Refugee Movements Research Articles

Between Humanitarian Assistance and Externalizing of EU Borders: The EU-Turkey Deal and Refugee Related Organizations in Turkey

This paper examines whether multilevel transnational cooperation makes a difference in refugee protection, especially in protracted displacement. In response to the forced migration of millions of Syrians to Turkey starting in 2011, the EU and Turkish government published a joint statement in March 2016. The so-called EU-Turkey deal (EUTD) provided a substantial flow of money (EUR 6 billion in four years) from the EU to Turkey. In return Turkey had to commit to contain and control migration movement toward the EU. In social science, there are quite diverse evaluations of the EUTD. Whereas some studies focus on its effectiveness and efficiency in reaching the outlined goals, other publications stress its geo-political effects on migrants’ mobility and (externalized) border control. Meanwhile some studies look for points to improve the EUTD while others criticize it fundamentally. This article analyzes the involvement of different types of international governmental and non-governmental organizations (IGOs and INGOs) in the four main action fields of the EUTD and its implicit side effects on the Turkish regime of migration management. It first summarizes some crucial findings and pending questions in the social science literature. Based on analysis of available documents and our own interviews in Turkey, we then shed light on the organizations involved in the implementation of the EUTD and its effects on the Turkish regime of refugee protection. In 2022, Turkey hosted some 3.7 million Syrian refugees of a total of almost four million registered international forced migrants. The EUTD of 2016 was mainly a response by the EU to the large numbers of Syrian refugees arriving in its members’ territories. When more than 1.2 million asylum seekers were registered in the then EU-28 in 2015 alone — more than twice the number in the preceding year — some EU member states (MS) negotiated with the Turkish government (Eurostat 2015, 2016). Based on a meeting of the European Council and its “Turkish counterpart” the so-called “EU-Turkey statement” was published on March 18 in 2015 (European Council 2016). From the very beginning, this EUTD was controversial — both in public discussions and in the social science literature. Was it primarily a payment from the EU to the Turkish government for externalizing its responsibilities of refugee protection? Or was it an appropriate measure for sharing the burden of an urgent humanitarian crisis? Was the money spent for refugee-oriented humanitarian aid and development expenses or was it instrumentalized by the Turkish government for its own ends? How did refugee related IGOs and INGOs participate in the management of the EUTD? In the following sections, we focus on some selected aspects of the role of national and international, governmental and non-governmental organizations active in the field of refugee protection, specifically the role and cooperation dynamics of these refugee related organizations (RRO) in implementing the Facility for Refugees in Turkey (FRIT) as part of the EUTD. Based on expert interviews in Turkey and an analysis of spending under the EUTD, the paper analyzes (1) how the landscape of RROs developed in the context of the EUTD, (2) how the budget of the EUTD was spent, and (3) how the cooperation between these RROs developed. The paper adds new insights into the contradictory dynamics between organizing services for refugees and controlling and containing refugee movements to the EU, between assisting and instrumentalizing forced migrants in Turkey, and between humanitarian aid and development activities. Especially the last point is relevant for contexts of protracted displacement as instruments of immediate humanitarian assistance have to be combined with means of longer-term development. From a perspective of organizational sociology, it argues that the EUTD contributed to a multi-level transnational organizational field of refugee protection, where collective and corporate actors relate in conflict and cooperation between the poles of rational self-interests and mutually recognized norms, between control-oriented state authorities up to grass root action networks. Analysis of the EUTD enables us to draw out specific insights and practical lessons for a broader audience. Before presenting our own empirical findings we first will sketch out the broader landscape of social science research and analysis of the EUTD. 2

Refugee mobilities in East Africa: understanding secondary movements

ABSTRACT There is significant policy interest in refugee migration, particularly in relation to ‘secondary movements’ – the movement of refugees from the first country in which they arrive. Yet, there is very little theoretical or empirical research on refugee mobilities in the Global South, where the overwhelming majority of refugees reside. Existing literature on refugee migration focuses mainly on people who have already selected onward migration to the Global North. This leaves a gap in terms of describing, understanding, and explaining refugee migration patterns within and from low and middle-income regions of the world. Drawing upon cross-sectional data for Kenya, Ethiopia, and Uganda, we describe aspirations relating to mobility; and drawing upon panel data for refugees based in Kenya, we describe actual patterns of mobility. While a majority of refugees ‘hope’ to migrate inter-regionally and a smaller majority ‘expect’ to migrate inter-regionally, actual mobility patterns are very different. Whereas refugees are highly mobile, the overwhelming majority of their mobility is internal and most international migration is intra-regional. By describing these patterns for one region, the article challenges policy assumptions relating to secondary movement and offers a starting point for further comparative research on refugee mobilities.

The immigration scholarship of Stephen Castles

The immigration scholarship of Stephen Castles

Mapping of nighttime light trends and refugee population changes in Ukraine during the Russian–Ukrainian War

The nighttime lights accurately and coherently depict how humans live. This study uses nighttime light measurements to quantify changes in nighttime lighting and refugee population in Ukraine before and after the war. We combined the Theil–Sen estimator with the M-K test to explore the trends of nighttime light. In addition, we constructed a linear model using nighttime light data and a portion of the UNHCR refugee data. Our results reveal that 1 week after the start of the Russo-Ukrainian War, the nighttime light area and the average nighttime light DN value in Ukraine exhibited a steep decline of about 50 percent. Our findings showed taht refugee population changes calculated through models and nighttime light data were mostly consistent with UNHCR data. We thought that the nighttime light data might be used directly to dynamically estimate changes in the refugee movement throughout the war. Nighttime light changes has significant implications for international humanitarian assistance and post-war reconstruction.

The Right of Asylum Viewed from the Constitutional and International Viewpoints

This paper aims to address the forms of displacement/departure of the population that leaves its country of origin as a result of the violent circumstances created in the place of displacement or the place of escape. As well, this paper aims to deal with the provision of protection for people who flee in search of shelter and to study international obligations of the states based on the international norms including their laws . The purpose of this study is to consider treatment of refugees who leave their country of origin due to violence, war or any humanitarian reason. The main issues addressed in this study are causes of displacement, treatment of refugees according to the international law and their definition, international laws for refugees, and responsibilities of states regarding displacement and migration. During the research, we used several methods without which the research would not have been possible: the method of theoretical analysis, method of comparison, and quantitative method. This study identified the causes or triggers that lead to immigration, including violence and human rights abuses that are increasingly intertwined with ethnic and religious hostilities. Security, effects from international terrorism and the lack of border control can be the main causes. This study is applicable in the field of international relations, particularly to researchers who deal with global crises related to migration issues. Also, this study can be applied to categories that deal with refugees and people who deal with the issue of asylum at different levels. Furthermore, this study can also be used by representatives of civil society, workers of international organizations such as UNHCR, representatives of international organizations that protect the rights of refugees and persons seeking international protection. The novelty in this study is the treatment of the complex nature of migration and identification of the factors that lead to massive displacement, crisis management, states’ care and obligations in providing international protection to refugees, respecting international conventions and agreements, and the internal legislation of states where this movement of refugees can occur. Keywords: the right of asylum, constitutional and international norms of migration, displaced persons, refugees. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55463/hkjss.issn.1021-3619.60.87

A Transnational History of Forced Migrants in Europe: Unwilling Nomads in the Age of Two World Wars ed. by Bastiaan Willems and Michal Adam Palacz (review)

Reviewed by: A Transnational History of Forced Migrants in Europe: Unwilling Nomads in the Age of Two World Wars ed. by Bastiaan Willems and Michal Adam Palacz E. A. Hatto Willems, Bastiaan and Palacz, Michal Adam (eds). A Transnational History of Forced Migrants in Europe: Unwilling Nomads in the Age of Two World Wars. Bloomsbury Academic, London, New York and Dublin, 2022. xv + 279 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Notes. Index. £85.00; £76.50 (e-book). Bastiaan Willems and Michal Adam Palacz's edited volume, A Transnational History of Forced Migrants in Europe, constitutes a profound, synthesized study of mass population displacement in Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. Each chapter contributes the examination of a particular refugee movement to this collaborative volume, with a heavy focus on those caused, directly or indirectly, by the World Wars and their ramifications — most notably, the remapping of Europe as these conflicts resulted in the creation of new states following World War One and the shifting of state borders after World War Two. Additional chapters focus on mass displacement resulting from 1930s fascism, in the form of the Spanish Civil War and Nazi Germany's persecution of its Jewish population. The result is a series of snapshots of the European refugee experience in this period. In the volume's introduction, Willems and Palacz identify four key components of diasporic interactions which can be observed within European population displacements in the first half of the twentieth century: those with the host society, homeland, other members of the diaspora and other diasporas within the host society. The first three are well-established within the existing historiography, while the fourth is a new element proposed by Willems and Palacz. They argue that considering the influence of diaspora interactions upon one another, in addition to understanding all four of these components as a spectrum varying on account of factors such as socio-economic circumstances, ethnicity, religion, age and gender, allows for a more complete, multifaceted understanding of European forced migration in this period. The subsequent chapters, however, do not respond rigidly to this theoretical framework in its entirety. Rather, their respective authors focus on those components which they perceive as most noteworthy in terms of their focal [End Page 179] diaspora's experiences. Serhiy Choliy's chapter on the Habsburg Empire's World War One internments of those among its Galician population it perceived as potential enemies — mostly Ruthenians and Jews — places the strongest emphasis upon the volume's proposed four-dimensional model of diaspora interactions. This, along with Egor Lykov's contribution arguing that these Habsburg internment camps exposed all internees, regardless of ethnicity and political affiliation, to the same poor conditions on account of their shared socio-economic background, and Diego Han's work on the Croatian population evacuated inland from strategic port cities on the Istrian coast, illustrate how the artificial and temporary environments of such camps isolated these diasporas from typical host society interactions. These chapters argue that temporary diasporas often did not produce lasting identities; this is particularly evident in the case of the Ruthenian internees, who lacked a recognized Ruthenian region to return to altogether. The snapshot structure allows subsequent chapters to illustrate how this aspect of the internment camp experience was not, however, universal in the first half of the twentieth century. Lennart Onken argues that in the immediate aftermath of World War Two, Jewish survivors at Bergen-Belsen built their own diaspora identity through self-organization, in order to address the issue of their post-war statelessness. Onken's contibution can also be viewed as a case of inter-diaspora interaction, in that the establishment of purely Jewish displaced persons camps at Bergen-Belson created one Jewish community from those previously divided between separate European states. A Transnational History of Forced Migrants in Europe's format also allows for the exploration of forced migrant interactions with host societies which would become places of permanent settlement, as well as a variety of thematic approaches and focuses. A particular highlight is Jill Meißner-Wolfbeisser's contribution on the career of New York librarian Stefi Kielser, and the pivotal role she played in both introducing German and...

Acculturation expectations of German majority members in relation to their intercultural competence and identifications

Economic internationalisation and refugee movements entail that many Western societies are characterised by ethnocultural diversity to an increasing degree. For the relationship between ethnocultural minority groups and the respective societal majority, acculturation strategies and preferences are of high pertinence. Since following a specific acculturation strategy is not only at the discretion of ethnocultural minorities, but also depends on the opportunities granted by the respective society majority, the expectations of the majority for a specific acculturation strategy is a central limiting factor. In the present study, we examined associations of intercultural competence dimensions and group identifications with the acceptance of multiculturalism by German majority members. We found that two intercultural competence dimensions – cultural empathy and flexibility – are associated with the acceptance of multiculturalism. Thus, the ability to understand other cultures and the ability to adapt to unfamiliar situations might be beneficial for the acceptance of lived cultural diversity. We also observed that European identification was associated with the acceptance of multiculturalism. European identification is likely to function as a superordinate identification which embraces a variety of ethnocultural groups, so that these ethnocultural groups are part of the wider, superordinate ingroup. While common group memberships tend to foster positive attitudes towards ingroup members, a high European identification also appears to be an indication of a generalized acceptance of cultural diversity or multiculturalism. Our demonstration that superordinate identification and both dimensions of intercultural competence are associated with the acceptance of multiculturalism suggests possibilities of fostering multiculturalism via intercultural trainings and international encounters.

Exploring a Forced Migration Movement in the Period of the Cold War from the (Former) U.S.S.R. to Abroad

The paper studied extremely important categories in the (former) U.S.S.R. such as dissidents, forced (exiled) emigrants, refugees, asylum seekers, and ‘non-returnees’ to their country of origin because of the political persecution in the 20th century, as well as, in the 21st century the category of ‘Foreign Agents’ in contemporary Russia in the period of Russia’s full invasion of Ukraine for the political persecution too, when this successor country of the U.S.S.R. found enemies and agents again among its citizens, who tell the truth about Russia’s war 2014-2022- in Ukraine. All the categories of ‘enemies’ and ‘agents’ of the 20-21st century have been characterized and analyzed in the paper. Also, the movement of refugees and asylum seekers from 1975 to 1990, from the U.S.S.R. to the U.S.A. has been summarized and analyzed in the paper.

Refugee migration from Ukraine to other parts of Europe: Challenges to the housing-integration intersection at the city level

In the context of the massive refugee influx from Ukraine to its European neighbouring states over the last months, this update reflects on the experiences of two international exchanges led by HOUSE-IN: a JPI Urban Europe-funded project that deals with challenges at the housing-integration nexus. The exchanges revealed the impacts of this forced migration at the intersection of housing and integration in several European cities. The update analyses the civic and temporal nature of responses to this refugee movement, which have challenged major assumptions about practices of settling and integration under uncertainties of war, as well as those around access to housing and support.

Shaping Destinies

By December 1958, Canada had admitted almost 38,000 Hungarian refugees, forced to flee their country after Soviet forces crushed the October 1956 uprising. A rich historiography has examined this migration from a range of perspectives, but an analysis of women’s actions and attitudes represents an uncharted approach. Archival research reveals that Canadian women expressed opinions and took on a variety of roles related to the refugee movement. Examining those opinions and roles not only offers a novel perspective on Canada’s response to the refugee crisis, but it also provides insights into the evolving roles of women in Canadian society. The weight of intersectionality often muted the voices of women of Hungarian origin, both Canadians and refugees. Yet, refugee women were accorded a symbolic power that played its own role in the movement, and they found ways to exercise their agency to achieve their desired admission and settlement outcomes. (ST)

W(h)ither entrepreneurship? Discipline, legitimacy and super-wicked problems on the road to nowhere

The discourse of the twenty first century is increasingly a discourse of crisis – global warming, climate change, environmental degradation, health pandemics, geopolitical instability, poverty, enforced migration and refugee movements, among others. Increasingly these ‘grand challenges’ pose complex environmental and social problems that present radical uncertainty regarding the consequences of current actions and encourage multiple conflicting evaluations. We argue in this paper that in response to this ‘new world’ of super-wicked problems and hyperobjects, there is a unique opportunity for entrepreneurship to take centre stage, given that the entrepreneurial context itself is extreme in terms of uncertainty, time pressures, cognitive load, emotional reactions, and social interactions. However, there is a danger that this opportunity may be compromised by ongoing debates over the status, coherence, identity and legitimacy of entrepreneurship as a discipline. Accordingly, we argue for more problem-oriented research in entrepreneurship, not as an additional focus of attention but as foundational to the nature of the discipline itself. This argument is based on a broader discussion of the nature of scientific disciplines as the increasingly specialised division of knowledge and challenges the drive to establish entrepreneurship as a theory-led scientific discipline in the traditional mode. Commitment to the social legitimation of disciplinary discourse advocating problem-oriented entrepreneurship avoids the danger that consensus in the discipline is established at the expense of intellectual development, practical relevance and real impact.

Resilience in maternal and child nutrition outcomes in a refugee-hosting community in Cameroon: A quasi-experimental study

Refugees may be perceived as a burden to their host communities, and nutrition insecurity is a critical area of contention. We explored the relationship between refugee presence and a host community’s resilience in nutrition outcomes in Cameroon. We also tested an analytical framework for evaluating community resilience during shocks. We used data from repeated cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys in Cameroon (2004 and 2011), data on refugee movement, and data on extreme climatic events, epidemics, and conflicts from multiple sources. Outcome variables were maternal underweight, maternal anaemia, and child underweight, anaemia, stunting and wasting. The exposure variable was residence within an area in which refugees settled. We used a genetic matching algorithm to select controls from the rest of the country after excluding areas experiencing concurrent shocks. We used a difference-in-differences analysis to compare outcomes between the exposed and control areas. The 2004 survey comprised 10,656 women and 8,125 children, while the 2011 survey comprised 15,426 women and 11,732 children. Apart from anaemia which showed a decreasing trend in both the refugee-hosting community and the rest of the country, all other indicators (wasting, underweight and stunting) showed increasing trends in the refugee-hosting community but decreasing trends in the rest of the country. The matched control group showed a similar trend of decreasing trend for all the indicators. Controlled comparisons showed no evidence of an association between changes in nutrition outcomes and the presence of refugees. These findings contest a common perception that refugees negatively impact hosting communities. The difference-in-differences analysis and an improved matching technique offer a method for exploring the resilience of communities to shocks.

Faith and Power: Latino Religious Politics Since 1945 ed. by Felipe Hinojosa, Maggie Elmore, and Sergio M. González

Reviewed by: Faith and Power: Latino Religious Politics Since 1945 ed. by Felipe Hinojosa, Maggie Elmore, and Sergio M. González David A. Badillo Faith and Power: Latino Religious Politics Since 1945. Edited by Felipe Hinojosa, Maggie Elmore, and Sergio M. González. New York: New York University Press, 2022. 352 pp. $35.00. This lively collection of twelve lively essays, edited by historians Felipe Hinojosa, Maggie Elmore, and Sergio González is a well-designed and interesting, addition to the modern Latino religious studies literature. The authors' contributions are original, interesting, and valuable. Their aim is to reinterpret Latino religious studies by updating interdisciplinary and comparative scholarship with focused research studies adopting urban, social movement, and immigration perspectives. Topics include institutional Catholicism, popular devotionalism, ecclesiastical structures and church movements, male and female religious order clergy, and episodes in the historic transition from the old to the new U.S. immigrant church. These themes have been covered thoroughly in earlier works including, for example, the Notre Dame History of Hispanic Catholics in the U.S. trilogy edited by Jay Dolan, as well as case studies by Thomas Tweed, Robert Orsi, and Stephen Warner, among many others, and in recent works analyzing the histories of Latino evangelicals. Faith and Power seeks to re-envision earlier generations of scholarship by focusing on "Latino religious politics" from the vantage points of Catholicism, mainline and Pentecostal Protestantism, and Mormonism. The essays are organized into three sections with four chapters each: "place and politics," "freedom movements," and [End Page 87] "immigrant transformations" covering diverse Latino constituencies and religious leadership styles. The first essay by Maggie Gilmore explores how increasing religious pluralism during and right after World War II allowed Catholic agencies to provide needed services to Latinos and how, since the 1950s, church-state collaboration between Catholic organizations, especially involving important bishops and governmental agencies, demonstrated the merging of faith with political power. The next essay, by Lilia Fernández, offers an intricate examination of challenges surfacing in serving a multiethnic Latino population in the Archdiocese of Chicago during the mid-to-late twentieth century. Delia Fernández-Jones examines housing and other Latino adjustment patterns in Grand Rapids, Michigan from 1956 to 2000 and an essay by Sujey Vega examines how Latinos in the historic Mormon Corridor (running from Utah to northern Mexico) responded to changing congregational structures and language usage. The second section on social movements includes Lloyd Barba's essay on Pentecostal farmworkers in the 1950s; Jorge Juan Rodríguez's study of the Young Lords' takeover in 1969 and 1970 of The People's Church in East Harlem; Felipe Hinojosa's chapter on progressive religious movements—beginning with the California Migrant Ministry in the San Joaquín Valley and extending to faith-based organizations in New York City, which illuminates the rise of Latino activism in the civil rights era; and Lara Medina, who assesses innovative mujerista conferences and liturgies of the Catholic feminist organization Las Hermanas, which formed during the early 1970s, relating its work to subsequent movements. The third section begins with Sergio González's chapter on immigrant and refugee sanctuary movements from the 1980s to the present, which focuses on the Midwest. Then the chapter by Eladio Bobadilla turns to the role of the Catholic Church in debates leading to the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 and Latino immigrant advocacy in its aftermath. Anne Martinez's essay revisits the expression of popular religion in the Vía Crucis in Chicago's Pilsen neighborhood. Finally, Yuridia Ramírez examines indigenous identity among Latinos in Durham, North Carolina. I have some reservations, however, about using the term "Latino religious politics" as a central organizing theme for the volume. Evidence presented in the chapters does not seem to warrant its predominance over an interpretation based simply on the interaction between religion, place, social movements, and immigration. In the essay on Mormonism, for instance, Vega develops a fascinating congregational analysis of Mexican American identity and participation within the Mormon Church which has little to do with immigration policy, the law, or politics. Few other chapters had any actual content [End Page 88] dealing with governance, democracy...

The Ukrainian Refugee “Crisis” and the (Re)production of Whiteness in Austrian and Czech Public Politics

Abstract This text brings into analytical focus the workings of whiteness within the politics regarding Ukrainian refugees in two neighboring countries, Austria and Czechia. This comparison aims to contextualize various racial hierarchies in which Ukrainian refugees are embedded, and to connect public discourses translated by mass media and critically accepted by scholars and experts with the personal experience of refugees and those recruited to help them in reception centers. We follow the layering and conversion of racial hierarchies through examining three interrelated realms of public policy: (1) the conflation of illiberal and liberal populisms concerning the Russian invasion and the subsequent refugee movements in the discursive practices of leading politicians and those responsible for refugee politics; (2) the intersectionality of gender, class, and race as a locus of control over Ukrainian women, who comprise the majority of those fleeing the country; and (3) elaborating an extreme case of forging whiteness, within the overt and covert racist practices concerning Ukrainian Romani refugees. To conclude, we discuss possible directions for future research that apply critical whiteness studies for understanding how racial hierarchies design public politics concerning refugees, and what can be done to minimize the injustices determined by whiteness.

Situation of Refugees from Ukraine in the Republic of Moldova

The war in Ukraine has generated a major refugee movement in European countries. According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, since February 24, 2022, more than 6.9 million people from Ukraine became refugees. Among the countries that had border crossings of refugees from Ukraine and hosted these refugees, the Republic of Moldova is the country with the second highest pressure from refugees to the size of the population of the host country, after the Czech Republic. Considering this, it is important to evaluate the situation of refugees from Ukraine in the Republic of Moldova.

Scaling the right answers – Creating and maintaining hope through social entrepreneurship in light of humanitarian crises

Triggered by the Russo–Ukrainian war starting early in 2022 and the subsequent movement of refugees toward various European countries, this rapid response paper provides five reflections on the role of social entrepreneurship in light of humanitarian crises. We validate two problems with the help of a problem owner from social entrepreneurial practice and suggest answers to them grounded in existing evidence documented in the academic literature (translational research approach). First, we show how social entrepreneurs can focus on solving the right problems in chaotic and fast-paced crises, and second, we illustrate measures to scale appropriately. Finally, on a meta-level, hope emerges as an additional answer. Even if social entrepreneurs should not address the “right” problems and even if they scale inappropriately, in light of any humanitarian crises, they still contribute value by creating hope for their societies, their stakeholders, and for themselves.

Multiperspectivity in organized sport in refugee sites: Sociological findings and pedagogical considerations.

Refugee sites are a means to manage large-scale refugee movements, a recurring event in today's world. Sport is supposed to have beneficial effects for the residents of such sites and is therefore an activity, which is standardly organized by the sites' management. Moreover, many NGOs and "Sport for Development and Peace" programmes endorse the use of sport in emergency situations-including in refugee sites-to achieve several biopsychosocial objectives. There is a growing body of scientific literature, however, that is calling into question the beneficial effects of sport in this setting as well as the rationale behind this idea. Against this background, we explore the question "How does multiperspectivity influence sport in refugee sites?" based on two case studies. We use the ethnographic materials we were able to collect for the case studies to conduct a (sociological) analysis of multiperspectivity in sport and to develop (pedagogical) proposals on how to incorporate multiperspectivity when devising sports activities for refugees. The fact that the perspectives and motivations beyond the actual sports activities in the refugee site setting might be extremely homogenous leads us to conclude that multiperspectivity is key for planning, organizing and monitoring sports activities, and that refugees' positions must also be acknowledged. We recommend programmes and practical ways of achieving these objectives with a focus on the role of trainers and coaches.

Romanian refugees of autumn 1916 and the russian military command in Romania: controversial cooperation at the turn of the disaster

The participation of the Romanian Kingdom in the First World War in the campaign of 1916 resulted in a heavy military defeat and the loss of the capital and most of the country’s territory. Among the humanitarian consequences, a special place is occupied by the refugee movement, which affected hundreds of thousands of civilians. Due to the fact that the refugees retreated to the north together with the army, their fate was closely intertwined with military operations, including the troops of the Russian ally. The Russian command in 1916 also had to solve the problems of regulating the refugee movement in Romania and organizing assistance to refugees.

Influence of occupation on the subjective health of forced migrant doctors-a qualitative study

Abstract Background With the refugee movement in 2015, also forced migrated female and male medical professionals have arrived in Germany. The effect of occupation on the subjective health status of these physicians working in the German health care system was investigated on the basis of Antonovsky's sense of coherence (SOC) and the occupational science models of Siegrist and Karasek&Theorell. Methods Using a semi-structured interview guide, nine forced migrated physicians were interviewed before and nine forced migrated physicians were interviewed during their professional medical activity. Both interview groups had an Arabic cultural background. The transcribed interviews were analyzed according to Kuckartz's content structuring qualitative content analysis using the MAXQDA 2020 software tool. Results The SOC of migrated physicians is favorably influenced by meaningful occupational activity and the newly gained manageability of life. Positive influences are seen in professional appreciation and collegial support at all hierarchical levels. Negative effects are perceived in experiences of discrimination, insecurity and experienced injustice in the recognition of foreign qualifications. Physical stress results from occupational overload, unfamiliar work and time pressure. Conclusions The salutogenic effect of the work, the recognition in the profession and the collegial support are essential contributions to the promotion of especially mental health among forced migrated doctors. This speaks in favor of rapid and stringent integration into professional life. However, organizational barriers inherent in the German health care system should not be disregarded, which is why both legal and structural improvements should be made to the existing integration procedure before and during professional activity. Key messages

Comprehensive Approaches in the Global Compact for Migration and the EU Border Policies: A Critical Appraisal

The quest for safe, orderly and regular migration underpins the UN Global Compact for Migration (GCM) and translates into “comprehensive and integrated” responses to large movements of refugees and migrants. The effort to de-compartmentalise the governance of cross-border human mobility through “comprehensiveness” shapes the overall search for greater policy coherence via regime interaction and shared responsibility within the GCM. A similar effort has been made at the EU level to overcome the “silos approach” characterising the distinct policies on migration, asylum, and border management. This parallelism is particularly meaningful as the reason is twofold: at the operational level, because of the role played by the EU in fashioning the cooperation models underpinning the GCM, which enhances the relevance of EU law and practice for the implementation of the GCM; at the normative level, because the GCM draws on four guiding principles—i.e., sovereignty, good governance, human-centricity, and the rule of law—which are also key features of the EU legal system. Departing from these premises, this article reveals the meaning of “comprehensive and integrated” responses to large movements of refugees and migrants in the GCM and EU border policies. It does so in order to provide a critical appraisal of the legal and policy implications of comprehensive approaches in the global and European governance of cross-border human mobility.