Heat Refrigeration Research Articles

Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental analyses and multi-objective optimization of a CPC driven solar combined cooling and power cycle with different working fluids

This paper aims to provide comprehensive 4E (energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental) and advanced exergy analyses of the Refrigeration Cycle (RC) and Heat Recovery Refrigeration Cycle (HRRC) and comparison of the performance with R744 (CO2) and R744A (N2O) working fluids. Moreover, multi-objective optimization of the systems has been considered to define the optimal conditions and the best cycle from various perspectives. In HRRC, heat recovery is used as a heat source for an organic Rankine cycle. The energy and exergy analysis results show that utilizing HRRC with both refrigerants increases the coefficient of performance (COP) and exergy efficiency. COP and exergy efficiency for HRRC-R744 have been obtained 2.82 and 30.7%, respectively. Due to the better thermodynamic performance of HRRC, other analyses have been performed on this cycle. Exergoeconomic analysis results show that using R744A leads to an increase in the total product cost. Total product cost with R744 and R744A have been calculated by 1.56 $/h and 1.96$/h, respectively. Additionally, to obtain the processes' environmental impact, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used. Exergoenvironmental analysis showed that using R744A increases the product environmental impact by 32%. Owning to the high amount of endogenous exergy destruction rate in the compressor and ejector compared to other equipment, they have more priority for improvement. Multi-objective optimization has been performed with exergy efficiency and total product cost objective functions as well as COP and product environmental impact for both refrigerants, which indicates that HRRC-R744 has better performance economically and environmentally. In optimal condition, the value of exergy efficiency, total product cost, COP, and the product environmental impact have been accounted for by 28.51%, 1.44 $/h, 2.76, and 149.01 mpts/h, respectively.

Multi-generation energy system based on geothermal source to produce power, cooling, heating, and fresh water: Exergoeconomic analysis and optimum selection by LINMAP method

The current study deals with thermodynamic modeling and multi-objective optimization of a new multi-generation energy system using geothermal as the primary energy source. The proposed system includes a Kalina cycle, a refrigeration unit, thermoelectric module, steam turbine, and heating unit. The new aspects of the proposed system are using the thermoelectric system to low temperature heat recovery and using the benefit of the multi-product. The system exergy analysis shows that the reverse osmosis desalination unit with 449.1 kW has the highest exergy destruction rate in the system. Additionally, three components i.e., reverse osmosis unit, heating system, and steam turbine are responsible for 82.8% of exergy destruction of the system. Exergo-economic analysis revealed that the turbine and the thermoelectric module have the highest cost rates of 12.51 US$/h and 3.62 US$/h respectively. It also concludes that the sum of the cost rate of component and associated exergy destruction cost rate, a significant exergo-economic parameter, for the turbine and reverse osmosis unit are the highest values. Parametric analysis of the proposed system for geothermal source pressure, steam turbine backpressure, Kalina turbine backpressure, and ammonia mass fraction of basic solutions are carried out. The unit cost of product and exergy efficiency are objective functions for optimization. Multi-criteria optimization indicates that using the Linear Programming Technique for Multidimensional Analysis of Preference (LINMAP) method based on suggested design variables, can reduce the unit cost of the product to 0.107 US$/kWh, and the exergy efficiency can be increased up to 15.86%.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: EOL automatic detection scheme for new energy vehicle battery system manufacturing process

As we all know, compared with traditional fuel vehicles, new energy electric vehicles can not only save energy, but also reduce emissions, which is an important direction for future vehicles. However, as the main component of performance, battery performance is highly dependent on temperature, battery life is short, and the range is not ideal. In order to ensure the stability of the heat dissipation structure, an efficient thermal management system must be installed in the battery to ensure that the battery runs at comfortable intervals and prolong its service life. This paper develops a battery temperature management system that combines a water-cooled cycle and an air-cooled cycle. The controller uses MC9S08DZ60 as the main control chip, generates a PWM control signal according to the collected temperature information and error feedback information, and communicates with the compressor, PTC heater, and vehicle system through the CAN network, and the time and temperature information is sent with the battery. The operating status of the components is monitored, and whether to enter the refrigeration cycle, heating cycle, self-circulation, fault cycle, and standby cycle is automatically selected. In recent years, some domestic new energy producers have been launching electronically controlled new energy sources. As the country promulgates the National III emission standard, the new electronically controlled energy will become the main component of the new energy. In order to realize the mass production of electronically controlled new energy, the technical structure of the EOL system must be implemented. This article aims to study the process structure of the EOL system to achieve mass production of new energy through electronic control. Through extensive research and analysis of electronically controlled new energy at home and abroad, as well as the development status of China’s EOL system process, combined with the company’s specific situation, the energy EOL process has been proposed for the construction plan of new electronically controlled new energy.

Stability of Heat and Energy Characteristics of Refrigerating Units as a Condition of Quality Increase of Agricultural Production Storage

This article provides information about the importance of stable thermal operating modes of refrigeration machines in the condition of changes in the thermal load on the compressor. We also consider the problem of the minimum energy consumption of refrigeration machines. These two parameters characterize the storage quality of agricultural products in refrigeration machines. It is shown that the temperature stability of the cooling chambers and the minimum energy consumption of the cooling process determine the refrigerator efficiency and, ultimately, the production cost. The article proposes continuous monitoring of the heat and energy indicators of refrigerators. These indicators are recorded and after the set period of operation, control and verification measurements of the control refrigeration machine’s heat and energy indicators are performed. The convergence or divergence of these indicators is used to evaluate the stability of the cooling chambers’ temperature regimes and the specific energy consumption. We also consider the influence of time on the performance of the compression refrigeration machine changes and methods of current technical condition diagnostics. If the deviations are insignificant, the program goes through the cycle to the beginning of monitoring and after a set period of time again automatically performs control measurements and evaluation of deviations. In the case of significant deviations, the decision-making subroutine is activated: either to operate the refrigerator further; perform its maintenance; suspend its operation; or replace it.
 Keywords: refrigeration units, cooling, heat and power characteristics, management controller, storage quality of agricultural production

Typical Case Analysis of the Building-type CCHP System

Introduction The paper aims to obtain optimal configuration and operation strategy of the distributed energy system which is based on the calculation of the annual typical daily cooling， heating and electric load demand of various buildings. Method The energy station was equipped with a variety of energy-saving and cost saving equipments， such as internal combustion engine， flue gas and hot water lithium bromide unit， centrifugal electric refrigeration （heat pump） unit， ground source heat pump， gas-fired hot water boiler and water storage （heat） tank， which realized the gradient utilization of energy and better match the load demand of the client. Result The results show that it is feasible in technology and economy. Conclusion Reasonable allocation of units in the energy station can save investment， protect environment and save energy. Make use of the difference between peak and valley electricity prices which can reduce operating costs and improve system efficiency.

Thermo-economic optimization of a high-performance CCHP system integrated with compressed air energy storage (CAES) and carbon dioxide ejector cooling system

A novel compressed air energy storage (CAES) system integrated with combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) is proposed and investigated in this study. The system under investigation uses carbon dioxide as the working fluid for the CCHP system to produce cooling from an ejector refrigeration subsystem and heating. The investigation here includes a detailed thermodynamic and thermo-economic analysis while evaluating the system's CO2 emissions in the operating phase. By changing the design parameters, the influence of their variation on system performance was investigated next. Finally, the proposed CAES-CCHP system is optimized for three objective functions, including the exergy efficiency, the normalized carbon dioxide emissions, and the total cost rate using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm- II (NSGA-II). The results of the investigation for the base case showed that the system uses 72.02 MW of power during the charging phase for the compression of air and produces 136.56 MW of power during the discharging phase by the gas and CO2 turbines. The CCHP system can produce a cooling load of 1.96 MW and a heating load of 65.8 MW. Optimization results showed that for the optimal Pareto solution, the system has a total cost rate, exergy efficiency, and normalized CO2 emissions of $4817.73/h, 68.19%, and 157.09 kg CO2/MWh, respectively.

Analysis of the Inner Fluid-Dynamics of Scroll Compressors and Comparison between CFD Numerical and Modelling Approaches

Scroll compressors are widely adopted machines in both refrigeration systems and heat pumps. However, their efficiency is basically poor and constitutes the main bottleneck for improving the overall system performance. In fact, due to the complex machine fluid dynamics, scroll design is mainly based on theoretical and/or semi-empirical approaches. Designs strategies that do not guarantee an in-depth analysis of the machine behavior can be supplemented with a Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. To this purpose, in the present work, the scroll compressor inner fluid dynamics is numerically analyzed in detail using two CFD software and two different modelling strategies for the axial gap. The analysis of the fluid evolution within the scroll wraps reveals unsteady phenomena developing during the suction and discharge phases, amplified by the axial clearance with negative impact on the main fluid flow (e.g., −13% of average mass flow rate for an axial gap of 30 μ) and on the scroll performance (e.g., +26% of average absorbed power for an axial gap of 30 μ). In terms of accuracy, the k-ε offers good performance on the estimation of average quantities but proves to be inadequate for capturing the complexity of the unsteady phenomena caused by the axial gap (e.g., −19% of the absorbed power in case of perfect tip seal). The need for considering specific geometric details in design procedures is highlighted, and guidelines on the choice of the most suitable numerical model are provided depending on the analysis needs.

Using refrigeration machines and heat pumps in the cycle of oil preheating using electricity

Tank electric heating systems are designed to compensate for heat losses to the environment. The main way of heating technological machines in the negative ambient temperatures is electric heating. Also, electric heating serves to prevent phase changes in the energy carrier. Furthermore, it is needed to control the required viscosity and maintain the set temperatures. The problem of limited resources has always faced humanity. In the field of energy this problem is now more urgent than ever before, because every year, the planet’s hydrocarbon reserves are becoming less and less. Hydrocarbon cost is increasing, which leads to an increase in the cost of the final product. Therefore, it is necessary to use resources more efficiently, increase the efficiency of equipment, and introduce new technologies. In addition to limited resources, the problem of environmental pollution is no less acute.

Review on Heat Transfer Enhancement by Louvered Fin

The heat transfer enhancement is recycled in many engineering uses such as heat exchangers, refrigeration and air conditioning structures, chemical apparatuses, and automobile radiators. Hence many enhancing extended fin patterns are developed and used. In multi louvered fin, in this segment for multi-row fin and tube heat exchanger, an increase in heat transfer enhancement is found 58% for ReH = 350. When the Reynolds number is 1075, the temperature gradient is more distinct for greater louver angle that is the higher heat transfer enhanced for large louver angle. For variable louver angle heat exchanger, the maximum heat transfer improvement achieved by 118% Reynolds number at 1075. In the vortex generator for the delta winglet vortex generator, the extreme enhancement of heat transfer increased to 16% compared to the baseline geometry (at ReDh = 600). For a compact louvered heat exchanger, the results showed that a regular arrangement of louvered fins gives a 9.3% heat transfer improvement. In multi-region louver fins and flat tubes heat exchanger, the louver fin with 4 regions and the louver fin with 6 regions are far better than the conventional fin in overall performance. At the same time, the louver fin with 6 regions is also better than the louver fin with 4-region. The available work is in experimental form as well as numerical form performed by computational fluid dynamics.

Development of MLP-ANN model to predict the Nusselt number of plain swirl tapes fixed in a counter flow heat exchanger

The plain swirl tapes augmentation technique is most commonly used in the area such as, air conditioning systems, chemical reactors, air refrigeration systems and heat recovery process. Experimental investigation were conducted to predict the Nusselt number of a counter flow concentric heat exchanger with Plain Swirl Tapes of different swirl ratios y = 2.0, y = 4.4 and y = 6.0. The proposed study concentrate on the most popular approach MLP-ANN with 3-layer feed forward neural network is adopted to obtain Nusselt number (Nu) based on the three inputs such as Prandtl number (Pr), twist ratios (y) and Reynolds number (Re) as input variables for heat exchanger with double tube which is attached with plain twisted tape. The experiment has been conducted and generated 33 experimental data which is utilized as training data. Simulation results convey that Nusselt number predicted by the proposed MLP-ANN model has the best correlated with experimental Nusselt number with the accuracy of 90% and error rate of 0.01.

Research on Key Technology and Operation Mode of Integrated-Energy Services to Adapt to the New Environment of Power Market

The optimal configuration of the integrated energy system directly affects investment benefits and operating efficiency, which is one of the keys to the planning of the integrated energy system. This article models wind power generation, photovoltaics, combined cooling-heat-electricity, electric refrigeration and electric heating equipment for the park-level integrated energy system. On this basis, a multi-energy complementary capacity configuration optimization model was established. And taking a certain park as an example, the system capacity optimization configuration example analysis was carried out, and a reasonable optimization configuration plan was proposed to provide technical support for comprehensive energy system planning.

Using refrigeration machines and heat pumps in the cycle of steam generator in agricultural industry

Chillers are required at all plant-processing plants. Refrigeration can be obtained from energy industry facilities. Absorption chillers are the most reliable units for use in thermal power plant cycles. Such units usually work in conjunction with heating networks and cooling systems of steam turbine power units. For example, in a heated water cooling system after a steam turbine condenser, absorption chillers are already in use. At the same time, the authors of the article offer another application of such aggregates. Low-power steam turbines use air cooling and water-air heat exchangers. In this cooling system, an absorption chiller can be used to increase the efficiency of the thermal power plant. Such chillers are highly reliable, so they must work until the end of the payback period of new equipment.

Review: Dairy Farm Electricity Use, Conservation, and Renewable Production—A Global Perspective

Highlights Studies of electricity use were reviewed, representing five continents. Considering all farm types, electricity use averaged 7.7 kWh 100 kg-1 milk and 612 kWh cow-1 y-1. Pasture-based dairy systems used less electricity than barn-based systems (475 vs. 769 kWh cow-1 y-1). By combining several conservation technologies there is potential to reduce electricity demand by one-third. Dairy farms can reach net zero electricity by combining renewable energy production with conservation. Abstract. This review summarizes electricity use on dairy farms, with a focus on how energy is used, energy use indices (EUI), conservation strategies, and generation of renewable energy to reach net zero. EUI of electricity consumption varied between the identified studies primarily based on farm management system (confined, pasture-based), housing type (tie-stall, free-stall), and region (North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania). The highest electricity usage was associated with milking and milk cooling systems, which, on average, accounted for 23% and 22% of total electricity use, respectively. Energy use scaled per cow (EUIc) was lower, on average, for pasture-based dairy systems than for confined systems (475 vs. 769 kWh cow-1 y-1). Considering milk production, the average EUI scaled to milk (EUIm) was lower for pasture-based systems (6.6 kWh 100 kg-1) than for confined systems 9.2 kWh 100 kg-1. Considering all non-irrigated farm types, EUIm averaged 7.7 kWh 100 kg-1 and EUIc averaged 612 kWh cow-1 y-1. There was a large range of EUI, with higher values associated with automated milking systems and irrigation. Electricity consumption by the global dairy sector (excluding irrigation) was estimated using the average EUIm at approximately 64.2 TWh y-1. The main conservation technologies include variable speed drives (milk vacuum pumps, milking systems, fans), pre-cool heat exchangers, refrigeration heat recovery systems, energy-efficient light fixtures (compact fluorescents, light emitting diodes), and efficient ventilation (high-volume low-speed fans). Theoretical savings of up to 32% overall could be achieved by combining several technologies. Feedback from electricity monitoring can inform dairy farmers of their energy use pattern to guide decisions to reduce consumption. Tools for predicting energy use and related costs on dairy farms, which can indicate potential energy savings from operational changes, were reviewed. By combining conservation methods with renewable energy from biogas or solar, many dairy farms can produce enough electricity to reach net zero electricity. For example, a hypothetical barn-based 250 milking-cow dairy farm consumed 1021 kWh cow-1 y-1, on average, and could produce approximately 1095 kWh cow-1 y-1 using a biodigester or 960 kWh cow-1 y-1 using rooftop photovoltaic solar panels. Keywords: Conservation, Dairy footprint, Electricity use, Electricity partitioning, Energy utilization index, Renewable energy.

An adaptive ensemble predictive strategy for multiple scale electrical energy usages forecasting

Electrical energy prediction plays an important role in energy management, power plant scheduling, peak demand and grid security conflict. To deal with prediction scenarios at multiple energy and time scales, an adaptive ensemble model strategy with wider applicability is proposed. The strategy consists of three parts. Firstly, the data preprocessing part is composed of expert knowledge, recursive feature elimination (RFE) and fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM). RFE and FCM methods are used for feature identification and data clustering for different energy usage patterns. Secondly, the primary prediction part consists of a model library containing five commonly used data-driven models. To improve their prediction accuracies, key model parameters are optimized by swarm evolution algorithms (EAs). An algorithm package containing three EAs is combined with the model library. The choice of algorithm for each model depends on the comparison of accuracy in specific prediction scenarios. In the third part, a linear regression model provides the final result based on primary predictors’ outputs. Its weights are also optimized by EAs from the algorithm package.To verify the performance of this strategy, four case studies are carried out representing different energy and time scales’ prediction scenarios. Case A is a benchmark case from the first energy prediction competition organized by American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineer (ASHRAE). Case B perform hourly electrical load prediction of a whole building from University of Wyoming, USA. Case C is a city-scale daily electrical load forecasting (Yizheng City, Jiangsu Province, China), and in Case D, national wide monthly electrical load prediction of the United States is carried out. Results of the four cases indicate that: (1) The proposed ensemble strategy performs best in all four case studies compared with five primary predictors. Compared to the best primary predictors in four case studies, the accuracies of the proposed model increase by 3% to 17% (MAPE); (2) Compared with previous reported ensemble models, the accuracy of the proposed model also increase by 11% (MAPE). The adaptive prediction framework is applicable and has the potential to become a general predictive strategy for energy predictions.

Design and CFD analysis of hair pin heat exchanger using aluminium and titanium carbide nanofluids

Heat Exchangers are primarily used for transfer the heat. Design of heat exchanger is one of the key factor for compact devices. The requirement of heat exchanger like hair pin heat exchanger is proposed where the heat transfer rate is low. Suitable applications are refrigeration, air conditioning and space heating etc. Current study presents the investigation on hairpin exchanger using two different nanofluids Aluminium Oxide and Titanium Carbide mixed with base fluid individually at 0.6 and 0.7 percent volume fractions and analysed the performance using Computational Fluid Dynamics in the hair pin heat exchanger. Dispersion of nanoparticles in base fluid has emerged to enhance the thermal conductivity and rate of heat transfer. Computational fluid dynamic analysis is performed by applying the properties of nanofluids as input and thermal analysis was made on suitable material as Silver and Copper. Results indicate that Titanium carbide gives better coefficient of heat transfer with various nanofluids and copper is the suitable material used for fabricating heat exchanger for the flow of Titanium carbide fluid.

Short-term electricity consumption prediction for buildings using data-driven swarm intelligence based ensemble model

Short-term building energy usage prediction plays an important role in fields of building energy management, power plants dispatch, and peak demand conflicting with grid security. A large number of data-driven models were applied to building and larger scale energy consumption prediction in the past two decades. Although successes have been achieved by these models for specific cases, no single model has dominated others over all cases. To improve model’s prediction performance in applications to different cases, a scheme of ensemble learning is proposed in this study. This ensemble scheme includes a self-adaptive model package that fuses the characteristics of multiple individual models together. Total five swarm intelligence based data-driven models are chosen as primary predictors of the ensemble scheme. The recursive feature elimination (RFE) is used for essential feature selection, and the K-fold cross validation method is applied to avoid over-fitting problem. Two sets of real buildings’ electricity usage data are collected for the performance comparison. Case A is from energy prediction shooting contest I organized by the American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineer (ASHRAE) and Case B is from a campus building at the University of Wyoming, USA. The results show that the accuracy of the proposed ensemble model is better than that of any individual base model in both cases. Due to the generalization ability, the proposed ensemble model has the potential to be the unified model for different building energy consumption prediction cases.

Techno-economic performance of multi-generation energy system driven by associated mixture of oil and geothermal water for oilfield in high water cut

Geothermal energy is an important renewable energy. Oilfields in high water cut stage are also geothermal fields. We propose a geothermal cascade utilization system, including organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power generation, Li-Br absorption refrigeration, oil gathering and transportation heat tracing (OGTHT) and heat. Associated geothermal water from abandoned oil wells is used as a renewable heat source. The thermodynamic and economic analysis of the cascade utilization system is carried out by establishing a mathematical model. In ORC system, we use two-stage series evaporation to reduce irreversible losses. The results show that there is an optimum evaporation temperature to maximize the net output power, thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency. It is found that the mass flow of the working fluid has a great impact on the system performance. In economic analysis, we find that both cost and benefit increase with the increase of geothermal water temperature (Tgw in) and driving heat source temperature. We use the payback period (PBP) as a comprehensive evaluation index of economy. The results show that there is an optimal temperature combination to minimize PBP. The smallest payback period occurs at the Tgw in is 383 K and the driving heat source temperature is 363 K, which is 3.07 years.

Investigation on the thermal performances of [Na(TX-7)]SCN/NH3 absorption systems based on physical properties measurement of the working fluid

The application of ionic liquid in the ammonia absorption system is current research hotspot. The low solubilities of ammonia in common ionic liquids lead to poor thermal performances of absorption systems, which is the main obstacle faced by ionic liquid absorption systems. Hence, we proposed a new idea of using ionic liquids containing metal cations to enhance the thermal performances of the absorption systems. The specific ionic liquid being studied is [Na(TX-7)]SCN. The vapor–liquid equilibrium and heat capacities of [Na(TX-7)]SCN/NH3 were studied by experimental methods. Based on above physical properties, the thermal performances of absorption refrigeration and absorption heat transformer using [Na(TX-7)]SCN/NH3 were simulated and compared with those of other systems. The thermal performances of [Na(TX-7)]SCN/NH3 absorption refrigeration are better than NH3/H2O system and other ionic liquid systems, but is a bit lower than NaSCN/NH3 system. The thermal performances of [Na(TX-7)]SCN/NH3 absorption heat transformer are better than those of the [mmim]DMP/H2O and [mmim]DMP/CH3OH systems, similar to those of the NaSCN/NH3 system, and slightly lower than those of the LiBr/H2O system. Overall, the proposed working fluid obviously improves the thermal performances of ionic liquid system and solves the crystallization problem of NaSCN/NH3 and LiBr/H2O systems.

Experimental investigation on the heat transfer performance of falling film evaporation with lubrication oil on horizontal tubes having different structures

Falling film evaporation which has the advantages of refrigerant charge reduction and heat transfer improvement has been widely used in refrigeration and heat pump systems. Considering the inescapable and complicated influences of lubricating oil, the falling film evaporation heat transfer of R134a with POE-type lubricating oil entrained from 0.5% to 5.1% on horizontal tubes was examined. Experiments were conducted using test tubes with different surface structures at spray density of 0.0065–0.0105 kg/(s·m) and heat fluxes of 12–65 kW/m2. The saturation temperature was set to 6 °C. Experimental results showed that the heat transfer coefficients of the enhanced tubes were higher than that for the smooth tube and the lubricating oil could be conducive to the heat transfer of the tested tubes. The heat transfer coefficient of enhanced tube #1 was increased by more than 30% when the oil content was 5.1%. The mechanism of the function of lubricating oil on the heat transfer is closely related to the surface structure. For tube #1, oil content always supported heat transfer. In the case of tube #2, an optimal oil content at low spray density may exist.

The Performance Simulation of The New R463A HFC/HFO/Carbon Dioxide Refrigerant with Lower GWP, As an Alternate Option for The R404A Refrigeration System

This study presents the performance simulation of the R463A that has been developed to be retrofitted to replace the R404A. The R463A is primarily composed of hydrofluorocarbons/hydrocarbon/carbon dioxide (HFCs/HCs/CO2). The R463A refrigerant (GWP=1494) is a non azeotropic mixture of R32 (36%), R125 (30%), R134a (14%), R1234yf (14%), and R744 (6%). It is composed of polyol ester oil (POE), and classified as a Class A1 incombustible and non-toxic refrigerant. The R463A has a higher cooling capacity (Qe) than the R404A, as it is composed of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) R32 and carbon dioxide (CO2) R744, and also has a lower global warming potential (GWP) than the R404A due to the hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) by R1234yf. The properties of the R463A and R404A that uses the REFPROP and CYCLE_D-HX software, is in accordance to the CAN/ANSI/AHRI540 standard air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration institute (AHRI). The normal boiling point of the R463A was found to be higher than the R404A by 23%, with a higher cooling capacity and a lower GWP value by 63% than the R404A. The critical pressure and temperature of the R463A was found to be higher than the R404A, i.e. it can be used in a high ambient temperature environment, and emits a higher refrigerant effect and heat reject with a lower global warming potential (GWP) than the R404A by 52%, due to its hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) by R1234yf component. The COP of the R463A was found to be higher than the R404A by 10% under low temperature application.