Refuse Incineration Research Articles

Pilot-Scale Experiment for Simultaneous Dioxin and NO x Removal from Garbage Incinerator Emissions Using the Pulse Corona Induced Plasma Chemical Process

A pilot-scale pulse corona induced plasma chemical process (PPCP) reactor for controlling gas-phase dioxins and NO x simultaneously is installed in a garbage incineration plant. The flow rate of the sampled flue gas is 5,000 Nm3/h (N: standard state) in maximum at the PPCP reactor, which consists of 22 wire-cylinder electrodes and is energized by a 50 kW nanosecond pulse high voltage generator. With an applied plasma energy density of 2.9–6.1 Wh/Nm3, the decomposition efficiency for dioxins is 75–84% based on TEQ (toxic equivalents); the conversion efficiency of NO to NO2 is ~93% at maximum. The flue gas treated by the PPCP reactor is introduced at a rate of 50 Nm3/h to a wet-type chemical reactor, which uses an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite (Na2SO3). More than 90% of NO x is reduced to nitrogen, with negligible byproducts such as NO2 − or NO3 − ions left in the solution.

Thermal-behavior study of chlorine released from composite refuse derived fuel

In order to reduce secondary pollution during the incineration of composite refuse derived fuel (CRDF), the combustion features and the emission behavior of chlorine in CRDF containing coal were analyzed. The former was analyzed using thermo-gravimetric and the latter by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The release rate of inorganic chlorine during combustion reached 90 mass% at temperature between 773.15 and 873.15K. On the other hand, approximately 84 mass% release rates was resulting from pyrolysis at 723.15K. When temperature reached above 1073.15K, it was noticed that higher concentration of organic chlorine in different organic compounds were produced in the processing of pyrolysis compared with those released from the combustion processing. From the thermo-gravimetric analysis using a self-designed system, three distinct phases were detected in the thermal process of CRDF. The first phase occurred at temperature between 473 and 573K and its mass loss was about 38.50%. The second phase between temperature regions of 673-773K with a mass loss of 20.35%. The third phase was observed at the temperature between 873 and 1073K with 22.25% mass loss.

Environmental and energy aspects of disposal of solid domestic waste

The problem associated with disposal of solid waste are analyzed. The modern approach used at the plant in Dusseldorf (Germany) for solving the garbage incineration problem is taken as one example. Some proposals for disposing of solid domestic waste in Russia are given.

Alkali/Chloride release during refuse incineration on a grate: Full-scale experimental findings

Waste to energy (WtE) plants are utilised for the production of heat and electricity. However, due to corrosion at super heater surfaces a relatively low 25% of the waste lower heating value can with the present technology be converted to electricity. High contents of Cl, Na, K, Zn, Pb and S in waste cause relatively high super heater corrosion rates. The Cl-content in waste is one of the key-factors for volatilisation of alkali and heavy metals in WtE plants. Little is known about the release of Cl, Na, K, Zn, Pb, and S along grate of waste incineration plants. The 26 t h − 1 WtE plant Vestforbrænding unit 5 in Denmark was used for measurements of temperature, gas-concentration (O 2/CO/CO 2), and sampling of gas phase Cl, Na, K, Pb, Zn, and S. Unit 5 has 6 ports distributed along the 13 m long grate between 1.5–1.8 m above the grate. Five of these ports were used for measurements. Two aqueous absorption systems containing a solution of NH 3 or a solution of H 2O 2/HNO 3 were used to collect the gaseous samples. Tar was found to condense in the sampling system at the ports near the fuel inlet. The experiments showed the majority of Cl, Na, and K to be volatilised during the early stages of combustion. The maximum release of Cl, Na, and K was measured in port 2 as 177 ppm v , 71 ppm v , and 44 ppm v respectively. The maximum average gas temperature of 1140 was measured in port 3 compared to the temperatures at ports 2 and 4 of 816 and 551 respectively. It has been suggested to use flue gas from the area of the grate near port 3 with a high temperature, that contains relatively low amounts of corrosive elements, and lead to a separate high temperature super heater and thus increase the electrical efficiency.

The Manipulability of Fair Solutions in Assignment of an Indivisible Object with Monetary Transfers

AbstractPublic decision making often involves the problem of fairly assigning one indivisible object to agents with monetary transfers. An example is the choice of the location of a garbage incineration facility where the accepting district should receive fair compensations from other districts. In this problem, we show that for broad classes of solutions satisfying a welfare lower bound and an efficiency‐oriented condition, the set of equilibrium allocations in the manipulation game associated with a given solution coincides with the set of all envy‐free allocations. This generalizes Tadenuma and Thomson's equivalence result for a class of envy‐free solutions. Our result covers the Shapley value, which is not covered by Tadenuma and Thomson's result.

‘The incineration of refuse is beautiful’: Torquay and the introduction of municipal refuse destructors

In the last decade of the nineteenth century, the English seaside and health resort of Torquay abandoned its old practice of municipal waste tipping and invested in a destructor, or incinerator. Technical, legal and financial considerations lay behind this decision. The ensuing protests against the operation of the destructor highlight the tensions between nascent technocrats and the affected residents. At a time when pollution was most often displaced or dispersed, topography conspired against the residents of Torquay, and challenged the accepted spatial and social relationships of waste.

A PID ratio control for removal of [formula omitted] in flue gas from refuse municipal incinerators

This paper presents a PID-based ratio control scheme for flue gas cleaning systems (FGCSs) to remove acid emissions ( SO X and HCl) from municipal refuse incinerators. The FGCS uses a semi-dry scrubber that injects diluted hydrated lime ( Ca ( OH ) 2 ) droplets to scrub high temperature, polluted flue gas from incinerators. The development of the control scheme was initiated by treating the scrubbing process as a grey system perceived as conceptual chemical dynamics. The scheme was implemented on a redundant programmable logic controller (PLC) and the control parameters were tuned based on responses from commissioning operations. The scheme, never re-tuned, has accomplished promising performance and consumable savings since its commission in the year 2000.

Bioaerosols study in central Taiwan during summer season

Suspended particles, of which bioaerosols are one type, constitute one of the main reasons to cause severe air quality in Taiwan. Bioaerosols include allergens such as fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, arthropods and protozoa, as well as microbial products such as mycotoxins, endotoxins and glucans. When allergens and microbial products are suspended in the air, local air quality will be influenced severely. In addition, when the particle size is small enough to pass through the respiratory tract entering the human body, the health of the local population is also threatened. Therefore, the purpose of this study attempted to understand the concentration and types of bacteria during summer period at four sampling sites in Taichung city, central Taiwan. The results indicated that total average bacterial concentration by using R2A medium incubated for 48 h were 7.3 x 10(2) and 1.2 x 10(3) cfu/m3 for Chung-Ming elementary sampling site during daytime and night-time period of summer season. In addition, total average bacterial concentration by using R2A medium incubated for 48 h were 2.2 x 10(3) and 2.5 x 10(3) cfu/m3 for Taichung refuse incineration plant sampling site during daytime and night-time period of summer season. As for Rice Field sampling site during daytime and night-time period of summer season, the results also reflected that the total average bacterial concentration by using R2A medium incubated for 48 h were 3.4 x 10(3) and 3.5 x 10(3) cfu/m3. Finally, total average bacterial concentration by using R2A medium incubated for 48 h were 1.6 x 10(3) and 1.9 x 10(3) cfu/m3 for Central Taiwan Science Park sampling site during daytime and night-time period of summer season. Moreover, the average bacterial concentration increased as the incubated time in a growth medium increased for particle sizes of 0.65-1.1, 1.1-2.1, 2.1-3.3, 3.3-4.7 and 4.7-7.0 microm. The total average bacterial concentration has no significant difference for day and night sampling period at any sampling site for the expression of bacterial concentration in term of order. The high average bacterial concentration was found in the particle size of 0.53-0.71 mm (average bioaerosol size was in the range of 2.1-4.7 microm) for each sampling site. Besides, there were exceeded 20 kinds of bacteria for each sampling site and the bacterial shape were rod, coccus and filamentous.

Distribution of chloride ion in MSWI bottom ash and de-chlorination performance

When recycling bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs), salts and heavy metals contents must be considered; in particular, chloride ions must be addressed because they cause serious corrosion in metals. Therefore, only limited amounts of bottom ash can be utilized as a substitution for material or the bottom ash must be treated at high temperatures prior to use. These factors markedly decrease the applications of bottom ash. In addition to the distribution characteristics of chloride ions, this study also investigates the characteristics change before and after de-chlorination using a counter-flow pipe column and three different flow fluxes for different refuse incinerators as the experiment variables. Thus, this study attempts to determine the appropriate conditions for de-chlorination and an appropriate policy for use of bottom ash as concrete aggregate. The experimental results show that a negative correlation exists between the natural logarithm of the chloride ion concentration and particle size in bottom ash. Characteristics of de-chlorinated bottom ash, such as pH value, mud content, loss on ignition, chloride ion concentration, turbidity, and species intensity, all decrease, meaning that de-chlorination decreased chloride ion content and generates a cleaning effect. The per-unit-time efficiency of de-chlorination is highest in the high flux flow. When flow flux is 80 mL/min, the de-chlorination efficiency is >0.3%/h. However, the shortest time required for bottom ash de-chlorination does not reduce in proportion to the legally prescribed concentration of chloride ion.

Statistical analysis of atmospheric trace metals and particulate fractions in Islamabad, Pakistan

Airborne suspended particulate matter was collected on glass fibre filters in urban atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan, using high volume sampler. The particulate samples were analysed for 10 selected metals (Fe, Na, Zn, K, Pb, Mn, Cr, Ni, Co and Cd) by FAAS method. Maximum mean contribution was noted for Fe (1.761 μg/m 3), followed by Na (1.661 μg/m 3), Zn (1.021 μg/m 3), K (0.488 μg/m 3) and Pb (0.128 μg/m 3). The particle size determination on vol.% basis for nine fractions (PM <1.0, PM 1.0–2.5, PM 2.5–5, PM 5–10, PM 10–15, PM 15–25, PM 25–50, PM 50–100 and PM >100) was carried out using Mastersizer. PM 5.0–10 were found to be most abundant in the local atmosphere followed by PM 2.5–5.0 and PM 15–25 while coarse/giant particles (PM 50–100 and PM >100) showed lower contribution. The trace metals were found to be mainly associated with smaller particulate fractions up to PM 10–15. Among the climatic parameters temperature has significant relationship with fine particles and airborne metal levels while relative humidity showed negative correlation. The source identification was carried out by principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Five metal sources were identified: industrial, vehicular emissions, metallurgical operations, garbage incineration and soil derived dust. The metal levels were also compared with those reported for other rural and urban parts around the world.

Crystal-chemistry of alteration products of vitrified wastes: Implications on the retention of polluting elements

Alteration products of vitrified wastes coming from the incineration of household refuse (MSW) are described. Two vitrified wastes containing 50% and 70% of fly ash and a synthetic stained-glass with a composition close to that of an ancient glass (medieval stained-glass) were altered under different pH conditions (1, 5.5 corresponding to demineralized water and 10) during 181 days. Under acidic condition, the alteration layer is made of an amorphous hydrated silica gel impoverished in most of the initial elements. A minor phase MPO 4 · nH 2O, where M represents Fe, Ti, Al, Ca and K cations, also constitutes the altered layer of the synthetic stained-glass. Under neutral and basic conditions, the altered layer is made of an amorphous hydrated silica gel and a crystallized calcium phosphate phase. The silica gel is depleted in alkalis and alkali-earth elements but contains significant amounts of aluminium, magnesium and transition elements, whereas the calcium phosphate is a hydroxylapatite-like phase with P–Si substitutions and a Ca/P ratio depending on the pH of the solution. This study shows: (i) the strong influence of pH conditions on the crystal-chemistry of alteration products and thus on the mechanisms of weathering resulting in different trapping of polluting elements, and (ii) that glass alteration does not necessary produce thermodynamically stable phases which has to be taken into account for the prediction of the long-term behavior.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Repowering Systems for Utilizing Waste Heat from Small Scale Garbage Incineration Plants

This paper evaluates two proposed repowering systems together with a conventional repowering system. A power generation system utilizing waste heat produced by a garbage incineration plant (GIP), which treats 45 t/d of garbage, was taken as an objective power generation system to be repowered. As the conventional repowering system (Sys-C), a gas turbine system with waste heat boiler was adopted. In the proposed system 1 (Sys-P1), temperature of the low temperature steam generated at the GIP is raised in the gas combustor by burning fuel, and used to drive a gas turbine generator. Hence, required power for compressing the air becomes remarkably small and expected to be high efficient compared with Sys-C. In the proposed system 2 (Sys-P2), the low temperature steam generated at the GIP is superheated by using regenerative burner and used to drive a steam turbine generator, and hence making steam condition optimal becomes easy. Various basic characteristics of the three repowering systems were estimated through computer simulation, such as repowering efficiency, energy saving characteristics, and amount of CO2 reduction. It was shown that Sys-P1 and Sys-P2 were both superior to the conventional repowering system Sys-C in the all characteristics, and Sys-P1 to Sys-P2 in repowering efficiency, and that Sys-P2 to Sys-P1 in energy saving characteristics and CO2 reduction effect. It has also been estimated that all the repowering systems are economically feasible, and that the proposed systems Sys-P1 and Sys-P2 are both superior to the Sys-C in the three economical indices of unit cost of power, annual gross profit and depreciation year.

OS11-6 熱駆動ヒートポンプによるゴミ焼却排熱利用に関する一考察(OS11 廃熱利用技術,循環型社会における動力エネルギー技術)

OS11-6 熱駆動ヒートポンプによるゴミ焼却排熱利用に関する一考察(OS11 廃熱利用技術,循環型社会における動力エネルギー技術)

The development of new generation of solid waste refuse incinerators

Article published in the Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 26 No. 1, 2006 pp 143-150

An integrated approach for operational knowledge acquisition of refuse incinerators

Refuse incinerator operation poses a tremendous challenge for efficient supervision due to the highly complexity of physical and chemical mechanisms inside the systems. It is difficult to comprehend operational knowledge without thorough study and long-term on site experiments. Fortunately, many sensors are installed in incineration plants and tremendous amounts of raw data about daily practices and system states are recorded to assist operations. Without proper analysis, however, these data are not beneficial to operators. An integrated approach is adopted in the current study using feature selection and data mining techniques. Feature selection was initially applied to cope with the heavy computation burden due to the huge data set. Data dimension can be reduced by discarding redundant information and leaving only relevant features for further analysis. Data mining analysis is then utilized to build two decision tree models based on steam production and NOx emission target attributes. Implicit incinerator system relations, represented by production rules and predicting accuracies, can be acquired from the decision tree models. Such rule-based knowledge is expected to facilitate on-site operations and enhance refuse incinerator efficiency.

Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies

We proposed the carbon sink project called “Carbon Sequestration by Forestation and Carbonization (CFC),” which involves biomass utilization and land conservation by incorporating the products of biomass carbonization into the agents for soil improvement, water purification, etc. Our purpose was to demonstrate the potential of the CFC scheme for carbon sequestration, particularly carbon storage in soil. Case studies were conducted in both developing and developed countries. 1. In southern Sumatra, Indonesia, 88,369 Mg-C year−1 of wood residue from a plantation forest and excess bark from a pulp mill would be converted into 15,571 Mg-C year−1 of the net carbon sink by biochar for soil improvement. The fixed carbon recovery of the system is 21.0%. 2. In a semiarid region in western Australia, the carbonization of wood residue was incorporated with multipurpose projects of a mallee eucalyptus plantation that involved the function of salinity prevention. During the project period of 35 years, the total carbon sink would reach 1,035,450 Mg-C with 14.0% by aboveground biomass, 33.1% by belowground biomass and 52.8% by biochar in soil. 3. In southern Kyushu, Japan, the study was focused on the effective use of surplus heat from a garbage incinerator for carbonizing woody materials. Sawdust of 936.0 Mg-C year−1 would be converted into the net carbon sink of 298.5 Mg-C year−1 by carbonization, with the fixed carbon recovery of the system being 31.9%. Consequently, the CFC project could encourage the creation of a carbon sink in soil. However, we recognize that the quality standard of biochar, the stability of biochar in soil, and the methods for monitoring biochar utilization must be clarified before incorporating biochar carbon into the carbon credit system.

Políticas de comunicación de las instituciones públicas ante proyectos que originan una gran contestación social. Caso Zabalgarbi

In recent years there has been a considerable increase in the number of institutional crises caused by movements opposed to the realisation of certain public projects: the firing range in the Bardenas Reales, the Madrid-Valencia motorway, the transfer of water from the Ebro river, the Ordunte wind farm, the installation of incinerators, the Basque Y, etc. What all of these projects have in common is that they are public works developed by the government institutions, as well as being the object of strong opposition from citizens in the form of ecologist groups, political parties and citizens' coordinators. Besides, in each project the Administration and the opposition groups have generated such a volume of news that the mass media have become stages and actors in the process. How, then, should a communication policy be drawn up that is capable of overcoming media and popular pressure so that the project can be developed? This article approaches this phenomenon on the basis of analysing the process that led to the construction of a garbage incinerator in Bizkaia, known as the Zabalgarbi case.

Mopping Up Nuclear Waste

A cell relies on molecular janitors to clear away trashed proteins, but researchers didn't know whether these cleanup crews tidied the nucleus. However, a new study identifies a housekeeping molecule that works in that structure, dispatching damaged proteins to the cell's refuse incinerator. The molecule may play a role in illnesses that involve protein buildup in the nucleus, such as Parkinson's disease.

114 清掃工場の押込送風機風路で発生した低周波振動((1)低周波・超低周波音の最新技術,騒音・振動改善技術)

Some trouble of low frequency vibration had been occurred at the new refuse incineration plant. Low frequency noise and vibration were induced around the forced draft fan when the draft fan was operated in the condition of low flow rate by controlling the floe valve. It was practically estimated with depending on the result of some measurements and analysis on the site that the acoustic resonance in the air supply duct and the vibrant resonance on the delivery silencer were excited by the low frequency pulsation of the discharge flow from the centrifugal fan. This trouble has been resolved by the reinforcement of the silencer and by the additional set up of the returning by-pass duct from the outlet to the suction side of the fan. It would be the next stage problem for solutions that mechanisms of low frequency pressure fluctuations induced by the special fan with high pressure and wide range of flow rate are made clear.

Re‐engineering construction communication in distance management framework

In an exploding and fluctuating construction market, managers are facing a challenge, which is how to manage business on a wider scale and to utilize modern developments in information technology to promote productivity. The extraordinary development of telecommunications and computer technology makes it possible for people to plan, lead, control, organize and manage projects from a distance without the need to be on site on a daily basis. A modern management known as distance management (DM) or remote management is emerging. Physical distance no longer determines the boundary of management since managers can now operate projects through virtual teams that organize manpower, material and production without face‐to‐face communication. What organization prototype could overcome psychological and physical barriers to reengineer a successful project through information technology? What criteria distinguishes the adapted way of communication of individual activities in a teamwork and assist the integration of an efficient and effective communication between face‐to‐face and a physical distance? The entire methodology has been explained through a case application on refuse incineration plant projects in Taiwan.