Refugee Problem Research Articles

GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES OF POST-ELECTION TURKEY: THE ISSUE OF REFUGEES FROM SYRIA

Due to its geostrategic position, Turkey has taken in a large number of Syrian refugees since 2011. As a result, the country currently has the largest number of refugees in the world, which has had significant repercussions for domestic and foreign policies, as well as the socio- economic situation. Turkey's 2023 election campaign focused on the Syrian refugee crisis, with Erdogan and the opposition presenting their approaches to solving the problem. The outcome of the elections had a far-reaching impact on millions of Syrian refugees, drawing enormous attention from both the Turkish public and the international community as a whole. This media- based qualitative study examines the implications of Turkey's policy on Syrian refugees, particularly in the context of the May 2023 elections. The study analyzes the current status of refugees in Turkey and the attitude of the Syrian government towards them. It examines the changing positions of Turkey's new government and provides a comprehensive understanding of the region's complex political dynamics and current challenges. Erdogan's re-election appears to have ended his willingness to negotiate with Damascus, suggesting he remains skeptical that Damascus will be able to solve its key problems, particularly its ability to stem PKK attacks from northeastern Syria if Turkey withdraws its troops. However, as the 2024 municipal elections approach, it is clear that Erdogan's Syria policy will once again be in the spotlight. The stakes will be high for all political actors, and the outcome of the election could have a major impact on the future direction of Turkish foreign policy. The study concludes that one of the key factors influencing Turkey's anti-refugee attitude is the host society's concern about the current impact of refugees on the country's economic, social, and cultural structure. The results of this study also show that, in addition to internal factors, other factors can strongly influence the future direction of Turkish policy toward Syrian refugees. In particular, the inadequate solution to the refugee problem at the global level, the unstable influence of the EU, but also other international aspects, including the interests of Russia, are emphasized.

Research on the experience and lessons of ethnic and religious governance in the EU under the rise of populism

As a community of multicultural and religions, the effective governance of ethnic and religious affairs is of great significance for maintaining the stability within the EU and promoting the harmony and cooperation among member states. The EU has strengthened ethnic and religious governance by promoting multicultural policies, implementing regional policies, establishing conflict prevention and mediation mechanisms, promoting cross-border cooperation and integration process, focusing on protecting the rights and freedom of citizens, establishing a legal and policy framework, and strengthening dialogue. However, under the rise of populism, the EU is severely challenged, including the intensification of immigration and refugee problems, the insufficient response to religious extremism and terrorist threats and the lack of coherence and consistency of policies, the lack of effective communication and dialogue mechanisms, and insufficient regulation.The article suggests vigilance the dangers of populism, strengthening the rule of law, focusing on education and publicity, preventing and responding to extremism, and promoting the integration of economic development and society. The EU has taken measures, such as promoting legal policy making, strengthening dialogue mechanisms and the governance of migrants, but it still needs to focus on social integration to maintain stability and solidarity. Other countries can learn from the EU experience and develop religious governance strategies adapted to their own situation.

Transcending Borders in Orhan Pamuk’s My Name Is Red

Orhan Pamuk's novel My Name Is Red (1998) blurs the territory-bound art, cultural fences, and national boundaries to promote fraternity and connectivity through the two-fold strategy of obliterating conflict and encouraging philanthropic sensibility. This paper has examined the crossing of the divide in the massive migration, international trade, and refugee problems of the border postulated by Alejandro Lugo, Atzili Boas, Victory Konrad, and Anne-Laure Amilhat Szary’s border theory that emerged post-1990. Based on the insights of this theory, this paper argues that the ultimate resolution for the ongoing struggle among the people from diverse political, geographical, ethnic, and anthropological backgrounds in the third space is through the elimination of the territorial differences and the advancement of cross-cultural assimilation and humanitarian approach. This study uses qualitative research design to validate the argument that the territorial boundaries between the nations trouble social synchronization. The study’s finding reveals that the arts such as paintings transcend political division and promote the cultural adjustment in the liminal space. Istanbul is the setting that represents the transitional landmark between Southeast Asia and Europe as a cross-cultural and cross-border notion. The painting of the natural objects and the human procession merges the Eastern and the Western essences. The novel surpasses the conformist boundaries and endorses a multicultural artistic society without any religious, cultural, and geographical discrimination. Therefore, art functions as a tool to promote the aura of art, and such a sensation becomes the tool for the extension of psychological, physical, and social well-being.

Trajectories of mental health problems in unaccompanied young refugees in Germany and the impact of post-migration factors - a longitudinal study.

Unaccompanied young refugees (UYRs) are at an elevated risk of continuing psychological distress, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression, and anxiety. The post-arrival situation in a host country plays an important role in increasing or reducing mental health risks for UYRs. This study aimed to examine the trajectory of psychological distress and post-migration factors experienced by UYRs in Germany with five assessments every six months over a two-year period.Standardised self-report questionnaires were used to assess PTSS (CATS-2), depression (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7) symptoms. Material and social stressors (DSSYR), sociocultural adjustment (BSAS), frequency of contact with family members, and distress regarding asylum status were included as post-migration factors. N = 131 UYRs (Mage = 17.04; SDage = 1.46; 81.1% male) living in residential care facilities in Germany were included in this study. There was a significant loss to follow up with n = 77 after 12 months at T2 (59% attrition), and n = 37 after 24 months at T4 (28% attrition).At baseline, clinically relevant symptom scores were found in 48.1% for PTSS, 42.0% for depression, and 22.9% for anxiety. Analysis of latent growth curve models revealed that the symptom severity of depression and anxiety did not change substantially over one year, but PTSS showed a significant decline. The number of traumatic events affected initial levels of mental health problems but not their trajectory over time. The impact of post-migration factors varied between measurement points and outcome measures and did not result in a homogeneous pattern.Despite limitations, this study demonstrated the persistence of high levels of psychological distress in UYRs. Effective interventions are required at an early stage to prevent chronic trajectories and support systems should adapt to constantly changing circumstances.Trial registration number/date of registration: DRKS00017453/11th December 2019.

Analysis of Indonesian Netizen Sentiment on Platform X Regarding the Arrival of Refugees in Indonesia Using the Multinominal Naive Bayes Method

This research aims to analyze the sentiments of Indonesian netizens regarding the arrival of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia using the Multinomial Naive Bayes method. Sentiment analysis was carried out on comments obtained from platform X. The data collection technique used the crawling method to extract comments from platform X users regarding the issue of the arrival of Rohingya refugees. The tool used for crawling is Google Collab. The data analysis process includes sentiment labeling, data preprocessing (case folding, stopword removal, tokenizing, stemming), and classification using the Multinomial Naive Bayes method. The research results show that the majority of Indonesian netizens' sentiments regarding the arrival of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia are negative, with a percentage of 81%. Positive sentiment reached 8%, while neutral sentiment was 11%. The Multinomial Naive Bayes method produces an accuracy of 82.5% in classifying netizen sentiment. The tools used to process the data are the Orange Data Mining application version 3.36.2 It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of computer science, especially in the fields of Text Mining, Natural Language Processing, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is also hoped that this research will provide benefits to parties related to handling the Rohingya refugee problem in Indonesia, such as the government, humanitarian organizations, mass media, academics, the general public, and other researchers.

Majorities at War: Transformation of East Central Europe

The article begins and ends with a discussion of the censuses of East Central Europe before and after the First World War. Both the former and the latter were contested by minority activists despite the enormous changes brought about by the post-war settlement. This paradox can be explained, at least in part, through selected case studies that illustrate the asynchronicity of political, economic, and social transformations. The text discusses first the dynamics of this change: nationalist mobilization in the face of the refugee problem and local military conflicts. Second, it raises the question of the legitimacy of the consolidating national states in the region, especially the desperate and often futile appeals to the population to support the young states in their fight against the national and Bolshevik enemies. Both processes resulted in the construction of national majorities, albeit at different rates. The social and mental changes brought about by war, forced migration, and revolution proceeded much more slowly than the transformation of political discourses, and even more slowly than the language of ethnic statistics in the service of national states.

The problem of refugees and asylum seekers in the axis of Turkey-EU relations: opportunities and challenges

The European Union membership negotiations between Turkey and the European Union have been continuing since 1999. As no result has been obtained from the negotiations yet, it is not thought that Turkey will become a member of the union in the near future. While the process was going on, there were internal turmoil in the countries neighboring Turkey and as a result of this, especially Turkey and the member countries of the union started to receive immigration. The aim of this study is to examine the situation of individuals who had to migrate to Turkey and the member states of the European Union and to analyze the effects of this situation on the relations between the two parties.

Peran United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) dalam Menangani Pemenuhan Hak Anak-Anak Pengungsi Rohingya di Bangladesh Tahun 2017-2023

The refugee crisis experienced by Bangladesh due to the mass exodus of Rohingya refugees fleeing ethnic conflict in Myanmar is one of the largest refugee issues in the world. This crisis needs to be addressed immediately as it can threaten the lives of both the local population and the refugees themselves. Overcrowded shelters, housing nearly 1 million refugees with half of the population being children, increase the risk of disease transmission and violence, which can be a deadly combination for children. Therefore, to tackle the refugee problem, especially in fulfilling the rights of Rohingya children in Bangladesh, international actors' assistance is urgently needed. One of the organizations involved is UNICEF. UNICEF strives to provide aid in line with its capabilities and functions as an international organization focused on children and women. The aid provided by UNICEF is in the form of foreign aid or humanitarian assistance, divided into two types: material assistance and technical assistance. Material assistance includes the provision of clean water, food, hygiene supplies, education, and shelter. Technical assistance is provided through protection, training, and counseling. In its efforts to meet the needs of Rohingya refugee children, UNICEF has established the "UNICEF’s Humanitarian Action for Children in Bangladesh: Rohingya Influx" program, covering several sectors, including Child Protection, Health, Education, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH), and Nutrition. The humanitarian assistance provided aligns with the stipulations of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) regarding the fulfillment of the rights of refugee children.

Testing the effectiveness of the culturally adapted skills training START NOW to reduce mental health problems in adolescent refugees: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Adolescent refugees are particularly vulnerable to mental health problems, as they experience many risk factors associated with their resettlement at crucial stages of their physical and emotional development. However, despite having a greater healthcare needs than others, they face significant barriers to accessing healthcare services. Therefore, this study aims to test the effectiveness of a low-threshold, culturally adapted version of the skills training START NOW - START NOW Adapted - in reducing mental health problems among adolescent refugees. We will recruit 80 adolescent refugees (15-18 years) with symptoms of anxiety and depression or high perceived stress in Northwestern Switzerland. They will be randomly assigned to one of two study groups: an intervention group, receiving START NOW Adapted, and a control group, receiving treatment as usual (TAU). The intervention will last 10 weeks and will consist of one-hour sessions per week provided by a trained facilitator with the same cultural background, in the respective language. Assessments to collect depressive and anxious symptoms, perceived stress, social-ecological resilience, and emotion recognition abilities will be conducted pre-intervention, post-intervention (11 weeks later) and at the 3-month follow-up. Multilevel models will be computed with primary and secondary outcome measures as dependent variables. An effect of at least moderate size will be considered clinically relevant. This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effectiveness of a culturally adapted version of START NOW, providing valuable insights to improve current health promotion for adolescent refugees in Switzerland (or rather lack thereof). Ultimately, the effects of START NOW may facilitate integration and promote healthy development while decreasing costs associated with treating migration- or conflict-related trauma.Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT06324864.

IDENTITY, CULTURE, AND SECURITY: HUNGARY'S DIFFERING POSITIONS ON MUSLIM AND NON-MUSLIM REFUGEES IN THE 2015 AND 2022 EUROPEAN REFUGEE CRISIS

The European refugee problem has attracted global attention, especially amid the influxes of people in 2015 and 2022. Hungary, being a member state of the European Union, shown divergent stances towards refugees originating from the Middle East and Ukraine. The purpose of this essay is to examine Hungary's unique position regarding refugees, both Muslim and non-Muslim, during times of crisis, and to clarify the underlying causes behind these positions. This analysis examines how Hungary's attitude to refugees was influenced by cultural identity and national security, using the constructivism theory proposed by Peter J. Katzenstein and the notion of Migration and Security. Research findings suggest that Hungary's position towards Muslim migrants was greatly influenced by unfavourable stigmas connected with Islam and worries regarding national security. Additionally, these beliefs were additionally shaped by the political dynamics and domestic policies of Hungary. This study provides deep insights into the interrelation of identity, culture, and national security in influencing a nation's approach to refugees.

Research on Refugee Governance from the Perspective of International Law -- Taking the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict as an Example

The problem of refugee protection has existed in the international community for a long time, which is almost unavoidable for every member of the international community for its close relationship to national politics, economy, law, national security, diplomacy and so on. This paper mainly focuses on the current Israeli-Palestinian conflict to discuss the main sources of refugees and their governance dilemmas as well as attaches great importance to the protection and governance of refugees' rights and the possible improvement of international cooperation mechanisms. Responding to the refugee crisis requires greater cooperation at the regional and global levels. Finally, this paper puts forward some relevant thoughts. For example, advocating the creation of an independent Pakistan is the most effective approach. It is also important to promote peace processes such as negotiations and reconciliation, and to actively engage in international cooperation at the world level, with appropriate assistance from both States and international organizations. Hopefully, these measures can contribute to the international refugee problem through this own research.

International legal aspects of regulation of forced migration

The article examines the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the international legal regulation of forced migration and the determination of prospects for its development. The opinion is expressed that the emergence of new technical means and methods of production, means of communication, changes in the social sphere of states, deformation of the geopolitical space and many other factors of a socio-economic and political nature caused the growth of migration flows in the world. It has been established that the state policy in the field of population migration is designed to ensure the regulation of population migration movements, overcoming their negative consequences both for the international community, each country in general, and each migrant in particular.
 It is noted that the Universal Mechanism for the Protection of the Rights of Forced Migrants is based on the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and the Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1967. In addition, it is emphasized that an important role in ensuring the international protection of refugees and asylum seekers is also played by the Recommendations acts adopted within individual UN bodies, as well as other universal documents supplementing the specified legal array.
 Based on the analysis of scientific points of view and legislation, the author comes to the conclusion that the main norms of international and regional acts in the field of forced migration, which serve as guidelines for domestic systems of legislation and law enforcement, as well as for global tools for solving the problems of forced migration in general, are the principles non-discrimination, non-refoulement, family unity, interstate cooperation, international solidarity and observance of the best interests of the child. The need to create effective mechanisms for the implementation of international legal documents in the field of forced migration, to strengthen the international responsibility of states, and to determine the optimal methods of final or long-term solutions to the refugee problem was noted.

The principle of non-refoulement: the legitimacy of refugee policies in Western countries

In recent years, affected by the influx of refugees, some Western countries have suffered blows in the security, economic, and other fields and are faced with the dilemma of safeguarding national interests and fulfilling the principle of non-refoulement under international law. Western countries are broadly adopting the following three policies to restrict and control the entry of refugees into their territories: the policy of extraterritorial refoulement, the policy of interception at sea, and the policy of safe third countries. They are adopting several flexible measures to circumvent the application of the principle of non-refoulement, believing that they are not violating the principle of non-refoulement. However, the United Nations and human rights organizations are still skeptical of the abovementioned policies. This thesis will mainly discuss the legality of these behaviors and make some suggestions based on the full understanding and respect of national sovereignty and territorial integrity, which can deal with the refugee problem more humanely and provide feasible ideas for solving the refugee problem.

In Search of Durable Solutions for Refugees in Indonesia: A State Security and Human Rights Protection Approach

The Indonesian government is experiencing difficulties in dealing with the refugee problem. This is because the number of refugees in the waiting period is increasing and the destination country limits the acceptance quota. Currently, the refugee problem in Indonesia is regulated in Presidential Regulation No. 125/2016. However, its implementation has not been optimal, as it is hampered by coordination and legal compliance factors. The implementation of the Presidential Regulation creates inconsistencies in legal norms with other regulations. Then, some local governments have begun to reject the presence of refugees. They are not willing to prepare shelters for refugees, because it burdens the budget. Currently, the government does not have a long-term solution that can be used to solve the refugee problem in Indonesia. This paper will discuss Indonesia’s role in solving the refugee problem by formulating strategic policies from a humanitarian perspective. This article uses socio-legal research with a qualitative approach. Although not a state party to the 1951 Convention, Indonesia has adopted various international laws that protect the human rights of refugees. However, its legal legitimacy is still disputed from the perspective of state security and sovereignty. Indonesia continues to be encouraged to ratify the convention to strengthen the promotion and defense of refugee rights. In fact, ratification can be a quick way to bridge the gap between international and domestic legal frameworks in addressing refugee issues in Indonesia. However, the government cannot wait to resolve this issue until the convention is ratified. There are several long-term solutions that can be practiced to address the refugee issue, including: pushing for human rights instruments to implement the basic rights of refugees; re-establishing the refugee issue as part of the National Human Rights Action Plan; revising Presidential Regulation No. 125/2016; and formulating a new policy with Indonesia, UNHCR, and giving greater authority to IOM to empower refugees while they wait to enter the destination country.

THE RIGHT OF PALESTINIAN REFUGEES TO RETURN TO THEIR HOMELAND UNDER UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTION 194

The United Nations has been concerned with the problem of Palestine refugees since its inception in 1948, especially after the resolution n°. 194. However, to what extent has this resolution been implemented, and what is the global stance regarding the Palestine refugee issue? The key issue that drives our research on this subject. It should be highlighted, however, that due to the particularities of the Palestinian refugee, the term "refugee" as used in international law did not apply to them. The definition of a "Palestinian refugee" as defined by UNRWA was developed with the intention of assessing eligibility for recipients of UNRWA aid, rather than being fixed on a single definition. Rather of focusing on the theoretical side, the many definitions of "Palestinian refugee" were intended to address a specific conflict. UNRWA's definition did not align with the definition often employed in international refugee law, nor did it encompass all refugees who were permitted to return to their homes as per General Assembly resolution 194. The 1948 and 1967 wars caused the Palestine refugees listed in resolution No. 194 to be uprooted from their homes and lands. The Israeli occupation authorities' refusal to acknowledge it as the source of the problem's emergence, however, is a contentious aspect of the problem itself. It also distinguishes between the 1967 war refugees, often known as displaced individuals, and the 1948 war refugees. Palestine refugees are still scattered throughout the globe even after the UN overwhelmingly decided to acknowledge their right of return. As long as the Palestinian refugee issue is still a topic for study, it will get worse and make it more difficult for many Palestinian people to flee their homes as a result of the direct conflict between Israel and Hamas that broke out on October 7, 2023. The Palestinian refugee issue remains a problem that is being studied.

Obstacles to the psycho-social inclusion of refugees as a consequence of post-traumatic stress acquired in the native country

The information has as a determinative aspect the reproduction of important and correct thoughts to all readers about a group of people who are fighting for a right path in a prosperous European society following post-traumatic traumas, such as through practical models for solving the refugee problem in relation to with the European community to have as an end an adoptive society. A wide spectrum of new analysis systems are randomly used, in order to know the truthful information. Here are presented several elements related to litigation that can help refugees with the problem of stress, especially in the process of inclusion in relation to European society, starting from the definitive infiltration of the European pillars in such a way that the refugees feel like ordinary individuals. A harsh reality on all practical ways of refugee inclusion, with the aim of improving and drawing attention to Europeans regarding the situation of individuals, refugees being victims of the global situation. As a result of storing a voluminous level of scientific documents in the field of refugees, we appreciate the importance of including refugees with a severe trauma such as stress. The authors of several doctrinal masterpieces refer to a multitude of ideas, in order to appreciate a solution situation through different mechanisms practice. At the end of the document, conclusions are presented with necessary recommendations to be implemented.

Lithuanian Diaspora in Uruguay During the Beginning of the Cold War

This article studies the problems behind the involvement of the Lithuanian diaspora of Uruguay in the political processes at the beginning of the Cold War (second half of the 1940s – early 1950s). The author considers the history of the formation of the Lithuanian diaspora in the South American country starting from the later period of the Russian Empire and its status in the interwar period in the context of the development of the Lithuanian statehood. Additionally, the article describes the emergence and solution of the problem of refugees and displaced persons after World War II in the international context. It is noted that the refugees and displaced persons were mostly representatives of the Soviet Union (including the Baltic states that became part of the USSR in 1940), Poland, Yugoslavia, and other countries of Eastern Europe. The study proves that in the new historical conditions, there was a change in the social composition of the Lithuanian emigration of Uruguay, which was replenished with political opponents of the Soviet regime, collaborators fleeing retribution, and “Westerners” (defectors). Formed as a result of a global conflict and a new system of international relations, this type of diasporas was called “communities of exiles”, “exiled communities”, or “political diasporas”. The politicised nature of such diasporas, which included post-war Lithuanian emigration to Uruguay, led to its participation in the information confrontation with the USSR in the framework of the Cold War that had begun. In this regard, the author examines the attitude of the Uruguayan authorities to the “emigration governments of the Baltic countries”, and, more particularly, the so-called “Lithuanian government” headed by Mykolas Krupavičius in the USA and his “mission” headed by Kazimiro Grauzhinis in Uruguay. The specifics of the situation with the problems of repatriation in the USSR, which is revealed using materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation and emigration periodicals, showed the reaction of the Soviet leadership to the position of Uruguay in relation to Soviet displaced persons (including within the new borders). The author concludes that in the context of intra-diaspora splits, immediately after the war, the nationalist-minded part of the Lithuanian emigration was an active participant of all anti-Soviet campaigns, using finances and all possible information resources for this (primarily, the United States). Hence, the unconditional orientation towards Washington of this part of the diasporas, including the Lithuanian one, which was called upon to sow anti-Russian sentiments and support the negative image of the USSR in the public opinion of the West, becomes obvious and logical.

Cultural Memory as a Bridge between the Past and the Present: Sheena Blackhall’s “The Irish Famine”

Cultural memory, which might be observed in monuments, museums, historicised buildings, objects and even literary works, transmits to contemporary generations many traumatic events of history such as holocausts, famines, mass emigrations, starvation, pandemia, and, as a result, builds a link between history and the present. The traumatic impact of the Irish Famine, too, is awakened within the present by means of monuments such as the Famine Monument and the tour ship, the Jeanie Johnston on the Custom House Quay in Dublin, and literary texts such as Sheena Blackhall’s poem, “The Irish Famine”. In this sense, the bronze statues in the monumental area that depict the Famine’s traumatic impact upon the starving Irish, the ship which invites its visitors to take a metaphorical journey to the historical “coffin ships” adventures of the Irish, and Blackhall’s poem that (re-)presents and reinterprets them become devices of cultural memory. In the stanza where Blackhall reinterprets the Jeanie Johnston, the ship that represents historical facts about the Irish diaspora, readers feel a metaphorical slap in the face due to the unexpected reflection of a contemporary event: The African refugee problem. In the light of these discussions, this paper aims to discuss, in line with the concept of cultural memory, a Scottish poet, Sheena Blackhall’s poem, “The Irish Famine” as a literary text that constructs a bridge between the past and the present by means of its (re-)presentation and reinterpretation of the Great Irish Potato Famine represented in the Famine Monument and the tour ship, the Jeanie Johnston on the Custom House Quay in Dublin.

Indonesia’s Responsibility as a Non-Party to the 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol on the Status of Refugees in its Protection

Under ordinary circumstances, someone who enters other countries shall be provided with travel documents and required visa as entry permit. On the other hand, if they enter to the territory of another country because of feeling well-founded fear, such as their safety are threatened; and the country of their origin occurs social unrest or war. Therefore, the person may not have complete travel documents and visas. Movement of people who want to enjoy the protection of another country because they feel unsafe in their own country can be filed a request for refugee status. International refugee problem (Refugee) has existed since 1921, the prior international community responded to such events to the preparation of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol on the Status of Refugee. Nowadays, many countries have ratified them. In both these legal instruments, these contained provisions on international protection standards to international refugees for the states parties. For the countries that are not a party to the Convention and the Protocol, such as the Indonesian state, is not bound to the provisions of these legal instruments. Indonesia as well as other countries that have not ratified, then they have only a moral obligation or humanitarian responsibility. Based on the principle of humanity in the entire country, although they have not yet ratified, there is no a reason to refuse in protecting the refugees.

International Law Issues and Countermeasures of Refugee Protection

On January 17, 2022, the Russia-Ukraine war broke out, and on October 11, 2023, a new round of Israeli-Palestinian conflict broke out. In the context of the continued escalation of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the renewed Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the international community is facing an increasingly severe problem of illegal immigration and refugees. At present, scholars at home and abroad have made a lot of achievements in the research of the world refugee problem in the areas of the concept of refugees, causes, responses to refugee problems, and solutions. However, domestic academic circles have done more research on regional or national refugee issues, such as European refugees, North African refugees, Syrian refugees, etc., and the research on the world refugee issue from a global perspective is relatively weak. This article is to study the refugee protection issue from the international legal level it is to discuss refugee protection from the global perspective.