Reform Period Research Articles

Integrasi Etnis Tionghoa dengan Penduduk Lokal di Wonosobo Tahun 1970 sampai 1998

Even though they are dominant in the economic sector, it does not always make it easy for Chinese citizens to survive among local ethnic groups and they must always adapt to various changes in power. This can be seen by the presence of racism entering the Soeharto regime and peaking during the reform period in 1998 which was marked by the amount of violence experienced by the Chinese people. This research is limited temporally, namely from 1970 when development was experiencing very rapid progress during the New Order era until 1998 with the peak event, namely riots and violence experienced by almost all Tonghoa people in Indonesia. Apart from that, the spatial boundary used is Wonosobo City because it is a place for the Chinese community. The aims of this research are (1) to reveal the forms of relations with local communities in the lives of the Chinese people in the 1970s (2) to find out the role played by ethnic Chinese in the development of Wonosobo City during the New Order era (3) to reveal the riots in May 1998 and the racism that occurred happened to Chinese residents in Wonosobo (4) knowing about the efforts made to stop racism that occurred in 1998. Historical research methods were used to obtain data from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were obtained through archives, newspapers and interviews with related parties. Meanwhile, secondary sources are obtained through literature studies in books, journals, articles and others related to the research topic. Even though during the New Order era there was racism and restrictions on the rights of Chinese citizens. In Wonosobo itself, no significant incidents occurred, including when it peaked in 1998. This is due to the high level of tolerance among religious communities and Wonosobo residents.

전문대학 교양 글쓰기 교육과정 운영 사례 분석

Objectives The purposes of this study were to improve writing education in colleges through analysiss of the case operation liberal arts writing cducation in T-College. Methods For this purpose, I conducted a literature review on the general characteristics of liberal arts education in colleges and analyzed cases of writing education at T-College from 2016 to 2023. In particular, cases of curricu-lum reform in communication-related subjects were analyzed and presented, and the main characteristics that appeared in three periods of reform were analyzed. And I organized and analyzed how the writing contents has been changed. In addition to, the researcher's experience was additionally described T-college’s educational con-ditions and support systems in liberal arts curriculum. Results As a result of analysis of writing educaion, the college has been providing communicational writing educa-tion as like a vocational skills. In addition to, addressing the problems lack of general support system, as like in-dependent liberal education support organization and overal consensus on the importance of liberal arts writing education were presented. It was suggested that minimal efforts are being made to meet national financial sup-port project evaluation standards. Conclusions It was emphasized that writing education in colleges should be improved so that it develops the crit-ical thinking and problem-solving skills of learners who will live in the future. To this end, it is necessary to establish a writing education support system at colleges and consider writing education methods tailored to individual learners, such as an online writing feedback system. Through this, it was proposed to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of writing education in colleges.

When (and how) ideas become arguments: the regulation of party donations in Germany

Abstract This article aims to explain the deviant German case of an early and comprehensive regulation of party donations (combining a high level of transparency and incentives for small donations). Given the limited explanatory power of economic and institutional factors, the article emphasises the causal role of ideas for a policy stabilisation which occurred after 1993. A process-tracing analysis suggests that the 1983–1993 reform period was characterised by a conflict of ideas. During this conflict, ideas regarding undisclosed donations as an anti-democratic interference with democratic political competition came to prevail over ideas regarding all donations as a necessary condition for democratic competition irrespective of their regulation. The key actors in this conflict were, on the one hand, the new Green party which resuscitated the idea of donations being potentially anti-democratic and, on the other hand, the Constitutional Court which ultimately endorsed this ideational legacy promoted by the Greens. After 1993, donations in Germany came to be accepted as a necessary evil whose anti-democratic potential had to be limited by transparency obligations and incentives for small donations. The findings presented here suggest that policymakers need to link attempts to regulate party donations to ideational legacies (if available) to successfully tackle political corruption.

Ending slavery in imperial peripheries: Ottoman abolitionist policy in Trablusgarp and Benghazi provinces (1857–1911)

When Istanbul prohibited the trade of enslaved Africans in 1857, the Ottoman local authorities expanded efforts to curb human trafficking throughout the imperial realm. These endeavours also included Libya, which lies at the frontiers of the Greater Sahara, a major slave-raiding zone in the nineteenth century. The historiography devoted to modern Libya maintains that the Porte took action to curb slavery only in response to British pressure. In this article, I seek to situate the prohibition of human trade in Libya within the larger scope of the end of slavery in the imperial realm. I argue that the Ottomans conducted an abolitionist policy in Libya that was embedded in the reforms undertaken in these peripheral provinces, namely, to foster the Porte’s sovereignty at its imperial frontier. I further argue that the enslaved population gained agency in the manumission process and in their integration into Ottoman society after their liberation. This bottom-up approach to the end of human bondage reveals the entanglement of old and new patterns of manumission in the era of abolition as well as the social integration of these emancipated slaves into Ottoman society during the Reform period.

Writing the Liberal City: literature and the contested experience of economic change. Bogotá 1849–1870

ABSTRACT Costumbrista literature has been repeatedly analysed as a strategy as well as an expression of the process of nation formation in nineteenth-century Latin America. However, it is also a powerful lens for exploring and interpreting the urban visions of literate elites during the turbulent period of liberal reforms and expansion of a capitalist market economy. Largely dismissed as picturesque and inconsequential, in its apparent simplicity, Costumbrismo casts light on how liberal and conservative elites attempted to capture the daily effects of the market economy, and express their anxieties about the increasing commodification of everyday life, the growing obsession with money, and the changes in their own experience of time. As I argue here, Costumbrista literature helped place the new economic order in the local imagination. But it was also a contested ground where writers shaped partisan distinctions and, in the process, established themselves as political elites.

Enhancing Japanese elementary and junior high-school foreign language education

Enhancing Japanese elementary and junior high-school foreign language education Our ongoing research, fuelled by last year’s research grant, delves into the theme of “Evaluation of Foreign Language Education Fostering Children’s Thinking, Judgment, Expressiveness and Autonomous Attitude in the Digital Age.” This multi-year endeavour aligns with the significant changes unfolding in Japanese education, particularly the revision of elementary school curriculum guidelines, now entering its third year. The era of VUCA, marked by Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity, has ushered in a period of profound educational reform. The dominance of AI, DX and digital advancements underscores the need for a substantial paradigm shift in perspectives on learning, instruction, and evaluation. Japan stands at the forefront of this transformative journey, with the current educational landscape demanding the most extensive post-war reform.

Diverse Patterns of Paradiplomacy by Chinese Local Governments: A Comparative Case Study of Zhejiang and Yunnan Provinces

ABSTRACT The development in Chinese paradiplomacy in the reform period has attracted scholarly attention, especially from the perspective of central–local interactions. However, there was a lack of detailed inquiry about the diversity in paradiplomacy conducted by different provinces. This article seeks to fill the gap by exploring the diversity in Chinese paradiplomacy and the variables leading to such phenomenon. By conducting a comparative case study of the two provinces, Zhejiang and Yunnan, this article argues that variables at both national and subnational levels jointly determined the paradiplomatic activities of the two provinces, which displayed significant variations. At the national level, the timing of opening up and the detailed arrangements of national policies for the two provinces played important roles in deciding the paradiplomacy of the two provinces. At the provincial level, variables including geography, provincial resources and international linkages were responsible for paradiplomatic activities. In most cases, variables at these two levels were mutually enhanced. As a result, Zhejiang developed a globalized economic-oriented model of paradiplomacy, and Yunnan preferred a regional model of paradiplomacy, which was able to served Yunnan’s inward-looking aim—improving the status of the province domestically and obtaining benefits from the central government.

Study on Urban-Rural Income Inequality in China—Based on VAR Model

Wealth disparity is a complex issue that has plagued the world for many years. China’s economic development has achieved world-renowned results during the last 40 years. Over that time, the country has risen from extreme poverty to the world’s second-largest economy. Nevertheless, the significant wealth inequality accompanying it has also caused great concern. At the start of China’s reform and opening-up period, government officials tacitly approved of this uneven development and made plans to “drive the rich first to the rich later” in pursuit of economic development. Economic development aims to achieve shared prosperity, not to deprive the relatively poor of wealth. As a result, wealth disparity in China must be addressed. Based on the Kuznets hypothesis, the theory of urban-rural dual structure, and the current situation in China, this paper has evaluated the current wealth gap in China. Since 1978, Chinese households’ wealth accumulation has come from the income gap. Private property was not allowed to exist during China’s planned economy period (1949-1977). After the reform and opening up period (After 1978), income disparities between various industrial sectors led to an initial round of wealth accumulation for many Chinese citizens. The industrialisation process and urbanisation rate significantly impacted China’s economic modernisation and growth. Therefore, this paper has analysed the effects of several factors on income disparity in China. The examined factors were; economic development, the urbanisation rate, and the industrialisation process. Based on the theoretical analysis, this paper selected time series data from 1978 to 2021, including; per capita GDP, the per capita disposable income of urban and rural residents, the urban population to total population ratio, and industry contribution to the GDP. First, an analysis of the impact of economic development on income inequality was conducted using a static model. Then, a VAR model was built through ADF and PP testing, and an impulse response and variance analysis were conducted to explain the impact of various factors on the change rate of income inequality. The study results indicated that (1) Economic development has resulted in a significant increase in the income of urban and rural residents. However, urban residents have benefited more. Simultaneously, the income gap between urban and rural areas has grown significantly alongside economic expansion. (2) Urbanisation showed little effect on the income gap in the short term; however, it increased it in the long term. (3) Industrialisation reduced the short- and long-term income gap while increasing urbanisation.

Untimely Teachers: Recovering Postmodernism’s Anachronic Pedagogies

How does one distinguish between a reactionary retreat into the past and a critical reconnection with lost practices that might disrupt the current order? This question weighed heavily on architectural educators in the 1960s and 1970s as they encountered an increasingly politicised student body. In this introduction, we detail some of the motivations and the consequences, of the turn to outmoded and forgotten architectural mentors, precedents, and ideas. In a period of pedagogical experimentation and curricular reform, how—and why—did a group of teachers find new techniques for sharing historical narratives and incorporating historical content into design studio practices? Friedrich Nietzsche’s theorisation of the “untimely” provides a reference point for the wider range of anachronic pedagogies tested and developed by architect-historians during this period. Ultimately, the introduction frames the contributions to this issue as attempts to challenge the prevailing theorisations of postmodern time consciousness.

The Rise of the Chinese Judiciary and Its Limits: Administrative Litigation in the Reform Period

The Rise of the Chinese Judiciary and Its Limits: Administrative Litigation in the Reform Period

Цифровизация гражданского судопроизводства Англии

Introduction: England is going through a period of radical reform of the civil justice system. A new landscape of digital dispute resolution is advancing, based on the idea that the transition from ‘paperbased’ resolution of legal disputes in physical courts to an online environment will help meet the dual requirements of expanded access to justice and significantly reduced system costs. As noted by the English authors, now the country has a semi‐digital justice system and hybrid ways of working. Supporters of the reforms define the current system as unstable and consider growing digitalization to be the only realistic solution. Purpose: to form an idea of the digitalization of civil proceedings in England based on analysis of scientific sources and regulations. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; special scientific methods such as legaldogmatic and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: the conducted research has shown that a modernization program is currently being implemented in the courts of England and Wales, focused on the transition from traditional ways of working to the use of digital methods. There have been created various pilot schemes aimed at improving access to justice, at facilitating preliminary resolution of disputes and resolution of disputes at early stages, at reducing the number of claims reaching the court, at increasing the economic efficiency of civil proceedings and judicial efficiency. Judicial reform has been carried out by the UK government for more than 25 years. But the civil justice reform program, with its commitment to digitalization and online process, began in earnest in 2014, when the Ministry of Justice announced that Her Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS) would implement a reform program the central element of which would be the use of information technology, including online processes, to facilitate dispute resolution. The concept of online court was to create a convenient online system for processing simple monetary claims with a value not exceeding 25,000 pounds. Conclusions: in 2023, the following digital technologies were widely used by UK courts: video hearings (at the discretion of the court); creation of electronic packages of court documents (e‐bundles) and electronic filing of court documents; electronic communication between the parties and the court; online portals for processing various forms of claims; creation of an online system of protocols of preliminary actions (Pre Action Protocols), called online PAPs. Currently, various claim portals designed to handle claims of various types are operating or undergoing pilot testing in the country: the Online Civil Monetary Claims (OCMC) portal (processing of claims for a certain amount of money limited to 25,000 pounds); the Damages Claims Portal (DCP) (processing of claims for damages in the district court); Official Injury Claim (OIC) portal (processing of accident injury claims). An important event was the creation of the Online Procedure Rule Committee (OPRC) in accordance with the Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022. This law created the basis for the development of new, simplified Rules for online services in civil, family, and arbitration proceedings. The Recommendations of the UK Jurisdiction Taskforce (UKJT) should also be taken into account with regard to the use of blockchain technologies in legal proceedings and judicial practice on this issue. The final report of the UKJT was published on June 28, 2023. The final position of the UKJT was to support common law as the primary means to be used to resolve claims against cryptocurrencies.

РАЗВИТИЕ КОНКУРЕНТНОЙ СРЕДЫ В СИСТЕМЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ – ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРИМЕРЫ

Target. The purpose of the research is to analyze aspects of state regulation of the economy of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia for the period 1990–20220. during transformation in order to improve socio-economic relations with changes in the landscape of the Russian economy. Tasks. The objectives of the study are to consider various forms of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia, emerging and transforming in the 1990s–2000s, as well as state policy for regulating relevant socio-economic relations. Modern economic innovations in the form of the institution of self-employment as a new phenomenon of socio-economic life are considered. Various aspects of changing the competitive environment of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia are considered, taking into account self-employment, as well as measures of state regulation of the economy that are currently being discussed and implemented. Methodology. The historical aspect of the institutionalization and transformation of forms of entrepreneurship in Russia during the transition period of market reforms of the 1990s and early 2000s is considered. An analysis of the dynamics of development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation for the period 2018–2022 is used. A combination of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation into a single classification was used to model their possible interaction. The current discussion positions of federal authorities are presented using content analysis of public speeches of their representatives. Results. The activities of the state for the period under review, 1990–2020, demonstrate the generally successful systematic work of state regulation in a wide range of socio-economic relationships for the formation of new forms of entrepreneurial activity. As a modern economic phenomenon, the institution of self-employment has become an essential part of modern social relations, playing an increasingly significant role in changing the structure and competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia. Increased competition in the form of the emergence of the self-employed as a new category of economic business entities in Russia is a positive phenomenon for the economy as a whole. Conclusions. To ensure sustainable development and increase competitiveness, the state needs to develop effective measures to control and support entrepreneurs, including the self-employed, within the framework of their ecosystem interaction. Ways are proposed to level out the possible negative effects of self-employment for the development of competition within the scope of responsibility and competence of the Federal Antimonopoly Service.

Study of the efficiency of using a machine in the automation of agricultural production

The past period of economic and agrarian reforms has shown that actively applied measures to radically change production relations have not yet yielded positive results, since the mechanism for creating the appropriate productive forces, and especially from the active technical part, has not been developed. The need to improve management methods in the field of equipment operation is dictated by the deepening contradictions of an economic, technical and environmental nature. They can only be resolved through a systematic approach. The article provides an analysis of the development of interrelated complex and differentiated standards for the need for material, labor and other resources for various levels and modes of planning.

Система социальной поддержки незащищенных слоев населения в Калужской губернии, 1860 – 1914 гг.: региональные особенности, перспективные направления и источниковая база исследования

Introduction. The article discusses the approaches of the state and society to the organization of mechanisms of social support of the population from the 60s of the XIX century to the beginning of the XX century, used in the Kaluga province. The relevance of the study is determined by the significance of finding effective mechanisms of social support for vulnerable segments of the population with a view to their possible application in current realities. Materials and methods. The article raises the issue of identifying and expanding the source base for conducting research. In this study, various types of sources are considered to ensure the possibility of an objective approach to understanding the operation of existing support mechanisms for those in need. Comparative-historical, statistical and other methods of scientific research were used in the work. Results. The main types of sources that allow an objective assessment of the state of the social sphere in the Kaluga province, one of the typical provinces of Central Russia, are identified. The general situation of the said province in the sphere of social support is considered. The main approaches to solving a number of social problems have been studied. In his research, the author comes to the conclusion that the post–reform period became a key one in the history of solving issues of social assistance - public charity in the Russian Empire, when part of the responsibilities for supervision in the social sphere were transferred to the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Russian Empire themselves by partially transferring the mechanisms for providing support to the zemstvos and benefactors in need. It is established that in the Kaluga province, a significant part of the work on creating conditions for solving the social issue has been transferred to the management of private capital. Special attention is paid by the author to the regional peculiarities of solving the issue of social support for vulnerable segments of the population in the Kaluga province. The most promising direction in the comprehensive study of the system of social support for vulnerable segments of the population in the Kaluga province is outlined.

Ritual and Struggle: Movement of Banyuwangi Gandrung Dance from the Colonial Era to the Reformation

This research examines the Gandrung dance from a historical perspective from the Colonial to Reformation period in Banyuwangi Regency, Indonesia. The origins of the Gandrung dance cannot be separated from the historical roots of dance in Indonesia. The birth of the Gandrung dance was intended to clean the village by worshiping Dewi Sri or the Goddess of Rice as an expression of gratitude for the Using ethnic group for abundant harvests and for bringing prosperity to the community. Village clean ritual activities initially used male Gandrung dancers. The process of changing a Gandrung dancer from male to female contains metaphysical elements that are closely related to spiritual values. In the colonial period until the Reformation, Gandrung dance was no longer focused on as a dance art that contained mere ritual values but also contained political values ​​and commercial entertainment. Gandrung Dance is not only involved in political activities but also tourism performances. The various changes that have occurred in the Gandrung dance show mean that the movement of the Gandrung dance in Banyuwangi has taken advantage of changes to be able to continue to survive amidst global cultural flows.

조선 효종대 한나라 군주에 대한 인식 전환과 의미

This study explores how the perception of Emperor Han Wendi and Emperor Han Wudi in Joseon changed after the ascension of King Hyojong in the 17th century, with historical contexts. The Joseon Dynasty was pursuing the Rule of Right based on Neo-Confucianism as an ideological foundation, and the universal evaluation of Han Dynasty affairs and the emperor was based on this ideal. In Confucian elites Commentary on History, Han Wendi was a symbol of a moral monarch of virtue and benevolence. Wudi, on the other hand, was seen as a despotic monarch who, in contrast to Wendi, sought to achieve ‘Rich Nation, Strong Army’. Joseon elites also agreed with these characterizations and used them appropriately in real-world politics. This can be seen in the case of the late Goryeo Yi Gok, as well as in the cases of Yi I, Yun Seon-Do, and others. In the 17th century, Joseon was in a period of reformation, when various theories of state management emerged to rebuild the country's infrastructure after the two great wars. king Hyojong judged Wudi as superior to Wendi due to his subjugation of Xiongnu. Sanrim such as Song Si-yeol and Yi Yu-tae accepted and affirmed the king's remarks as the king's vengeance against the Qing Dynasty. The emergence of recognition of Han Wudi’s work symbolizes the conflict between the ideals of the Rule of Right and the reality of having to implement statistic policies. Through this, we can see how the different values of ‘the Rule of Right’ and ‘the Rule of Might’, ‘Rich Nation, Strong Army’ and ‘Proper Governance’ were accepted in reality.

열린 ‘죽의 장막’과 닫히는 개혁개방 시기의 국경

This paper aims to explore the changes in border management in China and the reasons behind them. Prior to the reform and open door policy, China was a closed country, known as the “Bamboo Curtain”. China was a forbidden land for many foreigners, but the situation on China's margins, comprising mainly “cross-border” ethnic minority regions, was different from macro international relations and our perceptions. China's borders had no barriers to cross, and ethnic minorities moved freely across borders.
 After China's opening and the international movement of foreigners and Chinese people became freer, the management and control of the border was actually tightened. Since the mid-1990s, border areas have been equipped with barbed wire fences to prevent movement, and some areas have been militarized. China's borders have become increasingly controlled during the reform period. Since the reform, China's borders have become a space for international movement, exchange, and trade. At the same time, border areas have also become places where smuggling, illegal crossings, and international problems such as North Korean defectors.

The Evolution of Health Benefits Packages in Colombia: Thirty Years of Successes and Failures

ABSTRACT Health benefits packages in Colombia—what is covered, by whom, and at what cost—have evolved over the past thirty years. Coverage changed from two explicit health benefits packages (with benefits linked to ability to contribute) to an implicit approach that covers, in theory, everything for everyone, excluding a narrow negative list of services and health technologies. This article explores the evolution of priority setting in Colombia during two periods of major reform. Each period had its own advantages and disadvantages associated with different institutional arrangements, processes, and methodologies. Colombia’s evolution provides several lessons for other low- and middle-income countries interested in institutionalizing evidence-based priority-setting.

A Comparative Study of India’s Foreign Trade in Pre and Post Reform Period

Foreign trade has been playing a vital role in the economic progress and prosperity of every country. In modern days foreign trade has assumed an immense prominence and substance for economic development of a country because of interdependence of economies, increasing specialization and joining regional cooperation. In 1991, the major program of economic reform were introduced which emphasize on external sector wherein the protective tariffs were decreased, changes into foreign investment and the restrictive import licensing system was relaxed and simplified. After the New economic reforms, India’s foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, volume of trade rose up and composition of trade was also frequently changed. The main objective of the paper is to study the trends of India’s foreign trade pre and post new economic reforms in India. The entire data for the present study is collected from the secondary sources. The collected data has been analyzed by using Paired t-test from SPSS software package and graphs. The findings of this paper said that there is positive relationship between economic reforms and India’s foreign trade. A push has been given to the exports but analyzes says that the increasing rate of imports is higher in comparison to the increasing rate of exports.

The Dynamics of Development of Islamic Civilization in the Reformation Period

The Dynamics of Development of Islamic Civilization in the Reformation Period