Garbage Containers Research Articles

Route Planning using Wireless Sensor Network for Garbage Collection in COVID-19 Pandemic

Garbage collection is a responsibility faced by all cities and, if not properly carried out, can generate greater costs or sanitary problems. Considering the sanitary situation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to take sanitary safety measures to prevent its spread. The challenge of the present work is to provide an efficient and effective solution that guarantees a garbage collection that optimizes the use of resources and prioritizes the attention to garbage containers located in or near contagion risk zones. To this end, this research proposes the integration of a basic garbage monitoring system, consisting of a wireless sensor network, and a route planning system that implements the decomposition of the Vehicle Routing problem into the subproblems of clustering and sequencing of containers using the K-Means and Ant Colony algorithms. For the monitoring of garbage, a significant reduction in the measurement error of waste level in the containers was achieved compared to other authors. About route planning, adequate error ranges were obtained in the calculation of the optimal values of distance traveled and travel time indicators with respect to an exhaustive enumeration of routes.

PLANNING FOR WASTE COLLECTION AND STORAGE IN NGEPUNG VILLAGE, KEDAMEAN DISTRICT, GRESIK

Ngepung Village is a village located in the eastern part of Kedamean District, Gresik Regency with an area of 5.08 km2. Ngepung Village is divided into 3 Hamlets, 5 Rukun Warga (RW), and 14 Rukun Tetangga (RT) consisting of 3493 people. Waste management in Ngepung Village still uses the old paradigm, namely gathering-burning or gathering-wasting. The purpose of this study is to determine the existing condition of waste management in Ngepung Village and to plan waste collection and storage. The research method includes direct measurement of waste generation, interviews, observation and documentation. Determination of sampling using simple random sampling according to SNI 19-3964-1994. Data analysis used quantitative descriptive techniques. The results of the study stated that most of the residents of Ngepung Village used plastic bags as garbage containers. The average value of waste generation in Ngepung Village is 2.05 L/org.day or 0.31 kg/org.day. Meanwhile, the composition of waste is dominated by organic waste of 60.49%. The waste collection plan consists of 2 types of waste containers, namely organic and inorganic containers, with a housing waste container capacity of 25 liters per family, a 70 liter office waste container capacity, 100 liter pesantren waste containers, 30 liter schools, and 25 liter places of worship. Garbage collection is planned to be carried out every 3 days with 3 cycles using 5 units of three-wheeled motorized carts with a capacity of 1.25 m3.

SCIENTIFIC DISCUSSION ON NORMATIVE ISSUES OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SANITARY AND HYGIENIC EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DEMANDS IN PHARMACY ESTABLISHMENTS DURING COVID DISEASES IN THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA

Protecting safe working conditions involves the use of ineffective and reliable means of preventing industrial injuries and occupational diseases, technologies, equipment and others. It is natural that the fields, technological processes, etc., are characterized by their specifics and the safety rules should be different for them. In pharmacies, laboratories, training and scientific research laboratories, warehouses, production equipment are subject to daily cleaning. Cabinets in storage rooms should be cleaned as needed, but at least once a week. Wet cleaning of the pharmacy, laboratory/ factory (floor and equipment) before starting work. Only dry cleaning of laboratory / production using disinfectants is not allowed. Waste and rubbish should be collected in special containers with a moving lid and should be removed at least once a day. Hand-washed sinks, toilets and garbage containers should be cleaned, rinsed and disinfected daily. Personnel are required to follow the rules of personal hygiene and industrial sanitation, to carry out the relevant personnel to perform food, smoking, as well as storage of food, tobacco and personal medicines in pharmacies, training and scientific research laboratories and departures. Pharmaceutical establishments do not comply with the hygienic norms of the internal and external environment, physical, chemical and biological factors of the labor process. The facility also does not take into account psychosocial factors related to safety (stress, communication, post-traumatic stress, etc.); Most pharmaceutical establishments (50-60%) do not have a fire board with appropriate equipment, evacuation exit and scheme. Also has no person responsible for the matter; Disobsibility and specialist protection/separation facility prior to pandemic were minimal (increased by 99%) during pandemic; The state should create an appropriate legislative and institutional framework; We think this will help transform the existing department into an effective labor inspectorate. The possibility will be created of the institutional capacity of its independence and efficiency, and the law will also provide guarantees for the individual independence of inspectors. Also, the bill should directly refer to the Labor Inspectorate as the body responsible for law enforcement.

Fiber-Optic Bragg System for the Dynamic Weighing of Municipal Waste: A Pilot Study

The publication focus on a pilot study (design, implementation and verification) of a dynamic weighing system designed for weighing of municipal waste during the dumping of garbage containers. The presented solution is based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) and can be additionally implemented into the lifting equipment of commonly employed garbage trucks. The weighing principle is based on the measurement of deformation effect and vibration response of the lifting equipment during the dumping of garbage bins. The measuring system leverages the advantages of power measurement, which use the conversion of the spectral shift of modulated light signal during the measurement to the change in optical power of a pair of spectral overlapping Bragg gratings. Two different methods are presented and discussed: the amplitude method, which analyze the maximum amplitude change of the signal and/or the method, which analyze the time period of the dampened oscillation of the lifting device. Due to the small dimensions, the complete system can be installed together with FBG sensors directly onto the lifting device. The pilot tests of the presented system were carried out for over 4 months, showing an accuracy of up to ±4.04 kg in the range of 10–100 kg for standardized containers used for municipal waste. The system worked in completely standalone mode and the garbage trucks were not modified in any inconvenient way.

АҚЫЛДЫ ҚАЛАЛАРДАҒЫ ҚАЛДЫҚТАР МӘСЕЛЕСІН ШЕШУДЕГІ «АҚЫЛДЫ» ҚОҚЫС ЖӘШІКТЕРДІҢ ЭКОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ТИІМДІЛІГІ (НҰР-СҰЛТАН ҚАЛАСЫ МЫСАЛЫНДА)

In this article, the current state of the waste management system was reviewed and the concept of a "smart city"was touched upon. Within the framework of this concept, the environmental assessment of the basics of functioning of "smart" garbage containers was studied and given. In addition, the issue of waste from the city of Nur Sultan was raised, and what actions can be taken to solve them.

Optimization models for clustering of solid waste collection process

In Jordan, the waste collection process incurs high transportation and operation costs. The main reasons for the high transportation costs are inefficient clustering and poor routing systems. In response, this research proposes a mathematical model for optimal clustering of garbage containers or bins (referred to as customers) for solid waste collection. The model’s objective function is to define the customers of each cluster such that the transportation costs within each cluster and between the hubs and depots are minimized, and the satisfaction of the clusters’ demand mean and variance is maximized. The optimization model was illustrated on solid waste collection for 20 customers, where the results showed that the proposed model is found to be effective in optimizing the waste collection process. In practice, this approach can be utilized in waste management for planning waste collection processes with minimal transportation costs while maximizing operational capacity.

Автоматизована система сортування та збору

The article describes a model of automated sorting and garbage collection that can be integrated into a smart city system. The structure is divided into several levels: the level of the garbage can, the city level, the level of the processing plant. At the first level, the author describes the principle of the work of automated garbage containers, focusing on their construction. This includes container’s workflow, list of components, like sensors, connectors, batteries etc. The next level includes a garbage collection structure in the city and software designed to optimize these processes. Also, municipal utilities interaction andpossible economy criteria are pointed on this level. The last level describes the workflow and the proper design of the waste sorting and recycling plant. It includes the description of the idea about how robots and AI (artificial intelligence) software can help with sorting different kinds of garbage. The author also lists the benefits of using the aforementioned automated system. Ref. 3, pic. 2

DESARROLLO LOCAL Y TURISTICO DEL CANTÓN PORTOVIEJO

El turismo del cantón Portoviejo, ha sido urbano, rural de excursión y de aventura, por poseer una biodiversidad y muchos lugares aun sin explotar con riqueza natural.
 El método empleado en esta investigación es descriptivo, porque nos permitió analizar los datos reunidos y evalúan las características del desarrollo local turístico en la ciudad de Portoviejo. Se busca alcanzar los siguientes objetivos: Determinar los factores que contribuyeron al desarrollo Turístico del cantón Portoviejo y examinar el aprovechamiento y contribución de los sitios turísticos al desarrollo del cantón.
 Los resultados demuestran, que se han aprovechado los espacios turísticos, para negocios como venta de comida, subiendo la demanda y teniendo que contratar más mano de obra y generando nuevos emprendimientos, con el fin de satisfacer las necesidades del turista, creando nuevos trabajos e ingresos para los lugareños, otro aspecto que ha aportado al desarrollo son los parques, que han aportado con actividades recreativas por tal razón aumentado el número de turista que vistan el Cantón Portoviejo, incrementándose las ventas de productos varios.
 El desarrollo turístico gastronómico es principalmente rural, siendo su especialidad la comida típica, aumentando los ingresos, para los lugareños. Siendo una desventaja la contaminación ambiental, que a pesar de haber contenedores de basura, se sigue dejando desechos alimenticios en las laderas de los ríos, aportando negativamente al medio ambiente.
 Por tanto, se ha fortalecido el turismo y las actividades comerciales, con la visita de turistas a ríos, playas, parques y la variada gastronomía, generando el desarrollo turístico de Portoviejo

WITHDRAWN

The document associated with this DOI has been withdrawn.

Automatic Dataset Collection and Training Vision System Considering Differences from Real Environment for Robots to Sort Garbage Containers and Packaging

Automatic Dataset Collection and Training Vision System Considering Differences from Real Environment for Robots to Sort Garbage Containers and Packaging

SmartGC: a software architecture for garbage collection in smart cities

With populations in cities increasing in a very accelerated pace, the problem of collecting and handling the waste produced becomes a major concern to governmental authorities. Indeed, the amount of garbage they create is increasing even faster than their populations, worsening the problem and turning garbage collection into a very challenging task. In this paper, we see garbage collection through the spectacles of the emerging concept of smart cities, accounting for new performance measures defined on the grounds of sustainability, energy efficiency, optimum resource allocation, and low carbon emission and footprint. We thus devise a smart garbage collection management system, coined SmartGC, whose architecture is detailed and explained. Abstracting out garbage collection from a smart mobility perspective, the underlying methodology supporting the proposed architecture relies on the concept of artificial transportation systems. For the sake of demonstration we have implemented a routing strategy to generate improved itineraries accounting for the content of garbage containers, which are continuously monitored through IoT-based smart meters. Also, we discuss on how the architecture is instantiated and integrated into the smart city agenda of Natal, a medium-size capital in Northeastern Brazil.

Smart Monitorin g for Waste Management using IoT

As the second most populated nation on the planet, India faces a noteworthy issue in garbage management. In the majority of the urban area, the flooded garbage bins are making an unhygienic environment. This additionally leads to promotion of various sorts of anonymous diseases. Starting at now there are customary waste administration frameworks like intermittent and routine clearing by the different urban bodies like the municipality. In any case, despite the fact that these normal systems of support are done we frequently go over flooding refuse containers from which the trash spills on to the lanes. This happens in light of the fact that starting at now there is no framework set up that can screen the trash canisters and demonstrate the same to the company. We introduce a waste gathering arrangement in view of giving knowledge to dustbins, by utilizing an IoT model implanted with sensors, which can read, gather, isolate the waste and transmit dustbin volume information and area over the Internet. This framework screens the dustbins and educates about the level of trash gathered in the waste canisters by means of a site page. For this the framework utilizes infrared sensors and MQ-6 sensor set inside the receptacles to quantify the status of the dustbin. At the point when the dustbin is being filled, the tallness of the gathered misuse of the receptacle will be shown and transmitted. Once these smart bins are installed on a large scale, by replacing our existing containers, waste can be maintained effectively and lumping of garbage along the roadside can be minimized.

Раздельный сбор бытовых отходов в России: уровень, факторы и потенциал включения населения

Цитирование: Шабанова М.А. (2019) Раздельный сбор бытовых отходов в России: уровень, факторы и потенциал включения населения // Мир России. Т. 28. № 3. С. 88–112. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2019-28-3-88-112
 В статье по результатам двух репрезентативных исследований (2014 г., 2017 г.) представлены данные об уровнях реального и потенциального включения россиян в практику раздельного сбора бытовых отходов (РСБО). С помощью аппарата мультиномиальной логит-регрессии определены факторы, влияющие на попадание индивидов в группы с разной позицией в отношении РСБО. Показано, что, хотя потенциал энтузиастов-первопроходцев практически исчерпан, заявления о неготовности массовых групп россиян к этой практике являются мифом. При этом потенциальные участники предъявляют более сложные запросы на условия своего вхождения в данную практику. На этой основе делается вывод о потенциале и мерах по расширению участия россиян в РСБО.

A Smart Waste Monitoring System Using IoT

With an increase in the population, the assumption of neatness and cleanness with respect to waste management is corrupting enormously. The excess wastes in public places create unhygienic circumstances in the surrounding regions. It may lead to several disorders among the people staying in that particular region. It also defines the grade of that area how well the waste is managed. We, the people should take some initiative to make our environment green and clean along with technological support. The level of waste in bins can be detected by using some sensors, location can be fetched easily through some GPS modules. Currently, involved department workers are checking the level of garbage containers with large vehiclest hatc onsumes alot of work and fuel.To avoid and to overcome these issues, a smart solution is needed that can be provided using the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper goes through various smart ways to solve existing issues using IoT.

Hygienic and Sanitary Quality in Street Food Stalls Located in a University Sector of Barranquilla, Colombia

Foodborne diseases are one of the main public health problems worldwide, especially due to the consumption of foods that made with poor hygienic practices, such as those prepared on a public thoroughfare. Some factors that contribute to its contamination are the use of non-potable water, inadequate handling, cross-contamination and environmental contamination. This study aimed to perform a sanitary profile with the completion of a survey of 12 food stalls to evaluate their hygienic and sanitary quality and through observation. Four samples of food were taken from each stand, for a total of 48 samples such as hamburger, hot dog, pizza, meat empanada, stuffed potato, stuffed arepa, chicken skewer, chicken finger, fruit salad and orange juice. Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were analyzed. 83.3% of the samples exceeded the acceptable limits of coliforms and in the 16.7%, it was detected Escherichia coli . No S. aureus was detected in any sample. Eighty-three point three percent of the vendors do not wear appropriate clothing, 75% use accessories and 83.3% do not use potable water for hand washing. Thirty-three point three percent of the stalls do not have surface with sanitary material, 100% do not have access to sanitary service and drinking water, 58.3% have the presence of animals in their surroundings, 50% have uncovered garbage containers, 91.7% store food at high temperatures and 100% do not have a sanitary authorization of operation. The lack of good hygiene practices in the food stalls on this public thoroughfare affects the quality and safety of food, making it a risk to the health of consumers.

Characterization and Local Emission Sources for Ammonia in an Urban Environment.

Ammonia levels were evaluated in the urban environment of Madrid City, Spain. A total of 110 samplers were distributed throughout the city. Vehicle traffic density, garbage containers and sewers were identified as local emission sources of ammonia. The average ammonia concentrations were 4.66 ± 2.14µg/m3 (0.39-11.23µg/m3 range) in the winter and 5.30 ± 1.81µg/m3 (2.33-11.08µg/m3 range) in the summer. Spatial and seasonal variations of ammonia levels were evaluated. Hotspots were located in the south and center of Madrid City in both winter and summer seasons, with lower ammonia concentrations located in the north (winter) and in the west and east (summer). The number of representative points that were needed to establish a reliable air quality monitoring network for ammonia was determined using a combined clustering and kriging approach. The results indicated that 40 samplers were sufficient to provide a reliable estimate for Madrid City.

A Baby Dumped In a Garbage Container

This is not a fictitious title because, unfortunately, it is a real event. On the last day of 2017, citizens informed the police that Kosevo's streets in Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina) from one of garbage containers came to strange sounds like baby crying. When the cops who went out to the field opened the container, they found frostbitten and crying baby. The cops and assembled citizens were shocked because they could not believe the baby was thrown into the trash. This news was the first to publish the Sarajevo daily newspaper Dnevni Avaz (www.avaz.ba), and all media houses in the region and beyond. The baby (girl) was in a pile of rubbish, and had a skullcap on it and was wrapped in a towel. She was immediately transferred to Sarajevo's Pediatric Clinic where doctors found the baby healthy and aged between two and five days. Thanks to the timely reaction of citizens and police, the baby is saved. Why is this event important to our reader audience? It is important because it speaks, above all, of the lack of parental love for a newly born child. What can doctors and other medical professionals do in these and similar situations? They cannot do much, but what they can do of exceptionally importance for making future decisions.

A rare case of acute toxoplasmosis in a stray dog due to infection of T. gondii clonal type I: public health concern in urban settings with stray animals?

BackgroundTyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains is important in epidemiological surveys, to understand the distribution and virulence of different clones of the parasite among human and animal populations. Stray dogs can be consider sentinel animals for contaminated environments playing an important but probably under- evaluated role in the epidemiology of T. gondii. We reported a rare case of acute toxoplasmosis in a stray dog due to clonal type I infection. The clonal type I, sporadic in Europe, is frequently associated with severe toxoplasmosis in humans and the control of its circulation is particularly relevant for public health. The symptomatology suggested a potential infection with the high similar parasite Neospora caninum but differential diagnosis showed that only T. gondii was involved highlighting the importance of multiple diagnostic methods beyond the clinical signs.Case presentationA female stray dog approximately six-month of age presented muscular atrophy of the femoral region and hyperextension of hind limbs. Body condition score (BCS) was 20% below ideal weight, ribs had almost no fat and the sensor state was depressed. Haematological values were normal and the dog did not show any neurological abnormalities. Serological analysis showed a positive response for T. gondii immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and exclude N. caninum infection.To confirm T. gondii infection, a muscle biopsy was performed and genomic DNA was extracted. PCR analysis resulted positive to T. gondii and strain genotyping reveals clonal type I infection. The dog recovered after 4 weeks of treatment with clindamycin hydrochloride and aquatic physiotherapy.ConclusionsOur study reports a rare and severe case of T. gondii clonal type I infection in a stray dog feeding in garbage containers. The data confirm the importance of an in vivo early diagnosis for toxoplasmosis in dog. Clinical signs are often related to specific T. gondii genotype and parasite genotyping is important in the epidemiological survey of toxoplasmosis in public health. The detection of parasitic DNA in the tissue could be an useful diagnostic method in facilitating early treatment of the disease, which is important for a timely clinical recovery.

‘Into the Waste’: How Forensic Science Recycle Them? Reflection on the Use of Waste to Understand Criminal Phenomenon

The practice of forensic science relies on the application of scientific principles and techniques for the questioning of ‘traces’, sometimes referred as ‘physical evidence’. These traces represent the remnants of a past event or phenomenon, and the information they convey is generally gathered with the purpose to reconstruct and clarify what happened. Waste material can sometimes compose such traces that can be used in a forensic perspective to collect relevant information, and provide intelligence. The search in garbage containers in general crime scene processing, or the recovery of deleted files in digital forensic are almost routine examples of evidence gathered through the scrutiny of ‘waste’. In this article, we suggest to expand the scope of valorization of waste material beyond its use for traditional criminal investigation, in order to gain actionable knowledge on broader security issues, such as the consumption of an illicit substance or the source of hidden harms. Attention on this issue is drawn through the discussion of three examples of ongoing research initiatives, related to waste water analysis, residual content of syringes, and environmental forensic.

What type of garbage containers do crows attack?

What type of garbage containers do crows attack?