Garbage Dump Research Articles

Determination and Risk Associated with Phthalic Esters Distribution from the Ekpan River, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria

Phthalates are additives or plasticizers added to make plastics soft. However, they could leach into the environment and cause harm to human health when contacted. Sites along the Ekpan river have been used for open dumping of refuse. The river also serves as a point source for the disposal of effluents from the Warri Refinery and Petrochemical Company Limited (WRPC). Hence, the need for a preliminary study of phthalates across the river system. Surface water samples were collected from six points along the Ekpan river. Phthalates were extracted using USEPA standard method 3535 and EPA method 8061. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) was used for the analysis of six PAEs including di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP or DPX), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (D-n-OP)), Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), and Diethyl phthalate (DEP) in the river system. Analysis of phthalates in the Ekpan river system showed that DEP across the Effurun river system ranged from 4.22 – 13.81 μg/L, DPX; 3.03 – 11.5 μg/L, BBP; 0.11–1.39 μg/L, DEHP; 0.12 – 3.33 μg/L. D-n-OP and DMP were below the limit of detection of the analytical instrument used (0.1 μg/L). The distribution of PAEs along the network of the river revealed that the sampling sites in the urban region were more contaminated with PAEs due to urbanization and an increase in population across the river network. Human health risk assessment revealed that the hazard quotient (HQ) for DEP, DPX, DEHP, and D-i-NP were below 1, indicating an acceptable risk of PAEs via ingestion or bathing of the river water. In addition, the Hazard Index (HI) via ingestion and bathing of the river water was less than 1 indicating acceptable risks. According to this study, these PAEs congeners are safe for toddlers, adolescents, and adults to eat and bathe in tap water. Even DEHP, the only PAEs congener designated as a carcinogenic agent by WHO, was shown to have a tolerable cancer risk. These findings indicate that there is no harm to children, adolescents, and adults from DEHP in the river water studied.

Volcano: Between Structural Vulnerabilities and Collective Defence of Honor in Communities Surrounding an Open Dumpsite.

This study analyzes the dynamics in which structural vulnerabilities are shaped and expressed in the day-to-day lives of people making a living from a garbage dump in Argentina. It is a mixed methods case study, qualitative driven with a collaborative cycle (2016-2021). The study is embedded in medical anthropology, social epidemiology and Latin America Social Medicine, with the focus on the ways people respond to inequalities locally. The findings contribute to the field of health disparities in three directions: 1) the description of patterns of segregation in South America peripheries, shedding light on cumulative disadvantages and multiple exposures; 2) the experience of living enmeshed in places with strong stigmas, revising the ways this source of discrimination become social suffering; and 3) the detection of the impact of collective action and social capital in providing material and symbolic resources for restoring dignity and honour that challenge depreciated status.

(Re)gaining the urban commons: everyday, collective, and identity resistance

ABSTRACT This paper examines the everyday, collective, and identity resistance mobilized by the urban poor to (re)gain their right to the commons and contest urban exclusion. Informed by the community of waste pickers at La Chureca, the city dump of Managua, Nicaragua, the paper, builds on theories of discard studies, urban commons, and Bayat’s everyday resistance. It shows, first, how deprived communities can create their own commons through quietly encroaching on public space and using such resources as waste. Second, it reveals how activating passive networks (e.g. spatial and professional solidarity, kinship) can be fundamental in commoning, by triggering intermittent collective resistance, giving rise to more permanent active networks (cooperatives and trade unions). Third, it shows how simultaneous strategies of collaboration with the state can be mobilized when necessary. Finally, it demonstrates how constructing a resistance identity becomes an important sociocultural mechanism for claiming access to the commons, on the basis of a heterogeneous configuration of territorial, environmental, professional, family, and spiritual identities. Resistance identity stems from and supports individual and collective resistance, to maintain access to the commons. We conclude that all forms of everyday, collective, and identity resistance are essential, and none alone is sufficient to (re)gain the commons.

Extreme environments as reservoirs of invasive plants: the case of the garbage dump in Huehuetlan El Grande, Puebla, Mexico

The study aimed to highlight the role of extreme environments (so-called because of the high accumulation of nutrients and other harmful products) as sites of reservoirs of invasive plants, taking as an example the community "dump" of the municipal seat of Huehuetlan el Grande, Puebla, Mexico. The results show that 56 species belonging to 52 genera and 25 families were found; the families with the highest number of species were Asteraceae and Solanaceae. The species found are from 30 different countries, being America and Ecuador with a greater number of records. According to the origin of sites, use, industrial possibilities and, if they are wild or cultivated species, it was found that there were 14 species on the roadside: 11 weeds, 9 cultivated, 8 forage, one with industrial possibilities and one threatened. The correlation analysis showed that only the number of species vs. precipitation had significant differences. It is a fact that the conditions of the "community garbage dump" represent an opportunity for invasive species to survive and persist in the seed bank, waiting for adequate conditions to germinate and settle in increasingly larger areas, favored by the growing deterioration that human activity has caused in recent years.

An approach to assess PWR methods to cope with physical barriers on plastic waste disposal and exploration from developing nations

Science and technology have advanced and powerful to notch higher in the field of plastic waste management (PWM), recycling, and disposal. However, pollution from the most inexhaustible significant chemical is even greater, and it is steadily increasing. This pollution, which is hidden from view, tends to produce micro/nano plastic waste, which has an impact on our ecology’s climate cycle, food cycle, and health. It is significantly worsening day-by-day in emerging countries because to increased demand, consumption, and low prices. Even though the digital media provides awareness, trash dumping and tossing in both aquatic and terrestrial environments is expanding in front of us. Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) boards in developing nations, in particular, are struggling to practically erase their own garbage. Sophisticated innovation, such as Waste-to-Energy on plastics, makes handling terrestrial plastic waste easier, but overcrowding, an unequal economy, and unknown epidemic, and poor management wreak havoc on waste disposal. As a consequence, we were motivated to look into the obstacles of PWR implementation and progress, as well as more sustainable recycling solutions to address these issues. We made a contribution by creating the Single-valued intuitionistic trapezoidal neutrosophic fuzzy set (SVITNFS), which can analyze more data and come closer to the true best decision for overcoming these challenges and working intelligently. Because this set has been incorporated in the fusion of two conventional multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods yet this time with different procedures, the final ranking will undoubtedly give policymakers with an alternate choice before adopting a recycling strategy to cope with their unique uncertain issue.

Searching and Separation of Waste Using Robot

Abstract: Increased waste levels have made it important for proper waste management systems and procedures. Now India day is not working well in the field of environmental cleanup, it means collecting all the waste, putting it away and separating for recycling process. Dumping of garbage in local areas creates polluting conditions. It can cause many bad diseases in humans and can cause air, water, and land pollution. It also contributes to global warming. The program consists of two modules, the first module contains a pi cam with tensor flow software, and the second module contains Robotic Arm and, Robotic chase to pick up trash and the trash can be separated afterwards. The main part or purpose of this work is a clean and tidy environment by separating the waste for Reusability process. The project supports waste management and helps to control global warming, reduces pollution and decrease workers time and work. This project supports the goal of a clean swatch bharat. This project is mainly designed to clean the parks and the ground so that we can clean large area to protect our environment.

INTERVENSI NON FISIK TEMPAT PEMBUANGAN SAMPAH DI DESA TABONGO KECAMATAN DULUPI

Tabongo Village is located in Dulupi District, Boalemo Regency. The village boundaries with Dulupi Village in the west, Kota Raja & Polohungo Villages in the north, and the Tomini Sea in the east with a total population is around 1.038 people in 2021. The population density in Tabongo has increased a potential disease caused by rubbish heaps in any place which caused a flood, this problem will be solved by people’s attention to clean and healthy living behavior approach. Rubbish is a problem that is now faced by all surrounding communities. This waste develops along with the increase in population and the increase in development activities carried out by the community. The current waste problem is not only a problem in big cities but also in villages. The habit of littering is carried out in almost all circles of society, not only the poor, but even those with higher education also do it. Bad behavior is getting worse because of the lack of cleanliness that is easily accessible by the public in public places. The purpose of this service is to find out the optimization of the procurement of pilot trash bins in order to increase the number of trash bins so that they can overcome the lack of trash bins in Tabongo Village

Morphometric Characterization of Nematode Parasites Infecting Periplaneta americana in Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh

This study investigates the morphometric characterization and distribution of nematode parasites infecting Periplaneta americana in Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh. The research aimed to identify the nematode species prevalent in various environments and analyze their impact on cockroach populations. Specimens of P. americana were collected from diverse sites, including sewage areas, urban kitchens, and garbage dumps, and examined for nematode infections. The study identified three primary nematode species—Rhabditis blumi, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, and Steinernema carpocapsae—through microscopic and morphometric analyses. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between environmental factors such as moisture and organic matter availability with nematode prevalence. The highest parasite load was found in sewage areas, where cockroaches exhibited behavioral changes and increased mortality. These findings suggest that parasitic nematodes play a crucial role in controlling P. americana populations, particularly in heavily contaminated environments. The study also highlights the potential use of entomopathogenic nematodes in integrated pest management strategies as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. The research contributes to a better understanding of the ecological and biological significance of nematode parasitism in cockroaches and its implications for public health, emphasizing the need for sustainable pest control measures in urban environments.

Sosialisasi dan Pelatihan Pemanfaatan Sampah Organik Sebagai Eco-Enzyme Kepada Wanita Pesisir Pulau Santen, Banyuwangi

Banyuwangi has quite a lot of coastal areas. However, the negative impact of many coastal areas is that garbage is generally disposed of in the waters starting from the river which will eventually empty into the sea or directly dumped into the open sea. The mindset of Indonesian people including Banyuwangi residents who consider the sea as a garbage dump has not changed much. Santen island is one of the beaches in Banyuwangi with less waste management. As a solution to these problems, socialization is needed to increase awareness to the community and provide training to the community in handling organic waste. Socialization and training conducted is the utilization of organic waste as Eco-Enzyme with partners are coastal women. Eco-Enzyme is. This PkM implementation method consists of five stages, namely Pre-activity, presentation, Breefing training, training, and Evaluation and closing. Participants who attended this activity were 23 women of various ages. On the day of the training, the participants had prepared all the materials, then the organizing team divided the participants into 4 groups. For the ratio of ingredients for making this eco-enzyme is 1: 3: 10, where 1 is for sugar in grams, 3 is for fruit skin or vegetable scraps in grams, and 10 is water in mL. The socialization of the material on the first day increased participants' awareness of the importance of waste management and participants' enthusiasm in making eco-enzymes. Each participant in each group made eco-enzyme according to the instructions from the presenter.After three months, the participants were able to use Eco-Enzyme products as glass cleaners, toilet cleaners and bathrooms, while the pulp became fertilizer for ornamental plants in their homes.

Assessment of the Larvicidal Potency of Bacillus thuringiensis Against the Moth of Spoladea recurvalis on Amaranths Plant

The control of Spoladeare curvalis, a major pest of amaranth plant, has been through the use of synthetic pesticides which have been reported to have detrimental effects. This study was aimed at assessing the larvicidal potency of B. thuringiensis against the larvae of Spoladea recurvalis on amaranth plant. The assessment of the larvicidal potency of B. thuringiensis isolates from cow range land and refuse dump sites in Zaria metropolis habouringCry1 gene (CR2, CR4, RD1) was carried out by spraying spore crystal mixture of B. thuringiensis isolates on amaranth plants infested with Spoladea recurvalis larvae. The mortality of S. recurvalis larvae, under a screen house were assessed after 24, 48 and 72hours of exposure to the spore crystal mixture of B. thuringiensis isolates. Spore crystal mixtures of B. thuringiensis isolates were effective in causing larvae mortality with more than 60% mean mortality rate of S. recurvalis larvae after 72hours of exposure. The mortality rate of Spoladea rescurvalis increased with increase in exposure period. Spore crystal mixture of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates should be considered as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for the control of Spoladea recurvalis larvae on amaranth plant. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis; spore; larvae; amaranth; larvicidal.

Implementación de un Programa de Educación Ambiental y su influencia en la disminución de los residuos sólidos presentes en las carreteras

The present study sought to establish the influence of the implementation of an Environmental Education Program (PEA) in the reduction of the amount of waste generated in the direct areas, municipalities and communities surrounding Sections I and II of the concessioned highway Empalme Ruta1B-Buenos Aires-Canchaque in Piura, in evidence of bad habits in the right-of-way that originate the need for a greater deployment of cleaning activities and an optimal process to stop its transformation into a garbage dump. The research design is pre-experimental - explanatory and the sample is composed of 321 homes selected by means of probabilistic sampling, to which the pre-test and post-test evaluation was applied, in the nature of environmental education and measurement of the amount of waste. To measure the degree of knowledge on environmental issues, a semi-structured and closed questionnaire on a Likert scale was used and the instruments were validated through expert judgment; concluding that the implementation of the PEA directly influences the reduction of solid waste, the creation of strategic alliances in environmental matters, the modification of habitual pernicious behavior, prevention, conservation, protection and restoration of the environment, thus structuring a new environmental culture.

Identification of Waste Supply Chain Flow to Improve Performance

Semarang city has the amount of waste that piled up in the Landfill as much as 850 tons/day with the amount of unmanaged waste as is 100 tons/day. This phenomenon needs to be identified and evaluated for the flow of waste disposal from upstream to downstream. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the flow of the waste supply chain and simulate it to determine the performance of waste handling in an area. The research method begins with a supply chain questionnaire which will then be statistically tested to be used as input for supply chain flow generation and simulation using Arena software. Based on the identification of the supply chain, the flow of the waste supply chain in the Wonosari area of Semarang is from households to the garbage dump to be taken to the landfill as far as 10 km. From the landfill, it is further processed into a selling value product. In this study, waste from the landfill is also the input material for the paving block production workshop (WPBP FT) at the Faculty of Engineering, Dian Nuswantoro University. Plastic waste will be used as a mixed material for making paving blocks. The supply chain simulation results using Arena show that the performance is good.

Identifying high-risk areas for dog-mediated rabies using Bayesian spatial regression

Despite ongoing control efforts, rabies remains an endemic zoonotic disease in many countries. Determining high-risk areas and the space-time patterns of rabies spread, as it relates to epidemiologically important factors, can support policymakers and program managers alike to develop evidence-based targeted surveillance and control programs. In this One Health approach which selected Thailand as the example site, the location-based risk of contracting dog-mediated rabies by both human and animal populations was quantified using a Bayesian spatial regression model. Specifically, a conditional autoregressive (CAR) Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression was fitted to the reported human and animal rabies case counts of each district, from the 2012–2017 period. The human population was used as an offset. The epidemiologically important factors hypothesized as risk modifiers and therefore tested as predictors included: number of dog bites/attacks, the population of dogs and cats, number of Buddhist temples, garbage dumps, animal vaccination, post-exposure prophylaxis, poverty, and shared administrative borders. Disparate sources of data were used to improve the estimated associations and predictions. Model performance was assessed using cross-validation. Results suggested that accounting for the association between human and animal rabies with number of dog bites/attacks, number of owned and un-owned dogs; shared country borders, number of Buddhist temples, poverty levels, and accounting for spatial dependence between districts, may help to predict the risk districts for dog-mediated rabies in Thailand. The fitted values of the spatial regression were mapped to illustrate the risk of dog-mediated rabies. The cross-validation indicated an adequate performance of the spatial regression model (AUC = 0.81), suggesting that had this spatial regression approach been used to identify districts at risk in 2015, the cases reported in 2016/17 would have been predicted with model sensitivity and specificity of 0.71 and 0.80, respectively. While active surveillance is ideal, this approach of using multiple data sources to improve risk estimation may inform current rabies surveillance and control efforts including determining rabies-free zones, and the roll-out of human post-exposure prophylaxis and anti-rabies vaccines for animals in determining high-risk areas.

Amateur film festivals sources, history, and perspectives

ABSTRACT This essay is aimed at establishing those theoretical and methodological coordinates necessary to an historical analysis of amateur film festivals. Research dedicated to this subject is sporadic. In core volumes on festival studies, the terms ‘amateur’, ‘home movies’, or ‘small gauge’ do not even appear. The reasons for this historiographical oversight must be discussed especially in relation to the type of films here presented. As Patricia Zimmermann, one of the greatest experts on ‘home movies’ states, ‘Amateur film is the garbage dump of film studies and film archives’. Amateur film festivals have suffered the same fate as the films they presented. The current analysis is dedicated to the birth and early developments of those film contests, which started being held in Europe in the mid-1920s. Finally, this study illustrates the types of historical sources available to researchers.

Effect of anthropogenicity on the temporal diversity and abundance of macro-invertebrates in Calabar River, Okomita, Cross River State, Nigeria

The influence of anthropogenicity on the abundance and diversity of macro-invertebrates was investigated in Calabar River, Okomita, Cross River State for a period of 24 months (August, 2014-September, 2016) in six sampling stations. Bank root macro-invertebrates were collected by kick sampling while substrata macro-invertebrate samples were collected with a van-Veen grab. Seasonal variations in the values of the macro-invertebrates abundance were determined by pooling together the values for the wet and dry seasons. The difference in values in the six stations in each season was tested for significant difference (p < 0.05) while the pooled differences in the two seasons were tested using unpaired (independent) student’s t-test. Spcies diversity was estimated using the Shannon-Wiener index (H’), species richness (d) and evenness (J) of individual distribution among species. All macro-invertebrate groups had highest percentage abundance in the dry season months. Seasonal percentage abundance of insects was significantly different (p˂0.05). Higher seasonal abundance of the total macro-invertebrates was recorded in the dry season and the seasonal variation was significant (p˂0.05). Lower number of pollution intolerant species of macro-invertebrates (Sudanonautes africanus, Orectochilus orbisonorum, Dineutus discolour, Phaon iridipennis, Pila ovata, Natica flammulata and Eulima fischeri) recorded during the rainy season was an indication that the river was more perturbed during the rainy season as a result of influx of pollutants from refuse dumps, farmlands, Okomita Market, abattoir and mechanic workshop. The results of the PCA revealed that DO, hardness, alkalinity, magnesium and cadmium were the most important parameters influencing the abundance of macro-invertebrates in Calabar River, Okomita. Intermediate values and values less than one of Shannon-Weiner diversity index were observed, indicating that Calabar River, Okomita is moving from moderately polluted state to severely polluted condition.

PACKAGING OF NATURE AND CULTURAL CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES THROUGH ECOTOURISM TITLED FESTIVAL

The problem of protecting the environment is often not considered properly. Including the maintenance and management of the Sekanak Lambidaro River in Palembang, which was once a garbage dump and surrounded by slums. So it certainly makes damage to the place of an ecosystem of flora and fauna that exist in the environment. Not to mention that the endless cultural conflicts between the Sekanak River area have become a problem in the city of Palembang. So, a Sekanak Lambidaro Palembang River Festival was held in order to make the community affected by the bad environment more livable. Through activities that are oriented towards a green environment based on the concept of sustainable development. This concept is used so as not to make people continue to be influenced by the great world of globalization at the moment. By using a descriptive qualitative research method with the aim of being able to find out how useful this festival is in increasing the awareness of the people of Palembang City in nature and cultural conservation by applying the principles of ecotourism and sustainable tourism.

Dentification of Loss Hot Spots of the Post-harvest Chain during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case of Banana and Mango Supply Chain

Banana and mango are the main types of fruit crop cultivated in Polonnaruwa District. Income generated from commercial level fruit cultivations help farmers to manage their household economy. COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, curfew, restricted movements and closure of public markets and economic centers significantly damage the fresh produce supply chains of the country, especially in key farming areas like Polonnaruwa. Present study was conducted to identify the loss hot spots of the papaya and mango supply chain during COVID-19 pandemic, measure the economic loss and find out the social consequences of it. A total sample of 75 respondents, including farmers, collectors, wholesellers, transporters, and retailers randomly selected from three Divisional Secretariats (Madirigiriya, Hingurakgoda, Thamankaduwa) of Polonnaruwa District. Data were analysis by using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Primary data were gathered through a field survey using a structured questionnaire, focus group interviews, in-depth interviews, and participatory observations. Both banana and mango supply chains were shorter, fragile and concentrated regionally. Regional public markets and dedicated economic centers were connecting regional supply chains into national level. Mango supply chains showed two different structures; most common one has similar structure of banana and the other type ended up with exporters. Closure of market operations crippled the regional supply chains and farmers unable to sell their products. Postharvest losses were high at farm gate, farmers hardly receive any income. Limited number of farmers was able to sell fruits to mobile vendors at very low prices. Some had to throw their rotting crops into piles of rubbish with miserable, which could not be sold because of restrictions on circulation. In addition to that collapse of the tourism industry, the majority of wholesale buyers reduced average purchases and tried to get the harvest from farmers at a lower price. New retail formats were born during the pandemic and most common were the mobile retailers. Household economies of the farmers faced severe financial crisis and issue were doubled with the extra financial requirements for the children’s online education. Resources waste reached to the highest level and farmer debts reached to alarming levels.
 Keywords: Post-harvest chain, COVID-19, Banana and mango

Conversion of a Garbage Dump Yard into a Landscape Recreational Park: A Study of Impact on Human Perception with Reference to the Meethotamulla Rehabilitation Project

Solid waste is one of the main global issues that arise due to the malfunctioning of solid waste management. It creates an adverse effect on environmental, social, and economical aspects of human wellbeing. Sanitary landfill is a proper solution on solid waste management (SWM) which results in closed landfills leads to implement landscape architectural interventions as a secondary use. Meethotamulla garbage dump yard is one of the main examples which can be identified as a newly implemented project which converts a dump yard into a landscape recreational park for the first time in Sri Lanka. The objective of this study is to identify the impact of this conversion on the human perception of the surrounding community within the micro context and the study will be a motivative study on the landscape architectural approach in Sri Lanka. Changes in human perception were compared according to past, present, and future conditions of the community by using 30 participants who were selected randomly. Participants were selected according to a residential location under limitations such as distance from the dump yard, residential type, and age group. Information processing theory, prospect-refuge theory, Berlyne’s arousal theory, and theory of biophilia were used as the theoretical base for studying the impact on human perception (five senses) through a live interview. After analyzing data, the impact of the conversion on human perception has been affected positively by creating new landscape qualities and a comfortable environment. Initially, the Meethotamulla dump yard has changed the behavioral pattern of the community while leading to anincrease in illegal activities, drop-in educational level, and stressful environment etc. With the development of the recreational park, negative impacts have been controlled and pleasant landscape qualities like calm, pleasing, picturesque, spaciousness, and openness etc. have been improved. As a result, coherence, legibility, complexity, imageability, naturalness, visual scale, novelty, and surprisingness are landscape concepts that have been encouraged. The physical and mental health of the community has been positively impacting and it will be continued in the future as well.
 Keywords: Meethotamulla dump yard, Meethotamulla rehabilitation project, Solid waste management, Sanitary landfill, Landscape recreational park

Assessment of Background Gamma Radiation Level in Selected Dump Site of Niger Delta, Nigeria

Our environment has been exposed to ionizing radiation from indiscriminate dumping of refuse which is seen as unending and unpreventable challenge on earth. Radiation level and exposure risks in some selected dump site in Rivers state have been calculated using radiation exposure rate meter (Radalert-100). Rate of exposure measured at Ignatius Ajuru University of Education (IAUE) and its environment ranged from 0.005±0.0001 to 0.016±0.003 mRh-1 with mean value of 0.015±0.002 mRh-1 and that measured at Igwuruta ranged from 0.009±0.001 to 0.048±0.003 mRh-1 its mean value is 0.015±0.002 mRh-1. For All, the exposure rate measured ranged from 0.009±0.0001 to 0.015±0.002 mRh-1 its mean value is 0.012±0.004 mRh-1. The exposure rates measured in the three dump site are relatively equal and slightly higher than the recommended permissible limit of 0.013 mRh-1. Estimation of the mean absorbed doses from the exposure rates for Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Igwuruta and Aluu are 127.72±31.26, 125.91±18.35 and 175.64±41.61 nGyh-1 respectively, its mean absorbed doses are 1.16, 1.18 and 1.11 mSvy-1 respectively. The annual effective dose equivalent calculated is 0.20±0.03, 0.19±0.03 and 0.19±0.03 mSvy-1. The excess lifetime cancer risk estimated ranged from 0.68±0.11, 0.68±0.10 and 0.68±0.10 respectively, they are all above the recommended values 0.29x10ˉ3 in all the sampling locations. Following the result from the radiation level of the dump site, no immediate radiation risk is expected, but there could be a long term effects on those living around the dump side.

The Green Depression: American Ecoliterature in the 1930s and 1940s by Matthew M. Lambert

<i>The Green Depression: American Ecoliterature in the 1930s and 1940s</i> by Matthew M. Lambert