Refuse Incineration Plant Research Articles

Special Issue "Fuzzy/Neural Network Applications to Dynamics and Control of Mechanical Systems". Diagnosis System of Abnormality in Refuse Incineration Plant using Fuzzy Logic.

The fuzzy expert system for abnormality diagnosis is developed for all component equipmet in the refuse incineration plant. As the fuzzy logic is applied to the reasoning engine practically, diagnosis can be made even in case of abnormality in unstable condition of the plant and of transitional condition of trouble and this system has more flexibility than that in the past. At the same time, the merits are brought to human interface such as the knowledge acquisition and modification work become easy or the process of diagnosis becomes understandable resulting from patterning the diagnosis knowledge by membership function. The process data are taken into the system at online and real time through LAN from DCS. The reasoning engine and knowledge are in the minicomputer and the diagnosis is performed by the program aimed at data base. The results of diagnosis are output by acoustic announcement and CRT display indication, and guide the support for extracting and remedy of the cause of abnormality. This system is entered into actual operation in several plants already.

A CO2-Recovering Non-Polluting High-Efficient Thermal Power Generation System Utilizing Waste Heat from a Factory.

A novel carbon dioxide-recovering gas turbine power generation system is proposed in which carbon dioxide (CO2) generated is recovered by adopting the oxygen (02) combustion method and no thermal nitrogen oxide is generated. In the system, super heated steam produced by utilizing waste heat from a factory is used as working fluid of the gas turbine. Thus, the compressing process of the working fluid gas, which is the most energy-consuming process in generating power by using gas turbine, is not needed, and this makes the system to be extremely high-efficient. By taking a garbage incineration plant as an example of waste heat emitting factories, the characteristics of the system was simulated. Gross thermal efficiency has been estimated to be 88.0%, and the power generation efficiency to be 70.4% by subtracting the electric power required not only to generate O2 and to compress it but also to liquefy the recovered CO2. The net power generation efficiency was calculated to be 47.8% when the energy supplied by the garbage incineration plant is taken into account. This value is higher than the efficiency, 44.5%, of the most advanced large scale thermal power generation plant using the same natural gas, and is 23.5% higher than its efficiency of 38.7%, the one estimated if the CO2 is removed and recovered from the stack gas by using alkanolamine-based solvent and the recovered CO2 is liquefied.

Destruction of PCDD and PCDF in refuse incineration plants by primary and secondary measures

In order to ensure reliable adherence to the dioxin emission limit of 0.1 ng TE/m 3, an integrated dioxin reduction concept is necessary. In this paper, modern technologies are presented with which this limit can be reached.

未利用エネルギー活用の現状と展望

Global warming and energy security concerns have been causing increasing expectations to be posed on energy conservation . Although energy conservation after the oil shock has centered on the improvement of thermal insulation and development of new energy-conserving machines, the present age calls for the promotion of systematic energy conservation. About 65% of the total energy consumed in Japan being discarded while still unexploited, the construction of energy systems for rational utilization of unexploited energy is severely needed . Particularly in downtown urban areas, where non-industrial demand for heat has been growing dramatically, highefficiency utilization systems are increasingly needed for not only high-temperature waste heats from garbage incineration or electric power plants, but also low-temperature heat sources such as rivers, sewage, electric power substations and subways.In this article, the background for rational unexploited energy utilization is presented. Subsequently, representative system components such as heat pump and heat storage technologies are addressed and their main technological development requirements are clarified. Finally, the concept of cascaded energy utilization is presented as the ultimate energy-conservation system.

Dechlorination techniques of PCDDs and PCDFs in fly ash from municipal refuse incineration plants continuous dechlorination techniques by screw conveyer (1)

A real application system is set up and tested to dechlorinate Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and Chlorobenzenes (CLB) at MSW incineration plants. This system consists of screw conveyer, heater, motor, controller and recorder, and can treat about 100kg/h of ESP fly ash at 15 minutes of residence time. Above 470°C the dechlorinating rates of PCDDs and PCDFs attains to 100%.

都市ごみ焼却プラントのファジィ制御

都市ごみ焼却プラントのファジィ制御

Removing aerosols from fluegas desulphurisation systems

The main purpose of this article is to discuss the elimination of reaction aerosols from flue gas desulphurisation and NOx removal units in coal-fired power stations and refuse incineration plants. The multi-stage removal system specially developed for this purpose by Symalit, can, however, be used to eliminate a wide range of other harmful substances — whether these occur in the liquid phase or whether they are present in the form of solid, insoluble particles.

ごみ焼却炉の動特性とその燃焼制御への応用

ごみ焼却炉の動特性とその燃焼制御への応用

都市ごみ焼却工場における腐食事例と対策

都市ごみ焼却工場における腐食事例と対策

Combustion control of refuse incineration plant by fuzzy logic

Refuse incineration plant operations involve many kinds of uncertain factors, such as the variable physical properties of refuse as fuel and the complexity of the burning phenomenon. That makes it very difficult to apply conventional control methods to the combustion control of the refuse. This paper describes a fuzzy control system for the refuse combustion process, which applies sensing and controlling rules of skilled operators. From a simulation analysis and some test-runs on an actual incineration plant, it is concluded that the fuzzy control system is effective and practical toward plant automation.

Influence on formation of PCDD/PCDF in mwi plants - results of investigations at several plants in the FRG -

Within the framework of a research project, set up by the Bundesminister für Forschung und Technologie and technically supported by the Umweltbundesamt, in charge of the Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg and the Stapelfeld GmbH, extensive investigations on causes and reduction of PCDD/PCDF-emissions in refuse incineration plants were carried out. The results of PCDD/PCDF-measurings at four refuse incineration plants in Northern Germany are reported in the following. The measurings were accompanied by specific registration of all relevant operation data.

Assessment of PCDD and PCDF emissions from refuse incineration plants

Risk assessment for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) emissions from refuse incineration plants is presented with regard to acceptable daily intake of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and TCDD-equivalents. From this study tolerable emission concentrations are derived and compared with measurements.

Size-resolved trace metal characterization of aerosols emitted by four important source types in Switzerland

In central Switzerland five types of emission sources are mainly responsible for airborne trace metals: traffic, industrial plants burning heavy oil, resuspension of soil particles, residential heatings and refuse incineration plants. The particulate emissions of each of these source types except refuse incineration were sampled using Berner impactors and the mass and elemental size distributions of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, As and Na determined. Cd, Na and Zn are not characteristic for any of these source types. As and Cu, occurring in the fine particle fractions are characteristic for heavy oil combustion, Mn for soil dust and sometimes for heavy and fuel oil combustion and Pb for traffic aerosols. The mass size distributions of aerosols originating from erosion and abrasion processes show a maximum mass fraction in the coarse particle range larger than about 1 μm aerodynamic equivalent diameters (A.E.D.). Aerosols originating from combustion processes show a second maximum mass fraction in the fine particle range below about 0.5μm A.E.D. Scanning electron microscopy combined with an EDS analyzer was used for the morphological characterization of emission and ambient aerosols.

スケール防止剤の適用によるごみ処理施設の節水技術

スケール防止剤の適用によるごみ処理施設の節水技術

Energy Generation and Resources Recovery from Refuse Incineration

Refuse incineration plants with energy recovery have been successfully operated in a developing country. Waste heat recovered from the boilers can be used to generate electricity; 155 kwh of electricity could be generated for every tonne of refuse incinerated. The revenue collected from the electricity and scrap iron recovered from the incineration plant could offset the annual operating cost of the plant. After incineration, about 20% by weight of residues and ash are produced. Physical and chemical properties of the incinerator residue fractions passing 5‐mm sieve are analyzed. The incinerator residues after washing could be used as fine aggregate in concrete mixing.

Source analysis of heavy metals adsorbed on aerosols as a function of their size distribution

In central Switzerland five types of emission sources are mainly responsible for the air pollution by heavy metals traffic, industrial plants with heavy oil firings, resuspension of soil particles, house firings, refuse incineration plants. The specific aerosol emissions of the first four above mentioned source types were analyzed in representative samples using Berner impactors. For As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Na, Pb and V the size distributions were determined and average over all samples belonging to one source type. The average distributions show significant differences between the four source types.

Recent findings on the formation and decomposition of PCDD/PCDF in municipal solid waste incineration

The thermal formation of PCDD/PCDF in fly ashes of refuse incineration plants preferably in the low-temperature region of the boiler at 300†C is fully confirmed. Important parameters for the reaction of formation are the oxygen content and the water vapor in the offgas. Elemental carbon in the fly ash acts as an adsorbent to the precursor compounds. The oxidation of carbon may serve as a basis for the mechanism of PCDD/PCDF formation. Both reactions proceed by the Deacon process scheme. The catalytic action of CuCl 2 can be counteracted by the addition of NH 3.

Treatment of waste water from refuse incineration plants

The waste-water purification systems used at the Bamberg waste incinerator are described as an example of how easily such critical waste water can be treated. Water from flue gas scrubbers and ash washing which contains mercury, heavy metals and salts is precipitated with lime and trimercaptotriazine (TMT15) in two stages to produce an effluent that meets the strong discharge standards of the F.R.G.

Removal of refuse odour by activated carbon

This paper reports on investigations carried out to determine the feasibility of using activated carbon to remove odours generated from refuse material. The performance of five different commercial activated carbon grades were evaluated using a pilot facility set up at a local refuse incineration plant. A novel technique (dynamic olfactometry) was used to assess odour levels. The cost of refuse odour removal for the five carbon grades tested ranged widely from S$0.10 to S$0.57 per m3 of refuse air treated. These cost figures are considered to be rather exhorbitant for commercial applications.

Treatment of Waste Water From Refuse Incineration Plants

The waste-water purification systems used at the Bamberg waste incinerator are described as an example of how easily such critical waste water can be treated. Water from flue gas scrubbers and ash washing which contains mercury, heavy metals and salts is precipitated with lime and trimercaptotriazine (TMT15) in two stages to produce an effluent that meets the strong discharge standards of the F.R.G.