the TRECs-TRERs for additional refrigeration. Considering the main irreversible dissipation in the cogeneration model, the expressions for the performance indexes of the combined model are deduced. Moreover, the numerical correlation between the PVM operating current and the TRECs-TRERs current is also derived. The mathematical results illustrate that the maximum energy efficiency (MEE) and maximum power density (MPD) of PVM are, respectively, 19.36% and 193.57Wm-2, and the MEE and MPD of the cogeneration system are, respectively, improved by 24.64% and 26.03% compared to a single PVM. Comprehensive parametric analyses are conducted for figuring out the dependences of the established model performance on main significant parameters as well as operating conditions, including solar irradiance, PVM operating temperature, diode ideality factor, specific charge capacity, regenerative efficiency, specific heat capacity, and internal resistance of TREC and TRER. This study results may supply some new ideas for designing and optimizing such actual coupled systems.