This paper deals with the fault classification using only the surface acceleration of a failed compressor using the relationship between refrigerant pressure pulsation and compressor surface acceleration of a small refrigerant compressor used in a domestic refrigerator. The relationship between the pressure pulsation of the refrigerant flowing in the suction pipe of the normal compressor and the surface acceleration was expressed as a transfer function, and signal processing was performed on the surface acceleration of the defective compressor. Experiments were conducted to verify the ability of the modified surface acceleration to classify the compressor failure. The fault classification performance of the modified surface acceleration was evaluated using Fisher’s discriminant ratio. It was confirmed that the fault classification performance of the modified surface acceleration was excellent in the evaluation results. Using the fault classification method proposed in this paper, efficient refrigerant leakage fault classification can be performed at the compressor mass production stage.