Reform Of Public Institutions Research Articles

Analysis of the Selection and Employment Model of College Counselors from the Perspective of Human Resources Management

In the context of the continuous deepening of the reform of public institutions by the country, universities, as special public institutions, need to continuously explore and try reform paths that are in line with their own development. The enterprise human resource management model serves as a means to optimize and adjust the internal personnel structure and better achieve human resource allocation, providing reference and reference for the selection and employment of college counselors. Therefore, in order to further improve the quality of college counselor selection, it is necessary to apply advanced concepts of human resource management, clarify counselor selection standards, and better complete the construction of the college counselor team. This article analyzes the current situation of college counselor selection and proposes innovative selection models to address the main problems, in order to promote the improvement of the quality and ability of college counselors.

Organizational Reform of Public Institutions by Federal Courts

Since the 1950s Federal Courts have become extensively involved in the reform of public institutions in response to the complaints of minority and disadvantaged groups. Many judges, cognizant of the unusual and complex nature of their task, have chosen novel participatory forms of case management. Using the case literature, this paper tries to identify the major forces which influence this choice, and explores the conditions under which participatory structures may or may not be instrumental in achieving institutional reform. Toward these ends, we propose several hypotheses as the basis for future systematic study of the development and outcomes of these non-traditional methods of case management.

A critical analysis of water economics in public water and sanitation services in Morocco

PurposeThe objective of this article is to propose a panel of management performance evaluation indicators at operator level. This panel would be the tool to be made available to an observatory that should be set up by regulation. The proposal comes at the right time given that Morocco is planning a major reform of the sector very soon. A framework law has already been promulgated for this purpose (Law 51-21 relating to the reform of public establishments).Design/methodology/approachThe proposed panel is the result of (1) a review of the literature dealing with public management theories, in particular those relating to industrial and commercial public services and whose character is captive. The management of the latter requires a great deal of caution to preserve their economic balance and consequently their sustainability. (2) A review of experiences of countries is chosen because of contextual their similarities with Morocco like France having a similar legal background, Tunisia and Algeria chosen for geographical and economic similarities. The British experience is also discussed for what it represents as a liberal model in the management of public water and sanitation services, as opposed to the German model also studied and which stands as the only country where the management of public services has almost always been a communal prerogative. The analysis of these models has made it possible to identify management evaluation practices that could be adapted to the Moroccan context. (3) Research work by practitioners and reports from specialized international institutions (International Water Association [IWA]). (4) A critical analysis of a multitude of management and activity reports from 12 autonomous authorities and 4 private delegates covering 16 million inhabitants of the urban environment. A total of 15 indicators are developed. They aim to assess the effectiveness of management in terms of saving drinking water and preserving the natural environment from the pollution of water resources.FindingsApproximately, 15 indicators for assessing water resource management in public water and sanitation services are proposed. These indicators relate to the efficiency of pipe networks, the performance of storage systems and losses in users' homes. Indicators specific to liquid sanitation systems, particularly with regard to the control of wastewater overflows into the public highway and their treatment before discharge into the natural environment, are also proposed.Research limitations/implicationsThe application of the results of this research could be confronted with its appropriation by the operators. Indeed, the investment involved in setting up the proposed evaluation system, as well as the conflict of interest that may arise in the process of formalizing and standardizing the system at the national level, may slow down the process of setting it up.Practical implicationsIn practice, the implementation of a system for evaluating the performance of water resource management in public drinking water and liquid sanitation services would make it possible to optimize the volume of water to be mobilized. Substantial savings are expected both at the level of the resource itself and at the level of the investments that accompany the realization of the mobilization and distribution infrastructures. These savings will be very useful for the creation of other similar services and to serve more people.Social implicationsThe distribution of drinking water and liquid sanitation is a vital human need. These services are extremely captive. They are key factors in the socioeconomic development of the territory and the citizen. The impact is transversal and affects the lifestyle of the populations. On the one hand, it favors the sedentarization of the populations and on the other hand, preserves their health by fighting against the diseases of water origin. In addition, the comfort that it provides in the daily life of users is highly coveted when they are delivered in a modern way and arranged with modern technologies.Originality/valueThe regulation of public drinking water and liquid sanitation services in Morocco is the weakest link in the sector. The Ministry of the Interior is legally responsible for setting up a standard system for evaluating the management of these services to fill this gap (organic law 113-14 on municipalities). Unfortunately, this initiative is not yet underway. The opportunity to apply the results of this research is well timed. Morocco plans to launch a global reform of the sector starting in 2022–2023 (Law 50-21 on the reform of public institutions).

Public Institution Reform in China from the Perspective of Fiscal Logic

The differences between China and the western countries in political and economic systems also lead to the differences in fiscal functions, and public institutions in China is a representative example. Generally, public institutions in China are led by government departments and have strong dependence on fiscal funds, with an obvious official and civilian duality. Public institutions in China can be regarded as a unique financial phenomenon, which requires us to think about the reform of China’s public institution from the perspective of the fiscal logic. This paper constructs a fiscal logic model by integrating five influential fiscal paradigms in China, and systematically discusses the logical relations among such elements as public finance, public needs, human community, nation, public goods, public risks and fiscal risks. The human community is the logic starting point of the model, the human community generates public needs and forms nation. Public needs is the logical core of the model and the origin of public finance. The model enriches the connotation of public needs from the two aspects of affording public goods and preventing public risks, and shows the relationship between nation and public finance in China through national governance. According to the model, this paper analyzes the reform of public institutions in China from the two aspects of public needs and national governance. On the one hand, it emphasizes that the reform of public institutions should be based on public needs. The reform of public institutions should stick to the direction of public service. It presents the classification method of public institutions based on public risks, meanwhile it puts forward that the reform should avoid the monopoly risk of public service; On the other hand, the reform of public institutions should reflect national governance. We can better meet the goal of national governance by establishing multi-center public service mode, innovating fiscal supply mode and setting up capital concept.

Dynamic reform of public institutions: A model of motivated agents and collective reputation

State capacity is optimized when public institutions are staffed by individuals with public-service motivation. However, when motivated agents value the collective reputation of their place of employment, steady-state equilibria with both high and low aggregate motivation (reputation) in the mission-oriented sector exist. Reforming a low-motivation institution requires a non-monotonic wage path: since the effect of higher wages on motivation is negative for a high-reputation institution, but positive for a low-reputation institution, a transition to a high-reputation steady state requires an initial wage increase to crowd motivated workers in, followed by a wage decrease to crowd non-motivated workers out.

Problems of Old-Age Pension Reform in China’s Colleges and Universities

In China, school and hospital staff account for approximately 70% of the total staff in public institutions. In the second half of 2014, the central government embarked on the old-age pension reform of public institutions that would be introduced in 2015. The pension reform of colleges and universities is considered the bellwether of this reform. Nowadays, the old-age pension reform of administrative units has already started, but the reform of colleges and universities has not been implemented yet. This article attempts to explain the slow progress in pension reform and propose corresponding solutions. A breakthrough in this regard requires great political wisdom and sufficient financial support. Only in this way can the entire society address social conflicts, solve practical problems, and achieve ideal reform goals.

On the Way to the Rule of Law: transformation, reform, modernization

The article deals with the role of various processes of changes in the political systems that contribute into a coherent and managed transition to the rule of law. It is concluded that the process of transformation does not amount to the purposeful reform of public institutions, but a more complex and less studied process of changing the social order, because it includes a key characteristic of the reform which is implemented by the public authorities in a number of areas of social life in accordance with the legislation. When transformation is taking place, the problem of uncertainty of results comes to the fore. This suggests that serious political difficulties emerged that appeared in Russia during the transition period. The results of the transformation process in modern Russia are tracked on the ground of a variety of reasons: changes were compared with both promulgated ideas of the reformers and pre-reform indicators. Further differences appear in explaining patterns and mechanisms of the transformation process, inevitability and creativity of its results. The transformation approach insists on the fact that the state legal system possesses its own laws of development that do not depend on the will and the objectives of the State mechanism. We have to admit that failures in the implementation of Russian reform are quite logical. The changes were of an individual nature, because they did involve essential institutional nuclear of the political system. Thus, the article aims to answer the following questions: how to make the process of transition to the rule of law consistent and manageable; whether the process of transformation is completed or has not taken place at all in modern Russia; what is the role of reforming and modernization for the foundations of the rule-of-law state? The author develops the model of public law environment that shows the most acceptable vector of transition to the rule-of-law state analyzing such factors as institutionalization, political regimes, their consolidation, and building of a nation. The author identifies the advantages and disadvantages of a process of changes (reform, modernization, transformation), depending on their ability of forming correct directions to the rule-of-law state.

Measuring Defense Reform: A Proposed Methodology to Measure Efforts to Achieve the Objectives of PAP-DIB

The development and continuous utilization of objective metrics to demonstrate the effectiveness of reforms instituted by countries to achieve the objectives established through the Partnership for Peace–Defense Institution Building (PAP-DIB) process should be seen as both essential and obvious. However, to date there have been only modest efforts by defense experts, as well as nations, to develop systematic and disciplined methods that ministries of defense and national defense headquarters can employ to ascertain whether the PAP-DIB reforms they are instituting are meeting their intended objectives. To be sure, PfP nations participate in the Planning and Review Process on an agreed time-table with the NATO International Staff. However, notwithstanding the usefulness of these review processes (both formal reviews and the accompanying informal dialogue with NATO officials and nations), these are essentially reviews to determine the degree to which a Partner has met the Partnership Goals it has agreed to with NATO (via the Membership Action Plan, PARP, or individual Partnership Action Plan processes). As such, these useful reviews and analyses can be more accurately assessed as constituting an important element of what should be a more comprehensive and inclusive analytical methodology. Despite the seemingly problematic nature of any attempt to measure the reform of public institutions, given their numerous subjective characteristics, there are analytical techniques that can be employed that can provide objective results to senior civilian and military officials that would enable them to measure the effectiveness of defense reforms. Indeed, such analyses should be viewed as being critical to enabling senior leadership to exercise requisite oversight through conducting informed cost-benefit analyses, based upon objective data. When developing metrics to measure effectives in the delivery of national defense reform efforts, a hierarchy should be employed that gives greater weight to those factors that are clearly objective in character. Other factors (e.g., those that might be more subjective) also need review, but their usefulness in determining the merit of specific reform projects and/or their envisaged methodological approach needs to be assessed in the light of the results of the first level of hierarchical analysis. The proposed categories of analysis suggested in this essay are: increases in defense capability/defense efficiency; improvements in the means to support/facilitate defense efforts; a review of the methodological approach of defense reform (e.g., review of assumptions and techniques); and analyses of other technical assistance options that might be employed to effect reform.

Is small beautiful? Farm size, productivity, and poverty in Asian agriculture

AbstractSmall farms characterize agriculture in Asia. With the fragmentation of land holdings, the average size of farms fell in the region, while the number of small‐size holdings increased significantly. These small‐scale farmers play an important role for food security and poverty alleviation. However, whether and how these small farms can survive under globalization is a hotly debated topic. In particular, the traditional claim that “small is beautiful,” which is based on empirical observation that small farms present higher land productivity than large farms, is being challenged. It has been shown that a positive relationship also exists between farm size and labor productivity (and therefore income). To help these small farms prosper under increasing globalization, the governments have to change the “business as usual” attitude. Innovative land reform, for example, is crucial to secure property rights to farmers and to increase farm size. Equally important is the reform of public institutions in order to help small farmers to have access to credit, marketing, and technology. Moreover, promoting diversification in the production of high‐value commodities can play an important role in raising the small‐holders' income. Finally, policies that facilitate urban–rural migration and promote the development of the rural nonfarm sector are essential to help alleviate poverty among small‐farm households and among the rural poor in general.

The Evolution of Commercial Banking in Georgia, 1991-2001

This paper investigates the Georgian experiment in transition banking since the country's break from the former Soviet Union in 1991. By analysing the policies pursued by the National Bank of Georgia (NBG) between 1991 and 2001 and the outcomes of those policies, the paper attempts to compare and contrast the general performance of the Georgian banks with banks in other transition economies. On the basis of this investigation, we conclude that even though substantial progress has been made, the Republic still lags behind leading transition and developed market economies in terms of financial development. Much of the success of restructuring can be attributed to the NBG, the government, and the multi laterals (IMF and donor nations). Nevertheless, a full-flowering of financial institutions and performance will not come without further economic development and reform of public institutions and the attendant increase in public confidence in the financial system as a whole.

Changing access to health services in urban China: implications for equity.

The ongoing reform of public institutions and state-owned enterprises in urban China has had a profound impact on the financing, organization and provision of health services. Access to health care by the urban population has become more inequitable. One of the most pressing concerns is that those who have lost jobs have increasing difficulties accessing health care. Using the data from the national household health surveys conducted in 1993 and 1998, this paper presents empirical results of changing utilization of health care among different income groups. Over 16 000 households and 54 000 individuals in the urban areas were randomly selected to collect information on perceived need of and demand for health care and expenditures on the services. The findings show that the income gap between the highest and lowest income groups increased in real terms from 1993 to 1998. There was a significant decline in the population covered by the government insurance scheme (GIS) and the labour insurance scheme (LIS), while the proportion of the population who had to pay for services out-of-pocket increased from 28% in 1993 to 44% in 1998. There was no statistically significant change in self-reported illness in the 2 weeks prior to survey among the study population over the period. While it was found that more people who reported illness from each income group received medical treatment of some kind, there was a decline in seeking care from a health provider. Among those in the lowest income group who reported illness but did not obtain treatment of any kind, nearly 70% (as compared with 38% in 1993) claimed financial difficulty as the major reason in 1998. The use of in-patient services dropped significantly from 4.5% in 1993 to 3.0% in 1998. The decreased use of in-patient services was more serious in the lowest and lower income groups than in higher and highest income groups. The percentage of patients referred for hospital admission but not being hospitalized had a negative relationship with income level. We can conclude from the data analysis that access of the urban population, particularly the poor, to formal health services has worsened and become more inequitable since the early 1990s. Among possible reasons for this trend are the rapid rise of per capita expenditure on health services and the decline in insurance coverage.

Managerialism, Economic Rationalism and Public Sector Reform in Australia: Connections, Divergences, Alternatives

This article outlines and explores the differences and connections in the ideas underpinning the reform of public institutions in Australian society over the past two decades. In particular, the article asks whether public institutions have been renewed or eroded through the changes of the 1980s and 1990s and whether the changes were as inevitable as some advocates and analysts claim. Some ideas and theories appropriate to the future role of government and public institutions in Australia beyond the current consensus are explored. The article offers afresh analysis of public sector reform in Australia and contributes to the ongoing debate about alternatives.

The Dynamics of Jail Reform Litigation: A Comparative Analysis of Litigation in California Counties

Theory linking litigation onset, process, and outcome in jail reform lawsuits has been scarce. The author proposes a four-stage, comparative model: (1) conditions of surrounding legal and political environments, in concert with contextual factors (e.g., type of legal representation), set the stage for litigation in the trigger stage; (2) specific legal claims, defendants named, and litigation strategies shape litigation process at the liability stage; (3) the nature and degree of remedies crafted is shaped by complex interactions between litigants and judges at the remedy stage; and (4) judicial methods and litigant behavior shape negotiations, modifications, and compliance efforts in the postdecree stage. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, the researcher examined hypotheses linking the four stages. All general-conditions lawsuits against California county jails between 1975 and 1989 (N=43) were coded and analyzed. Critical factors identified at each stage significantly influenced litigation incidence, process, and legal outcomes. The author discusses implications of a multimethod, comparative approach for studying court-ordered reform of public institutions.

De Baker a Brady: o novo plano pode funcionar?

ABSTRACT The Brady Plan proposes to stimulate reforms and development in countries facing problems with their external debt through debt relief and debt servicing. However, debt reduction is nothing new, as this was already an important component of the Brady Plan and its “market menu” strategy. The greatest contribution of this Plan is the willingness to support the voluntary reduction of the external debt with public resources and public institutional reform. As the Plan is conceptually correct, the difficulty is still in the lack of funds and public coordination. Without a greater commitment of public resources and a stronger institutional basis for rewards and fines that can induce banks to “voluntary” losses, the Brady Plan will only produce a modest reduction in excess external debt. Furthermore, a partial reduction in excess debt produces mixed benefits for both debtors and creditors.