Regal Power Research Articles

고구려 평양도읍기 王城의 추이와 왕권

평양 천도 이후 상당 기간 왕성은 존재하지 않았다. 대성산성이 있었으나, 실제적인 왕성으로 기능하였다고 보기 힘들다. 이전의 왕성이 외부로부터의 위협에 대응하고자 조성되었기에, 그 부재는 군사적 우위를 확보한 고구려 왕권의 자존감을 보여주는 현상이다. 즉 이 무렵 도읍의 경관은 강고해진 왕권을 반영한다. 이후 장안성이 축조되었고, 성곽이 대대적으로 증축되며 왕성으로 거듭났다. 이는 정세 변동으로 왕권이 일정한 자기 영역을 확보하고자 하였기 때문이다. 이로써 고구려에서는 왕성과 중심지가 분리되었다. 그러한 공간적 변화로 왕의 사적 영역이 지닌 독립성이 강화되어 중리계 관등이 대두하였다. 인간과 공간은 역사 이해의 중요한 화두이다. 이상의 논의를 통하여 고구려에서 양자가 유기적인 관계에 있었음을 확인할 수 있다.

고구려 평양도읍기 王城의 추이와 왕권

평양 천도 이후 상당 기간 왕성은 존재하지 않았다. 대성산성이 있었으나, 실제적인 왕성으로 기능하였다고 보기 힘들다. 이전의 왕성이 외부로부터의 위협에 대응하고자 조성되었기에, 그 부재는 군사적 우위를 확보한 고구려 왕권의 자존감을 보여주는 현상이다. 즉 이 무렵 도읍의 경관은 강고해진 왕권을 반영한다. 이후 장안성이 축조되었고, 성곽이 대대적으로 증축되며 왕성으로 거듭났다. 이는 정세 변동으로 왕권이 일정한 자기 영역을 확보하고자 하였기 때문이다. 이로써 고구려에서는 왕성과 중심지가 분리되었다. 그러한 공간적 변화로 왕의 사적 영역이 지닌 독립성이 강화되어 중리계 관등이 대두하였다. 인간과 공간은 역사 이해의 중요한 화두이다. 이상의 논의를 통하여 고구려에서 양자가 유기적인 관계에 있었음을 확인할 수 있다.

Architecture in Spanish Baroque Literature

A striking aspect of the Baroque imagination was its fondness for architectural motifs. A multitude of religious, philosophical, and technical works were configured as imaginary theatres, fortresses, courts, temples, hospitals, or plazas; others masqueraded as descriptions of real cathedrals, palaces, or cities, but moralized the buildings as hieroglyphs of divine wisdom or regal power; while literary works made abundant use of architectural allegories to embody ideas (Saavedra Fajardo's city of ink, Gracián's museum of knowledge, Quevedo's ruined castle of desengaño, etc.). This article traces how the patently 'constructed' nature of such metaphysical conceits sprang from the world-view of melancholy desengaño.

고려 말 조선 초기 왕권의 문제와 태종의 대간 언론 인식

역사적으로 조선왕조에서 대간제도의 토대는 태종대에 놓인다. 태종 1년(1401)에 대대적으로 관제 정비가 이루어지는데, 이때 사간원이 독립 기구가 되어 비로소 사헌부 사간원 양사 시스템이 정립된다. 그래서 본고에서는 18년에 이르는 태종조 시기 전체를 대상으로, 초기(태종의 정치제도 정비시기), 중기(비대해진 공신 권력에 대한 견제 및 왕권의 안정 도모 시기), 후기(태종 자신의 후계 문제와 관련한 갈등 발생 시기)로 나누어, 〈태종실록〉에 나타난 대간 언론 관련 대표적 사건을 중심으로 태종의 대간 언론 활동에 대한 인식에 대해 검토해 보았다. 그 결과 태종은 재위 전 시기에 걸쳐 대간 언론이 국정 운영에 반드시 필요하다고 보는 인식 아래, 기본적으로 대간 언론을 장려하고 있었다. 구체적으로 태종은 재위 초반에 공신, 사관(史官)의 간언에 대해서도 긍정적으로 인식하고 있었다. 그리고 태종은 바람직한 사헌부와 사간원 양사의 관계정립을 위해 양사의 다양한 상호 대립을 중재하고자 노력한다. 또한 재위 중반에 태종은 구체적인 대간 언론의 방식을 정비하는데, 이 과정에서 태종은 1, 2인도 간할 수 있도록 대간의 간언 방식을 다양화한다. 나아가 재위 후반에는 권신을 견제하기 위해 대간이 반드시 필요하다는 인식을 명확히 드러낸다. 이러한 분석 결과는 왕권과 관련하여 일반적으로 태종시기의 왕권은 강했다고 평가되고 있으나, 정작 태종 자신은 왕권이 쉽게 불안정해 질 수 있다고 생각하고 있었다는 것을 시사한다.

An Analysis of Personnel management system during the Reign of King Jungjong in Joseon Dynasty

이 연구는 조선 중종 연간 인사제도 중 5품 이하에게 시행되었던 고신서경을 분석한 것이다. 『조선왕조실록』을 통해 볼 때 조선시대 서경이 가장 활발했던 시기 중 하나인 중종 연간은 공신계열, 기묘사림, 사화주도세력, 김안로 일파 등 집권세력의 변화가 굉장히 다양했다. 특히 기묘사화를 전후로 하여, 사화 이전의 경우 사림파와 훈구파의 갈등 속에서 서경이 제대로 이루어지지 못해 문제가 생기기도 하였고, 기묘사화 이후에는 집권세력이 대간직을 차지하면서 반대세력을 제거하는데 서경이 이용되기도 하였다. 그리고 이 과정에서 대간이 서경을 반대했던 명분, 즉 근거는 무엇이었는지 살펴보았다. 서경은 국왕의 인사권 견제 및 관리 선발의 기준을 제시함으로써 조선 왕조 영에 긍정적 정화작용을 한다고 볼 수 있다. 그런 측면에서 중종 연간 대간들은 과연 서경의 순 기능을 인지하고 맡은 바 임무를 충실히 수행했는지, 또 중종은 여기에 어떻게 반응하고 있었는지 살펴봄으로써 조선시대 인사제도의 실상을 확인할 수 있었다.In the Joseon Dynasty era, all the policies and decisions were made mainly by king but Sahunbu and Saganwon checked the regal power for balance of power. The personnel matters were checked by the system of Gosin Seogyoung. Though the Seogyoung in the Joseon Dynasty era had started in the Korea Dynasty era, at that time, Seogyoung had been conducted on every official but in Joseon Dynasty era, it was done on officials with lower than class 5. So Daegan had seen debated with king about extension of authority of Seogyoung, and after all, the policy on officials with lower than class 5 was legislated in the 『Gyeongguk Daejeon』. Originally, Daegan had to play a role of check for stability of ruling relations but in political upheaval times, it was always used by political powers. Especially, in the times of King Jungjong, since Gimyo sahwa, the function of Daegan deteriorated, and as a result, so did that of Seogyoung. Before Gimyo sahwa, non-contributing officials and Sarim groups took Daegan and checked the ruling party. In the process, if their opinions were not accepted, they made group strikes, and as a result, Seogyoung was not done, making a controversy. After Gimyo sahwa, the group who led the sahwa, took the power and lined up Daegan and there were cases of officials who were related to Gimyo Sarim and could not pass the Seogyoung. After that, when Kim An-ro came into power, his group took Daegan and the opposite party was excluded from political world and could not pass Daegan. The problems of Seogyoung with controversies during King Jungjong’s rule, were mainly class, appointment and promotion of officials, personal matters and procedural ones. Especially, class and appointment and promotion of officials were common standards for every official. Among them, class matter caused conflicts between Daegan and King Jungjong, and most people except for officials of Sahunbu and Saganwon were hired according to King Jungjong’s insisting. Personal matters could be interrupted by subjective opinions of Daegan, with possibility of deteriorating its functions. People who were concerned by moral characters, corruption and personal history matters, were particularly linked to political reasons beyond the matters. Sometimes, officials who belonged to Sahunbu and Saganwon did not observe the procedure of Seogyoung, causing controversies. In this case, these institutions could impeach the official who violated the procedure. As seen above, Seogyoung during King Jungjong’s rule showed different aspects, depending on trend of Daegan whether it was ruling party or opposite party. And in case of Daegan’s opposition with a personal reason, it was just one justification, and there were other reasons for opposition.

Matter of persuasion of the regal power in the Indies: the reception of the Royal Seal at the Royal Audience and Chancellery of Lima

El sello real fue concebido desde su nacimiento en la Edad Media no solo como el principal signo de validación de la cancillería regia, sino también como símbolo y encarnación del mismo rey y su jurisdicción suprema. La lejanía de los nuevos territorios conquistados y la permanente ausencia del monarca potenciaron este valor representativo del sello real, convirtiéndose en un importante mecanismo de persuasión del poder regio. En este estudio analizaremos el ritual que envolvía al recibimiento del sello en Indias tomando como ejemplo para ello el que en 1544 se le brindó al sello en la ciudad de Lima y con el que quedó establecida su Audiencia.

Arquitetura e mobiliário como história na Biblioteca Joanina de Coimbra, Portugal

Obra artística e arquitetônica que refletia o poder e o saber na história portuguesa, a Biblioteca Joanina, no setecentos português tonou-se um ambiente importante para o ofício de arquitetos, mestre-de-obras, entalhadores, pintores e douradores. O objetivo desse estudo é compreender a relação entre arte e história na biblioteca, investigando forma e contexto da representação do poder régio ilustrado, descortinando assim linguagens aproximativas e destoantes em suas singularidades.

Myeonguirok and Status of Regal power and in the early of the reign of King Jeongjo - Difference between created image and reality

Myeonguirok and Status of Regal power and in the early of the reign of King Jeongjo - Difference between created image and reality

Regal Power in Joseon and Dochechalsabu(都體察使府) in the Early Reign of Sukjong(肅宗)

Regal Power in Joseon and Dochechalsabu(都體察使府) in the Early Reign of Sukjong(肅宗)

Stones Tell Stories at Osu: Memories of a Host Community of the Danish Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade by H. Nii-Adziri Wellington

Reviewed by: Stones Tell Stories at Osu: Memories of a Host Community of the Danish Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade by H. Nii-Adziri Wellington Flora A. Trebi-Ollennu (bio) Wellington, H. Nii-Adziri. Stones Tell Stories at Osu: Memories of a Host Community of the Danish Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Legon-Accra, Ghana: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2011. To break into such a hallowed topic is like treading on holy grounds, no, more like unholy grounds—where the riot of forgetfulness, the gambles of not guilty, the resounding walls of separation (between kith and kin) all rush with adrenaline from their hiding places only to disappear because a note of truth had eaten them all up. Perhaps it is safe to say that the descendants of slave trading communities on the Slave Coast of West Africa have not belabored the loss of lives and wealth with the acuity and comprehension required of them and thus Wellington’s re-visitation of the subject should be approached as Maya Angelou’s poem “On the Pulse of the Morning” spells out: History despite its wrenching painCannot be unlived, but if facedWith courage, need not be lived againLift up your eyes uponThe day breaking for youGive birth againTo the dream Henry Nii-Adziri Wellington’s book, Stones Tell Stories at Osu: Memories of a Host Community of the Danish Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, a multipart biography of the slave trade at the Osu Coast, captures the kaleidoscopic notoriety and footprint on the landscape and culture of Osu. A professor of architecture and heritage studies (University of Ghana), Wellington succeeds in telling the story with “the rounded texture of the architect” (Kaiza). His creative nonfiction narrative is rooted in the perspective of writing for the contemporary average African, who through no fault of his/hers has embraced institutional forgetfulness when it comes to the slave trade. Such a past cannot be folded like yaanobo, mourning cloth, and tucked away at the bottom of a forgotten trunk, hoping the violence will remain hidden, convincing the past that hopes were never obliterated or emotional links carted away and lost to the wide ocean. Many works have criticized the underrepresentation of the African voice in the studies on literary representations of transatlantic slavery. Georgia Axiotou’s thesis argues that “the answer lies in the ways we define ‘voice’ and ‘memory,’ on how limited or open is our angle of seeing, and on how we expect authors of the black Atlantic to stage a history that exists only as fragments in the official and communal archives” (ix). In spite of this difficulty, Wellington has managed to piece a profound narrative using these fragmented sources as well as oral tradition from the “specificities of West African political and cultural landscapes” (Axiotou 4). The distinctive history of Osu is meticulously defined by the mystery-infused narrative voice of Ataa Forkoye who, in measured swoops, carries his listening audience and readers over great expanses of time and space, bringing to life “old days of yore”: the founding of the Osu community, a history that precedes the slave trade; varied places including the Christiansborg (Osu) Castle, houses and ruined piles of stones from the slave trade era, structures that held their place and their stories that none has been willing to listen [End Page 422] to until now; the local political drivers of the transatlantic trade—its villains and victims, culprits and collaborators. Ataa Forkoye’s listening entourage, intrigued, follow him with rapt wonder and interest to various historic sites in the community as children did in the past with skillful storytellers and town criers. Ataa Forkoye, a third space like the one defined in Brenda Cooper’s Magical Realism in West African Fiction, thrives boundlessly “in the fertile interstices between these extremes of time or space,” however, the flashbacks he excavates to frame the progressing inquiry sometimes fragment the grand narrative and could be daunting for the reader (Cooper 1). The allure of the trade was its elusive voice or rather many voices backed by regal power both sides of the Atlantic. A trade in love with its voice could not hear any others. With the influx...

A study on the Haechi(獬豸) that is built in front of Gwanghawmon(光化門)

Haechi is a lion-like horned creature that often appears in myths. It is a legendary animal representing justice and integrity. In 2008, Seoul city has selected the imaginary creature “Haechi’’ as the symbolic icon of the city. Also Seoul made Haechi homepage for introducing Haechi to citizens. Although Seoul city made that homepage, it has many wrong information about Haechi. Why did these problems happened? I think that when Haechi selected as the symbolic icon of the city, it has few academic research.BR This article studied about Haechi which is located in front of Gwanghawmon(光化門). Haechi was created in ancient China. In the books that was written in ancient China, Haechi described as a lion-like horned creature. Gwnaghawmon Haechi has known it has no horne. But this article show that Haechi has horne of sheep. Also this article researched that why do Haechi has horne of sheep. The reason Haechi has this kind of horne is that Haechi has meaning of divine sheep. This meaning was made in ancient China, however Chinese never made Haechi which has horne of sheep.BR Gwanghawmon Haechi was created by Daewongun(大院君). Even though Daewongun knew about Chinese style Haechi, he din’t imitated that. Because the Chinese style Haechi used to built in front of imperial tomb, But Gwanghawomon Haechi symbolized strengthening of regal power. This kind of reason, Daewongun wanted to build different style of Haechi.

The Machiavellian In-Betweeness of Cervantes’s Elizabeth I

Este ensayo analiza cómo y por qué “La española inglesa” presenta una nueva visión de Elizabeth I que desafía la imagen oficial, popular y ficticia que tuvo durante la España imperial. Esta reina cervantina armoniza la virtud cristiana con la práctica del poder, presentando una postura política que difiere de la mayoría delas reacciones de los escritores españoles a las ideas de Niccoló Machiavelli. En “La española inglesa,” esta reina mantiene una posición intermedia que refleja el debate sobre el mensaje político de Machiavelli: ejerce algunas de las destrezas que se aconsejan en El Príncipe (1513), y demuestra con sus acciones varios de los principios cristianos defendidos por escritores y ensayistas españoles. La literatura de Cervantes manipula la ideología anti-maquiavelista a través del papel de su reina inglesa, y mi lectura revisionista explica porqué su imagen es transformada en la primera versión positiva en la literatura española.

O adfectatores regni i manipulowaniu historią

On adfectatores regni and on Tampering with History(Summary)The issue of adfectatores regni probably did not come into view before the later Republic. An accusation of aiming at regal power became a tool of political struggle in the dispute between the optimates and the populares. Roman historians who dealt with the early Republican period might have used contemporary or not very distant events as a basis on which to create a history of the past, but above all to provide justifi cation for radical measures applied against Ti. Gracchus, Saturninus or Catiline. On many occasions in the late Republican period, historians would try to explain that what had happened in their time had been nothing unheard of, but had already happened in the past. Among such exempla inspired by the political debate, there are stories of three adfectatores regni of the archaic period: Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, Marcus Manlius Capitolinus, Spurius Maelius. Th e problem is that we do not know how much we can trust archaic history (e. g. Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus).

Power and Punishment in Antonio Buero Vallejo's "El sueño de la razón"

Scholars who have written about this play comment on the ties between Femando VIl's repression and Francisco Franco's brutality, illustrating how the playwright turned to history to condemn the then-current regime in a portrayal of three years of Goya's life. This essay proposes that Buero's implementation of this historical context contains an additional comment on the traditional functions of regal power, as evidenced by review of the penal history that informs the action of the play, referencing Michel Foucault's Discipline and Punish. The study next explores the contextual relations between the theatricalization of punishment and the torture of General Riego and Goya, concluding with an evaluation of the effectiveness of the playwright's denunciation of the two despots.

History as an Ekphrastic Genre in Early Modern Spain

As a rhetorical figure, ekphrasis creates both aesthetic immediacy--by appealing explicitly to our sense of sight-and remove, by suggesting a description not of life but of art. It is at the same time vivid and a copy of a copy. In practice, ekphrasis tends to play games with temporal distance, too; Aeneas' shield is itself ancient, but the scenes Virgil describes, worked on the shield's surface, are contemporary for its Roman audience. It was in part the ability to modulate distance that made ekphrasis a favored rhetorical device for early modern Spanish historians; the pomp of courtly life could be made suitably impressive yet decorously far off through the description of works of art that, under the Hapsburgs, increasingly became the preferred means to express regal power. In his biography of Philip II, Luis Cabrera de C6rdoba suggests a further reason for describing works of art in historical accounts. After mentioning the sculptures of Pompeo Leoni and Juan Bautista Monegro at the Escorial-works that enviaban al que las miraba muda voz, ciega vista, sangre fria-Cabrera explains that royal patronage of the arts is worthwhile because it teaches the powerful to rule and subjects to obey (792).' Art seems to be, as Cabrera describes it, the perfection of Quintilian's idea of history; it delights, it teaches, and

The Act for the Queen's Regal Power, 1554

The Act for the Queen's Regal Power, 1554

Images of Queen Mary II, 1689-95*

At the time of the Revolution of 1688-89 in England, for the first time since the accession of Queen Elizabeth I one hundred and thirty years earlier, a woman had a claim to the crown of England in her own right—Princess Mary of Orange, wife of Prince William of Orange of the Netherlands and the elder daughter of James II, the Catholic king of England, by his first and Protestant wife. That claim was one possible solution to the question of who should head the new government, but it was finally decided to create a dual monarchy, a constitutional arrangement unique in the nation's history. Under it the prince and princess of Orange became King William III and Queen Mary II of England, with administrative power vested in William alone. Although regarded as a regnant queen, one of only six regnant queens in the nation's history, Mary, in fact, received no substantive regal power.

The Mixed Constitution and the Distinction between Regal and Political Power in the Work of Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas is possibly the earliest medieval writer to be influenced by Aristotle's Politics, and he is certainly the most important for political theory as a whole. He is the giant whom later thinkers will interpret, bend to their own purposes, or, less frequently, refute. It is largely through Aquinas that the ideas of man as a social and political animal, of the citizen as one who participates in government, of the classification of government by the number and quality of its rulers, of the mixed constitution, and many other concepts entered the medieval milieu; and future thought is as much shaped by his peculiar interpretations of these ancient principles as by Aristotle's ideas themselves. Yet his political theory is sufficiently ambiguous to allow him to be cited by different scholars as an advocate of absolute monarchy, limited monarchy, republicanism, and mixed constitutionalism.' As Brian Tier-

The Politics of Polemic: John Ponet's Short Treatise of Politic Power and Contemporary Circumstance 1553-1556

In her biographical note on John Ponet, C. H. Garrett observed that although there was little good to be said of him as a man, as a political pamphleteer Ponet had attracted less attention than was his due.1 Although W. S. Hudson and W. Gordon Zeeveld have remedied this deficiency to a considerable extent,2 precise connections between Ponet's Short Treatise of Politic Power and contemporary situation in England have not been delineated. Much of strength of this work lies in fact that it was written as a direct response to events in England and on Continent. In particular, Ponet's theories regarding natural rights of subjects stemmed from efforts by crown in 1555 to remove right of ownership of private property from those it regarded as delinquents: Protestant exiles. Ponet elevated possession of property by private individuals to status of a right. He went on to examine basis of regal power and its practical limits and, in arguing legitimacy of resistance to an unjust ruler, postulated a commonwealth in which a substantial measure of power rested with the people. Although produced for an immediate polemical purpose, Short Treatise has more claim than any other anti-Marian tract to be regarded as political theory rather than propaganda. Ponet's opposition to Mary's rule was based on a set of constitutional principles which went beyond stress placed on maintenance of true religion by other pamphleteers of Marian exile. This paper proposes to show links between Ponet's treatise and Marian government's attempts to coerce exiles, and also to indicate role played by circumstance of exile in forming opinions expressed in Short Treatise. After a distinguished academic career at Queen's College, Cambridge,

The Politics of Polemic: John Ponet's Short Treatise of Politic Power and Contemporary Circumstance 1553-1556

In her biographical note on John Ponet, C. H. Garrett observed that although there was “little good” to be said of him as a man, as a political pamphleteer Ponet had attracted less attention than was his due. Although W. S. Hudson and W. Gordon Zeeveld have remedied this deficiency to a considerable extent, the precise connections between Ponet's Short Treatise of Politic Power and the contemporary situation in England have not been delineated. Much of the strength of this work lies in the fact that it was written as a direct response to events in England and on the Continent. In particular, Ponet's theories regarding the natural rights of subjects stemmed from efforts by the crown in 1555 to remove the right of ownership of private property from those it regarded as delinquents: the Protestant exiles. Ponet elevated the possession of property by private individuals to the status of a right. He went on to examine the basis of regal power and its practical limits and, in arguing the legitimacy of resistance to an unjust ruler, postulated a commonwealth in which a substantial measure of power rested with “the people”.